Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Fathi Finaish

climb to 150 ft from a given station A,and cruise 300 ft to station B, make the trip at least four times, and monitor the time of flight for Page 3.38.2each leg. Knowing the distance between the two stations and the time of flight, they calculate theaverage speed of the model and show they achieved the requested maximum speed.b. Required Tasks(1) Provide wind tunnel measurements of drag generated by the given fuselage.(2) Calculate and measure engine performance and available thrust.(3) Provide conceptual design of wing along with calculations.(4) Compute optimum aircraft performance based on the conceptual design.(5) Iterate conceptual design

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - Assessment of Design Projects and Approaches to Capstone Courses

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarath Chandra Kumar Jagupilla P.E., Stevens Institute of Technology ; Elizabeth O'Connell, Stevens Institute of Technology ; Muhammad R. Hajj, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

of Competency in Generic Skills," Journal of Engineering Education, pp. 2-20, 2017.[3] L. J. McKenzie, M. S. Trevisan, D. C. Davis and S. W. Beyerlin, "Capstone Design Courses and Assessment: A National Study," in In Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT, 2004.[4] M. D. Kirschenman and B. Brenner, "Civil Engineering Design as the Central Theme in Civil Engineering Education Curriculum," Leadership and Management in Engineering, pp. 69-71, 2011.[5] M. C. Paretti, D. A. Kotys-Schwartz, S. Howe, J. D. Ford, B. D. Lutz, K. Kochersberger, C. Gewirtz, L. M. Rosenbauer and S. Arunkumar, "From School to Work: Understanding the Transition from Capstone

Conference Session

Sustainability and Student Health in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Boshra Karimi, Northern Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

].[5] M. H. Nicklas and G. B. Bailey, "Daylighting In Schools: Energy Costs Reduced. Student Performance Improved," Innovative Design, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1996.[6] K. B. Atici, G. Yasayacak, Y. Yildiz, A. Ulucan, "Green University and academic performance: An empirical study on UI GreenMetric and World University Rankings," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 291, pp. 125289, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125289.[7] H. C. McCombs,” Location and Transportation,” in LEED Green Associate™ Exam Preparation Guide, LEED® v4 Edition, , AMERICAN TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS, 2015, pp.72.[8] H. C. McCombs,” Sustainable Sites,” in LEED Green Associate™ Exam Preparation Guide, LEED® v4 Edition, , AMERICAN

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 3: Student Experiences and Support

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Edward Chaback, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Bryan Watson, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

-Bahill/publication/251201368_The_Zachman_Framework_Populated_with_Baseball_Models/links/5c718773299bf1268d1fd131/The-Zachman-Framework-Populated-with-Baseball-Models.pdf.[Accessed: 16-Jan-2024].[18] ABET, “Student Outcomes and Performance Indicators,” 2017. [Online]. Available:https://www.abet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Student-Outcomes-and-Performance-Indicators_revised.pdf. [Accessed: 25-Nov-2023].[19] G. K. Cunningham, “Educational and Psychological Measurement,” New York, MacMillianPublishing, 1986. [Accessed: 30-Jan-2024].[20] R. J. McBeath, “Instructing and Evaluating in Higher Education: A Guidebook for PlanningLearning Outcomes,” Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Educational Technology Publications, 1992.{Accessed: 30-Jan-2024}.[21] B. M. Olds

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division (SWED) Technical Session #1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Marasco, University of Calgary; Milana Hayley Grozic, University of Calgary; The University of British Columbia; Yves Pauchard, University of Calgary; Mohammad Moshirpour, University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division (SWED)

for the curriculum revision were identified to be:1. Content modernization to reflect changing needs and practices in software engineering2. Cohesive alignment of vertical progression that links each year of study3. Increased integration of course concepts and collaborative pedagogy4. Keep current with leading-edge technologies and approaches5. Student-focused to provide skills and knowledge needed to thrive in industry or graduate programs6. Raise department profile and increase competitiveness with other software engineering programsThe degree program objectives were identified as a) to graduate future software engineers aspractitioners, researchers, developers and collaborators, b) to integrate fundamental knowledgeand applied skills

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Educational Methods and Tools to Encourage Conceptual Learning I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald P. Visco Jr., University of Akron

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering, Educational Research and Methods

about 20minutes), the instructor compiled all of the assessment sheets. After grading of the project reports,a final, detailed feedback form was provided to each team during finals week which summarizedthe assessment of their project. It also included the verbatim written assessments provided by thestudent peers and faculty.While the faculty and peer assessments (Groups 1 and 3) provided an evaluation on whether theproject demonstration met the objectives, the senior-class student assessment (Group 2) wasdifferent. This sheet is provided in Appendix B and had questions which focused on: • Whether those senior students would have learned the concept better if they had access to this DEMO when taking the course the previous year

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Scott Aten; Derek T. Schade; Kurt J. Colella

: ..think...analyze...evaluate...then decide. 3. Simplicity is a significant design criteria. 4. Team organization and decision making frequently causes more problems than the technical aspects of the project. 5. If it works perfectly the first time, it's probably not engineering."References1. Aten, S., M. Ennis, E. Kellog, M. Paradise, B. Riemer, B. Rosello, D. Schade, "Solar Splash '96 DesignProject Report," First Place Winner of the Technical Report Competition at Solar Splash '96, 10 May 1996.2. Dixon, G. W., "Leadership Development in Engineering," United States Coast Guard Academy AlumniAssociation Bulletin, February

Conference Session

ECE Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nuri Yilmazer, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Muhittin Yilmaz, Texas A&M University, Kingsville; Remzi Seker, University of Arkansas, Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

and their usage in DLD courses.The samples of the representative assignments given in basic activities are described below.They are given to improve the students' understanding of the synthesis of logic functions byusing Product-of-Sums (POS) and Sum-of-Products (SOP) simplification as well as theirsimplified implementation by utilizing Karnaugh-map or Boolean algebra. • Design the simplest circuit that has five inputs; a, b, c, d and e which produces an output value of 1 whenever exactly three or four of the input variables have the value 1; otherwise output will be 0. • Design a logic circuit that will implements the function f (a , b, c ) = ∑ m (1,2, 4,5,6 )After completing the first

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York, Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2010-1947: MODELING NATURE: GREEN ENGINEERING FOR ASUSTAINABLE WORLDGeorge Catalano, State University of New York, Binghamton Page 15.881.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Modeling Nature: Green Engineering for a Sustainable WorldAbstractA new course has been developed and offered which focuses upon sustainable engineering. Thekey elements of the course include introduction to the complex systems, systems engineeringmethods for complex systems, life cycle analysis, hard and soft system methodologies, failureanalysis using rich pictures and reflection upon the impacts engineering has upon both societyand the natural world through consideration of the

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching and Assessment Tools

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Willis, University of Houston; Susan Miertschin, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

addition, concept maps of individual word networks are created in whichinfluential words and their links to other influential words are displayed. Prior to generating anyCRA statistics, the individual project reports had to be converted to text files with tables,diagrams, and appendices removed, as well as any mention of the organization or studentinvolved. The text files were named with a pseudonym indicating the grade level (A, B, C) of thereport, the rank of the report within the grade level (1, 2, 3, etc.) and the application domainsolution used—EM for Events Management, M for Membership, or OM for OrdersManagement.With the use of Crawdad, the set of text-only files extracted from formatted student reports wasconverted to a Crawdad-specific

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sue Rosser, Georgia Institute of Technology; Janet Murray, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wendy Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurence Jacobs, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

AC 2010-2422: INTEL: PRESENTING REALISTIC EXERCISES IN A STATICSCLASSChristine Valle, Georgia Institute of TechnologySue Rosser, Georgia Institute of TechnologyJanet Murray, Georgia Institute of TechnologyWendy Newstetter, Georgia Institute of TechnologyLaurence Jacobs, Georgia Institute of Technology Page 15.786.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 InTEL: Presenting Realistic Exercises in a Statics ClassAbstractStatics, a foundational engineering course, introduces a unique approach to problem solving,which is characterized by model-based reasoning. The major intended course outcome is forstudents to develop the ability to create and utilize

Conference Session

Energy Projects and Laboratory Ideas

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Ahmad Pourmovahed

hydrogen and oxygen).The actual reaction is x x −1 H2 + [O 2 + 3.76 N 2 ] → H 2 O (liquid) + (1.88 x) N 2 + O2 (12) 2 2The minimum (stoichiometric) reactant flow rate required for current generation atstandard pressure and temperature may be determined as follows. The stoichiometricreaction of hydrogen and pure oxygen to form water can be written asH 2 → 2 H + + 2e − (a)1 O + 2 H + + 2e − → H O (b) 2 2 2which combine to :H 2 + 1 O2 → H 2O ( a + b) 2At standard temperature and pressure (STP), 1 kmol of any gas

Conference Session

Use of Labs to Introduce Students to Engr.

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Fan Lau; Kathryn Hollar; Eric Constans; Kauser Jahan; Bernard Pietrucha; Paris von Lockette; Linda Head

on student remarks and faculty experience) include better communication betweenwriting and engineering faculty, allowing more time for students to develop designs, andrequiring more coordination between robot and fuel cell subteams. Page 7.270.6Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2002, American Society for Engineering EducationREFERENCES(1) Newell, J. A.; Marchese, A. J.; Ramachandran, R. P.; Sukumaran, B.; Harvey, R. International Journal of Engineering Education 1999, 14.(2) Kim, N.; Choi, Y.; Jung, S.; Kim, S

Conference Session

Teaching Innovations in Arch. Engineering

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Daniel Davis

active-learning educational experience in the integration-rich workplace.We try to remember the old chinese proverb, “I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do andI understand”, as the faculty strives to create an active learning environment for our AETstudents.References[1] Pavlos, E, A., “Reflections Upon the Carnegie Foundation Study” AIArchitect, 1997.[2] Fiske, E, B, “Systemic School Reform: Implications for Architecture”, ASCD, 1995.[3] Fiske, E, B, “Systemic School Reform: Implications for Architecture”, ASCD, 1995.[4] Boyer, E, L, and Mitgang, L, “Building Community, A New Future for Architectural Education and Practice”, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1996.[5] 2000-2001 University of Hartford Bulletin

Conference Session

New ET Programs

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Newman; John Robertson; Lakshmi Munukutla

Society for Engineering Education A B C D E F G Class Class with Web with Web only Class with Lab with Lab with with book web assist class assist web assist class assist web assist & lab demo 0 6 4 3 4 0 1The delivery selection was largely determined by the location of information sources andthe degree of explanation what was considered appropriate for the topic. The absence ofany offering in the conventional category A was not deliberate but it does reflect thatstate-of-the-art descriptions exist largely on web sites and general information is

Conference Session

Capstone Mechanical Engineering Design

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

William Janna

not particularly rewardingfor 6 out of 17 seniors, although 5 of 17 thought it was. Seniors in general did not feel that theirgrades were improved by the presence of freshmen on their design teams. (See Item h.)(b) The freshmen were able to provide our group with assistance/ideas.Despite the response to Item a, Item b shows that 15 of 17 seniors believed that freshmen wereable to provide some assistance to the overall design effort. Every group was able to have thefreshmen work with them in some capacity.(c) The freshmen were able to participate actively in the design process.Item c shows that freshmen participation in the actual design phase was rather limited, due totheir inexperience with engineering fundamentals. It was, however, desired

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Drake; Mark Driver; Eric Welch

Session # 2793 A Low-cost, Interdisciplinary, Engineering Instrumentation Laboratory Course R. L. Drake, M. A. Driver, E. B. Welch School of Engineering Christian Brothers University Memphis, Tennessee 38104AbstractA question often asked of engineering deans is the following:"Dean, how can I conduct a meaningful engineering instrumentation laboratory coursewith such a small budget?"This paper reports the results of efforts to provide such a course at the School ofEngineering

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Erik Fredericks, Grand Valley State University

4The rules in Listing 1 provide different options for Tracery to select when the synopsis is created.This grammar would be "flattened" (i.e., the grammar would be processed and random optionsselected by the library), yielding a string output. For example, any of the associated options forthe keyword player_adjective could appear in the final output. Figure 2 shows the storysynopsis screen, where the Tracery-generated output is inserted. In this particular output, theterm ghouls appears to provide "flavor text" for the player. Running the program again wouldresult in a different output, potentially yielding a different experience for the player. b. Fuzz TestingFuzz testing is a strategy for finding latent flaws and/or bugs within

Conference Session

Design Across the Curriculum

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Sirkin, Stanford University; Wendy G. Ju, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

catchphrase captures two motivating principlesof the course: first, that it is about building things, through hands-on lab and homework assign-ments and a final project; and second, that it involves making things better, by finding and thenaddressing a current product or interface design problem. In particular, the course strives to im-part the skills and knowledge described in Table 1. Desired Learning and Ability Outcomes a Identify, formulate and express real-world, contemporary design engineering problems; in particular, from a user’s perspective. b Apply the design and engineering skills, modern tools and techniques used by practicing engineers. c Gain familiarity and experience with properties of prototyping materials and

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Adaline M. Buerck, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

utilize the framework within engineering.Figure 1. Pre-survey Likert scale responses (n=12)Figure 2. Post-survey Likert scale responses (n=12)To check this self-reported understanding of the learning outcomes multiple open-endedquestions were asked on the post-survey. First students were asked “how would you define socialmarketing?” Responses were all unique but focused on key concepts of social marketing such asthe use of traditional marketing principles and a positive benefit for one’s self or society. Forexample, Student A responded “Discipline that uses marketing techniques for the benefit ofsociety.” Other students provided more details about social marketing in their definition such asStudent B who responded, “Social marketing is a 10 step

Collection

2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Sarosh Patel; Manan Joshi; Lawrence Hmurcik

A Modern but Simple Approach to Teaching Friction Sarosh Patel, Manan Joshi and Lawrence Hmurcik Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of Bridgeport {saroshp, mjoshi, hmurick}@bridgeport.eduAbstract- We present an experiment for measuring friction, using interleaved sheets of paper. Ourresults support the modern theory that friction is dependent on surface contact area (A). Also, ourresults support the classical theory of friction being proportional to the normal force (N), but this isonly true over a limited range of N, where the “effective” area of contact increases in a mannerproportional to N. Outside of this

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Kishan Gutta; Madhav Patil

good technology and make it an economic 25. Calhoun, B.H.; Daly, D.C.; Verma, N.; success, . Sensors: The Journal of Applied Finchelstein, D.F. ; Wentzloff, D.D. ; Wang, A. ; Sensing Technology (May 1999). 16((5)): p. 70- Cho, S. ; Chandrakasan, A.P., Design 80. Considerations for Ultra-Low Energy Wireless13. Manges, W.W., Allgood, G. O., and Smith, S. F., Microsensor Nodes, Computers, IEEE , It's time for sensors to go wireless; Part 1: Transactions on (Volume:54 , Issue: 6 ) Technological underpinnings,. Sensors: The Journal of Applied Sensing Technology (April 26. Nickerson, B

Collection

2025 ASEE PSW Conference

Authors

Sabrina Elise Contreras, University of California, Irvine; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine

solutions that address the needs of awider population (Koning et al., 2021; Lai, 2020). Women, for instance, are more likely to focuson addressing societal needs, particularly in areas such as healthcare and caregivingtechnologies, which men may overlook (Koning et al., 2021). However, systemic barriers, suchas the lack of women receiving patents over their male-counterparts, continue to limit women’sparticipation in innovation, depriving society of their unique contributions and hindering thedevelopment of more inclusive solutions (Revankar, 2022; Wang et al., 2020).B. Overview of Patent-Heavy IndustriesPatent-heavy industries, such as mechanical engineering, computer science, and biotechnology,play a pivotal role in driving global technological

Conference Session

Design: Content and Context

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanna Daly, Purdue University; Robin Adams, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

environment, but thought activities in other disciplines possessedmany similar design features. Table 1 illustrates Goel and Pirolli’s twelve features of adesign task with a condensed description of each feature. The letters A- L are used todenote each characteristic, as is the style in Goel and Pirolli’s presentation of the features.Table 1. Goel and Pirolli’s Features of a Design Task Feature Description A. Distribution of Incomplete specification of start and goal state complete information unspecfication of transition between start and goal state. Two types of constraints: 1- Non-negotiable: nomological B. Nature of constraints (natural laws) and 2- Negotiable

Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Ethics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Luan Minh Nguyen, Iowa State University ; Cristina Poleacovschi, Iowa State University; Kasey M. Faust, University of Texas at Austin; Kate Padgett Walsh, Iowa State University; Scott Grant Feinstein; Cassandra Rutherford, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #30127Conceptualizing a theory of ethical behavior in engineeringMr. Luan Minh Nguyen, Iowa State University Luan M. Nguyen is an MA/Ph.D. student in Anthropology/Civil Engineering, who completed his Master of Science in Biochemistry at Iowa State University and his Bachelor of Science in Chemistry at Hartwick College. His first master’s thesis focused on the structural analysis of the schizophrenic gene DISC1 using transmission electron microscopy and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. For his second master’s thesis, he focuses on identifying the individual and institutional factors that contribute

Conference Session

Preparation for Graduate Research

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jeremy Straub, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

dark arts (of Cyberspace) universities are offering graduate degrees in cybersecurity,” IEEE Spectr., vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 26–26, Jun. 2014.[2] M. Lloyd, “Negative Unemployment: That Giant Sucking Sound In Security,” Forbes, 21- Mar-2017.[3] B. NeSmith, “The Cybersecurity Talent Gap Is An Industry Crisis,” Forbes, 09-Aug-2018.[4] A. Bicak, X. (Michelle) Liu, and D. Murphy, “Cybersecurity Curriculum Development: Introducing Specialties in a Graduate Program,” Inf. Syst. Educ. J., vol. 13, no. 3, p. 2015.[5] S. A. Kumar and S. Alampalayam, “Designing a graduate program in information security and analytics,” in Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Information technology education - SIGITE ’14

Conference Session

Ethics Instruction in Context: Civil and Construction Engineering and Engineering Technology

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

EAC Criteria 3 – J) was lacking. After extensive study anddebate by the curriculum committee and faculty, a new two-credit Professional Issues course wasadded to the curriculum to address these weaknesses.Course Learning GoalsThe Professional Issues course had eight learning goals. Seven of these mapped directly tooutcomes articulated in the ASCE BOK. The goals presented to the students in the coursesyllabus were: 1. Explain the importance of professional licensure2 and the path to become a licensed PE a. Describe the knowledge, skills, and attributes required to become a PE, based on the ASCE BOK b. Prepare to pass the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam (review topics, develop test taking strategy) 2

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Research Technical Session 7

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Menold, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

between engineering creativity andinnovative behavior by taking stock of ten constructs of engineering innovativeness: engineeringself-confidence, engineering self-strength, engineering artistry, engineering intellectuality,engineering flexibility, engineering fluency, engineering environmental sensitivity, disciplinedimagination, engineering initiative, and engineering inquisitiveness. The definitions of these tenconstructs can be found in Appendix B, where each construct is measured with three to six items(within a 40-item inventory) utilizing a four-point Likert scale6. Engineering self-confidence,flexibility, disciplined imagination, and inquisitiveness can be identified as individual attributesrelated to cognitive style. Engineering self

Conference Session

SD Technical Session: Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington; Brook Sattler, University of Washington; Kathryn Ann Mobrand, University of Washington; Drew Paine, Human Centered Design & Engineering, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Student

appropriate accuracy, caution, and humility” (p. 134).20 Page 24.313.4A Procedure for Exploring How Implications are Handled in a Particular Journal ArticleIn this section, we describe our procedure for examining how implications for action are handledwithin a single journal article. Specifically, we provide a procedure based on (a) identifying andcoding implications for action sentences within a journal article, and (b) analyzing the journalarticle based on the sentence-level coding. Of note, this procedure was developed over a two-year period, which involved several iterations: a submitted AERA paper, multiple on-campuspresentations, a portion of a

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley A. Striebig, James Madison University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

,collectingdataviaacomputerinterfaceanddescribingexperimentalresults.TheavailabilityandcostofmaterialsandinformationassociatedwithfuelcelldevelopmentmaketheMFCtechnologyandexcellentfitforstudentrelatedprojects.References1. UnitedNations,(2012).Waterforlifedecade. http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml2. Logan,B.,Hamelers,B.,Rozendal,R.,Schroder,U.,Keller,J.,Freguia,S.,Aelterman,P.,&3. Berman,J.,April2009.WHO:Waterbornediseaseisworld'sleadingkiller.Voiceof America.http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2005-03-17-voa34-67381152/ 274768.html4. Verstraete,W.(2006,July14).Microbialfuelcells:Methodologyandtechnology. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es06050165. Paulson,L.(2012,August20).Microbialfuelcelllatrinepromisessanitation,power. http://www.rwlwater.com/microbial-fuel-cell-latrine-promises-sanitation-power/6. Davies,C.(2010,Aug23).Solarenergybringspowertoruralafrica.CNN,http:// www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/innovation/08/10