Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory and SoC Developments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Schuman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lisa McNair, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Thomas Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Justin Kleiber, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

prerequisite for all of the courses in the first semester of the third year. Finally, theprojects offered in the course are chosen so that they require students to integrate knowledgefrom all their other base courses and put that knowledge into practice with an eye toward helpingstudents to choose their major in the third year. Thus, some of the projects emphasize certainaspects of ECE more than other projects do, so that students can begin to explore aspects of theirintended specializations. The other projects that are currently part of the course and their relevantskills include a wireless sensor node where students create a solar-powered system that usespower electronics to charge a battery, an SpO2 measurement that displays information from

Conference Session

New Teaching Methods in Mechanics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruben Pierre-Antoine, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University; Mark Schar, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Washington, Colorado School of Mines, and Howard University. More recently (2011) she was named as co-PI of a national NSF innovation center (Epicenter), and leads an NSF program at Stanford on summer research experiences for high school teachers. Her industry experiences includes engineering positions at Detroit’s ”Big Three:” Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, and Chrysler Corporation. At Stanford she has served a chair of the faculty senate, and is currently the Associate Vice Provost for Graduate Education.Dr. Mark Schar, Stanford University Dr. Schar works in the Center for Design Research - Designing Education Lab at Stanford University. He is also a member of the Symbiotic Project of Affective

Conference Session

Using IT to Enhance Design Education

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Harold Evensen; Paula Zenner; Edward Lumsdaine

in terms of tenure-track teaching and for promotion and tenure. Unfortunately, these constraints would most likelyexclude young faculty trying to build their careers in research. On the other hand, engineeringexperience is a valuable asset. This type of teaching is a great opportunity for faculty who arenot ready to retire and want to try something new—an enterprise that leaves room for new waysof doing things—in other words, an application of creative problem solving.References1 W.R. Shapton, P.F. Zenner, W.W. Predebon, J.W. Sutherland, M.A. Banks-Sikarskie, L.A. Artman and P.A. Lins, “From the Classroom to the Boardroom: Distance Learning Undergraduate and Graduate Engineering Programs— A Global Partnership of Industry and

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizabeth T Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

review of time value ofmoney, investment evaluation, inflation, risk and return, financing decisions, corporateinvestment strategies, risk analysis and decisions incorporating non-monetary considerations.Historically this course was taught using an advanced text where the topics were coveredsequentially. A redesign of the course now includes the construction of a stock price predictionmodel for a company of the student’s choice. Through the model, the topics are covered anddiscussed in the context of the large model-building project. For instance, inflation is discussedwhen students collect historic data on the company’s performance and use that data to forecastinto the future. Issues of discount rate and variability in inflation become evident

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jared Berrett, Brigham Young University

psychology of learning and technology. He currently is a faculty member at Brigham Young University in the Technology Teacher Education program where he teaches heavily, serves as the Graduate Coordinator, and mentors numerous undergraduates in research projects. He is happily married, has 6 children, and loves to learn. His research interests are in technological literacy and engineering in the k-12 setting, teaching pedagogy that promotes higher order thinking skills, and creativity. Page 11.569.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 ENGINEERING and Technology IN THE ELEMENTARY

Conference Session

IED Technical Session: Preparing for the Future Through Projects and Research

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Desen Sevi Özkan, Virginia Tech; Homero Gregorio Murzi, Virginia Tech; Alejandro Salado, Virginia Tech; Chris Gewirtz, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

, thus resulting in a more comprehensive overview of what their project entailed. For those clients who embodied the ‘problem,’ projects had a different level of personalinvolvement, in which the student teams used a different language. There was a sense ofconnection and emotion in these reports. Moreover, many of the decisions made in these groupswere a yes or no decision, in that the design would or would not work with the client. Because theteam’s design directly affected one person, this instant feedback may have been a critical elementin establishing the report as decisive. As an example, one report explains their choice for a certaindesign based on how the client’s “currently uses the U-shape for her forearms and prefers

Conference Session

K-12 Computer Science and Computational Thinking Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Raul R. Peralta, Northern New Mexico College; David Torres, Northern New Mexico College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

data to identify solutions and/or make informed decisions.  use multiple processes and diverse perspectives to explore alternative solutions. o Digital Citizenship – Students understand human, cultural, and societal issues related to technology and practice legal and ethical behavior. Students:  advocate and practice safe, legal, and responsible use of information and technology.  exhibit a positive attitude toward using technology that supports collaboration, learning, and productivity.  demonstrate personal responsibility for

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Tener; Michael Winstead; Edward Smaglik

desiredattributes attained in learning activities in the upper levels of the taxonomy are essentially derived byinvolving the student in complex, problem-solving, decision-making activities. It then follows thatexperiential learning activities should be an intended component of a learning program.The Pioneer – John DeweyIt is primarily in this century with the work of John Dewey that learning through experiences has becomevalued as an important foundation in formal educational settings. Dewey anchored his thinking in theassumption of an “organic connection between education and personal experience.” It is the work ofDewey, probably the most influential educational theorist of the twentieth century, which best articulatesthe guiding principles for programs

Conference Session

EM in a Global Environment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; Steve Lawson, Leeds Metropolitan University; Ian Robinson, Sheffield Hallam University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

: Page 11.300.2‘...increasingly flexible and truncated careers. Hence graduates have to be more ‘flexible’ intheir attitudes towards work and more ‘adaptive’ in their behaviour in the labour market.They require a broader portfolio of technical, social and personal skills than...wereemphasised in the past.’ 3Therefore, the type of graduates we need to produce are those that are business-aware as wellas possessing the traditional engineering skills. However, the lack of fully efficient linksbetween university and industry means that we don’t always produce the type of graduatesthat industry really requires. And, in fact, we have been slow to respond to its changingrequirements.In many universities, course planning is largely an internally driven

Conference Session

Two-Year College Special Topics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Tracy D Blake, Utah State University; Wade H. Goodridge, Utah State University; David Dwight Sam PhD, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

instruction. She is a member of ASEE, ASME, and IEEE.Tracy D Blake, Utah State University Tracy Blake, a lecturer in the Engineering and Technology Dept. at Utah State University, instructs engineering courses at the Tooele regional campus. His industry experience covers a variety of fields including component and system level design. He has several years of teaching experience in electrical engineering at Arizona and Utah State Universities. His current position involves assisting in the building of an educational program that will allow students to take engineering courses at locations remote to the main campus.Wade H Goodridge, Utah State University Dr. Wade Goodridge, Principal Lecturer in the Department of

Conference Session

Sociotechnical Thinking I: Classroom Experiences, Identity, and Theory

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jonathan Seth Krones, Boston College; Jenna A. Tonn, Boston College; Russell C. Powell, Boston College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

of People and Culture at Hopelab). Over 150people attended our MMW conference via Zoom. The panels of judges, BC faculty, staff, andparents, and students provided enthusiastic feedback about the event. While it would have beenfabulous to hold this conference in person, we acknowledge that the remote environment didallow for family members and friends outside of Boston to fully participate.Experimenting with reflection. Weekly evening reflection sessions provided students anopportunity to integrate course content into peer-led discussions about their own moral andethical development. We developed a curriculum that translates Ignatian reflection activities (e.g.the Examen) to a Zoom format. We also adopted BC’s innovative PODs (Purposeful

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqulyn Baughman, Iowa State University; Lesya M. Hassall, Iowa State University; Nadia V. Jaramillo Cherrez, Iowa State University; Mathew Hagge, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

-based learning. Her research interests lie upon the intricacies amongst the design of learning environments, human-computer interaction, online learning.Dr. Mathew Hagge, Iowa State University Matt Hagge is a Senior Lecturer at Iowa State University. He has spent his career talking to students to figure out how students think and learn. The result of these talks has been the development of a course-wide decision framework for a thermodynamics course that allows students to solve previously unseen problems while building their expertise. This pedagogy is called Decision Based Learning, and has received tremendous student feedback and results. Students are able to solve complex problems through understanding rather

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; Hani Saad, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

collapsed into athree stage process that somewhat mimics the progression students go through in highereducation: First we teach them how to Calculate; Second we teach them how to use theircalculations to Analyze; and Third we teach them how to Design. Having only three levels iseasier to remember and use in creating course materials.Engineering Technology program classes in the freshman and sophomore years often emphasizethe Calculate aspect as the students are still building their foundation of knowledge and tools.Senior level courses should be emphasizing the aspect of Design and decision making to preparethem for this final level before they graduate. In the middle is an often overlooked aspect thatbridges the gap between Calculate and Design

Conference Session

Innovations in Freshman Engineering

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Rachel Callison; Bob Lorence; Dan Budny; Kate Thomes

activities to meet multiple objectives. The Fall Termresearch project would provide background and training to prepare the students for the 2ndAnnual Sustainability Conference the following spring.The Project Team agreed that the overall theme of the library research project for the fall termshould focus on the student’s exploration of an area of engineering that interested them.Frequently, incoming freshman have misconceptions about what engineers really do and howvaried engineering careers can be. Research into the realities of engineering careers at this earlystage would help students make informed decisions about their educational goals. The advisingpremise is that this clarity of purpose would promote motivation and commitment to theengineering

Conference Session

FPD 4: First-Year Engineering Courses, Part I: Multimedia, Large Classes, and TAs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farshid Marbouti, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kelsey Joy Rodgers, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Hyunyi Jung, Purdue University; Alena Moon, Purdue University; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Rodgers is currently a graduate student at Purdue University in the School of Engineering Ed- ucation. She is a member of this research team studying teaching assistants’ perspectives of their TA responsibilities. This team of graduate students with the help of their mentor are currently working on developing a survey based on these interviews to further this research.Ms. Hyunyi Jung, Purdue UniversityAlena Moon, Purdue UniversityProf. Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette Heidi A. Diefes-Dux is an Associate Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue Uni- versity. She received her B.S. and M.S. in Food Science from Cornell University and her Ph.D. in Food Process Engineering from the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tolga Kaya, Central Michigan University; Kumar Yelamarthi, Central Michigan University; Brian P DeJong, Central Michigan University; Qin Hu, Central Michigan University; Shaopeng Cheng, Central Michigan University ; Steve Kettler, Alma High School; Daniel Chen, Central Michigan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

results will be given. Each projectwill be briefly introduced and outcomes will be shared. Finally, we will conclude with theoverall lessons we learned from this experience and discuss next summer’s plans as a result ofour analysis and self-reflections. We hope that our shared experiences (struggles,accomplishments, and mistakes, etc.) will help the engineering education community developmore effective relationships with K-12 by using the models we implemented.IntroductionOne of the biggest challenges for the engineering faculty in college is to teach the freshmen, i.e.students who have just graduated from high school. Student grades decrease in average due tothe transition from high school to the college. Engineering programs in particular face

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Archibald, Brigham Young University; Doran Wilde, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

14.1247.13formally stated objectives and personal goals of the faculty advisors, including exposingstudents to intellectual challenges inherent in robotics, as well as attracting publicattention to the discipline of engineering. First, we note that the project continues to bevery popular with students, although they have many other alternatives. Of the 8 seniorprojects offered this semester (an unusually high number, 5 is more typical), the RobotRacers project has the highest enrollment with 29% of all senior project students. Overthe past 4 years, 94 students have enrolled in this project course, or its predecessor. Thistotal represents approximately one quarter of the graduates of our department over thatperiod.Second, the final competition associated

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

JAMES WANLISS, Anderson University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D)

. recognize ethical and professional Through hands-on projects, students responsibilities in engineering situations and investigate and solve complex engineering make informed judgments, which must problems using PyTorch and explore ethical consider the impact of engineering solutions impacts of the technology in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts 5. function effectively on a team whose Students engage in collaborative and members together provide leadership, create professional coding practices and project a collaborative and inclusive environment, work, aligning with ABET's emphasis on establish goals, plan tasks, and meet professionalism objectives. 6

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Design in the First Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Demetris Geddis, Hampton University; Brian Aufderheide, Hampton University; Herman W. Colquhoun Jr., IBM Canada Ltd.

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. In addition, students were trained in an abbreviated version of human-centered EnterpriseDesign Thinking adopted from IBM and given a design project that incorporated Arduino kits tobe used to create design prototypes. Students had four weeks to complete the project which countedas their final. This approach aimed to demonstrate engineering principles in action so that studentscan make a better-informed major and career decision. Overall, preliminary results show thatstudents in the course are more engaged and feel they have a clearer sense of engineering.KeywordsIntroductory Engineering Course, Undergraduate Engineering, Arduino Kits, Human CenteredDesign Enterprise Design ThinkingIntroductionThe global workforce demand for highly competent

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanics Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

R.W. Carpick; K.W. Lux; Buck Johnson; Wendy Crone

effects in thin filmstructures.To address ABET broader impacts, an activity adapted from the education and outreachresources of the University of Wisconsin Materials Research Science and Engineering Center(MRSEC) on nanostructured materials and interfaces was used to explore the potential societalimplications of nanotechnology (http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/edetc/IPSE/activities.html).Students are asked to imagine a future in which medical nanobots exist. The students discuss theproposed incorporation of nanobots into medical care by splitting into five groups, each grouprepresenting a specific segment of the population (U.S. Government, Nanobot Manufacturer,Insurance Companies, Health Care Workers, and Patients). Members from each team roleplay

Conference Session

Engineering Education Research in K-12

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen A. High, Oklahoma State University; Melanie C. Page, Oklahoma State University; Julie Thomas, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2011-1489: EARLY ENGINEERING INTERESTS AND ATTITUDES:CAN WE IDENTIFY THEM?Karen A High, Oklahoma State University KAREN HIGH earned her B.S. from the University of Michigan in 1985 and her M.S. in 1988 and Ph.D. in 1991 from the Pennsylvania State University. Dr. High is an Associate Professor in the School of Chemical Engineering at Oklahoma State University where she has been since 1991. Her main technical research interests are Sustainable Process Design, Industrial Catalysis, and Multicriteria Decision Mak- ing. Her engineering education activities include enhancing mathematics, communication skills, critical thinking and creativity in engineering students and teaching science and engineering to education

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Ian Gravagne, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

conservation (i.e. the first law of thermodynamics) and efficiency. This seminar also addressed the topics for transition from high school to college. Students wrote a report about some aspect of energy usage, production, etc. that interests them. Energy Production – This semester will expose students to energy conversion from fossil fuel, nuclear, solar, thermal, photovoltaic, fuel cell, hydro, alternative fuel, and wind sources. Students will explore how energy is used in sectors such as transportation, housing/HVAC, electronics, agriculture, and industry. Students will also write and research an energy-related scientific hypothesis, e.g. fuel derived from a given source will create net-positive

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

ParticipantsRecruitment of the high school participants in Girls SEE was a collaborative effort between theGIRLS SEE faculty and staff organizational team as well as the female students in the SWEchapter. SWE students designed the informative brochure and fliers used for recruitment. Thismaterial was disseminated via e-mail to the Fresno State faculty and staff community, to localhigh school counselors, and to advisory board members who are employed at local companies.Face to face recruitment took place at local high schools. SWE students were paired with femalefaculty members to visit math and science classrooms at local high schools to talk aboutexperience as an engineering student as well as the Girls SEE camp. Additionally, the Girls SEEorganizational team

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 8: Ways to Measure "Things" About Your Course(s)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tony Andrew Lowe, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David A. Evenhouse, Purdue University; Dhinesh Balaji Radhakrishnan, Purdue University; Stephen R. Hoffmann, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #16406Data-Driven Course Improvements: Using Artifact Analysis to Conquer ABETCriterion 4Mr. Tony Andrew Lowe, Purdue University, West Lafayette Tony Lowe is a PhD candidate in Engineering Education at Purdue University. He has a BSEE from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and a MSIT from Capella. He currently teaches as an adjunct at CTU Online and has been an on-and-off corporate educator and full time software engineer for twenty years.David A. Evenhouse, Purdue University David Evenhouse is a Graduate Student and Research Assistant in the Purdue School of Engineering Education. He graduated from Calvin

Conference Session

Reception & Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Kwadwo Osseo-Asare, Penn State University; Victor A Atiemo-Obeng, The Dow Chemical Company (Retired)

Tagged Topics

ASEE International Forum

Hydrometallurgy, Materials Processing, and Environmental Systems, Academic Press/Elsevier, an undergraduate-level textbook, in preparation – draft chapters used at Dept. of Chemical Eng., University of Toronto, Dept. of Materials Sci. and Eng., MIT (http://www.allbookstores.com/author/Kwadwo Osseo-Asare.html); K. Osseo-Asare, Chemical Principles in Aqueous Processing of Materials. Hydrometallurgy, Materials Processing, and Environmental Systems, a graduate-level textbook, in preparation - draft chapters used at UC Berke- ley. From 1998- 2010 he served as Editor-in-Chief, Hydrometallurgy, International Journal of Aqueous Processing. He has served as a member, Visiting Committee, Division of Materials Science and En

Conference Session

Technology-Related Educational Research

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University - West Lafayette; Michael Richey, The Boeing Company; Barry McPherson, The Boeing Company

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER award for work on learner-centric, adaptive cyber- tools and cyber-environments. He was one of 49 faculty members selected as the nation’s top engineering educators and researchers by the US National Academy of Engineering to the Frontiers in Engineering Education symposium. Dr. Madhavan leads a major NSF funded effort called Deep Insights Anytime, Anywhere (DIA2) that attempts to characterize the impact of NSF and other federal investments in the area of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education using interactive knowledge mining and visual analytics for non-experts in data mining. DIA2 is currently deployed inside the NSF and is already starting to affect federal

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Carlye Lauff; Joanna Weilder-Lewis; Kevin O'Connor; Daria Kotys-Schwartz; Mark Rentschler

engineer’s career builds off oftheir experiences, skills learned, and relationships made. It is common for an engineer to movepositions almost yearly so that s/he can gain valuable skill sets in his/her early years at acompany. From each new team, the engineer learns what they enjoy and whom they enjoyworking with. Each of these experiences plays an important role in where the engineer movesnext. Companies want to invest time and money in employees that are hard workers and get jobsdone efficiently and effectively. By succeeding in a certain position, a person can set themselvesup well for their next project.Figure. 3. The connected technical courses and disconnected design trajectories of undergraduate engineering students (left) and the connected

Conference Session

ETD Design II: Mechanical Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason K. Durfee, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to Calculate; Second we teach them how to use theircalculations to Analyze; and Third we teach them how to Design. Having only three levels iseasier to remember and use in creating course curriculum.Engineering Technology program classes in the freshman and sophomore years often emphasizethe Calculate aspect as the students are still building their foundation of knowledge and tools.Senior level courses should be emphasizing the aspect of Design and decision making to preparethem for this final level before they graduate. In the middle is an often overlooked aspect thatbridges the gap between Calculate and Design and that is Analysis. If students can becomeeffective in analyzing an existing design they will improve their own design skills

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaolin Chen, Washington State University, Vancouver; Dave Kim, Washington State University, Vancouver

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

they can build to meet the challenges associated with theirindividual career paths and to adapt to the rapidly changing technologies. To that end, thecreation of cohesive course sequences as an opportunity to implement the reform was identified.Three cohesive course sequences, so called “track”, have been offered to the students. The Designand Manufacturing track provides seven closely-integrated courses to help students learn how toapply engineering fundamentals to practical design and manufacturing problems. The trackcourses include: Engineering Materials, Numerical Analysis, Manufacturing Processes, MachineDesign, Computer-Aided-Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, andManufacturing Systems. The track courses will not only cover

Conference Session

Advances in Additive, Hybrid, and Digital Manufacturing Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robert Simoneau

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Page 2 of 16Engineering faculty are using a variety of immersive approaches to support student learningobjectives via: Problem Based Learning (PBL), Case-Based Learning (CBL), Experientiallearning (EL), Project Based Leaning, (PjB) and Learning Factories. As an immersive examplethe tension between operating efficiency and productivity is explored in a capstonemanufacturing course. In this course management and engineering design and manufacturingstudents are challenged to design and develop product concepts. The tension between operatingefficiency and productivity is deliberately emphasized, much to the dismay of the engineeringdesign and manufacturing students. Management students deliberately press throughout thesemester for increased