Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 5

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natalie Ugenti, Bucknell University; Joselyn Elisabeth Busato, Bucknell University; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University; Kaela M. Martin, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Paper ID #43721Using Cognitive Task Analysis to Observe the Use of Intuition in EngineeringProblem SolvingMs. Natalie Ugenti, Bucknell University Natalie Ugenti is a Senior Chemical Engineering student at Bucknell UniversityMiss Joselyn Elisabeth Busato, Bucknell University Joselyn Busato is an undergraduate student at Bucknell University, majoring in creative writing and biology.Dr. Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University Dr. Elif Miskioglu is an early-career engineering education scholar and educator. She holds a B.S. ˘ in Chemical Engineering (with Genetics minor) from Iowa State University, and an M.S. and Ph.D. in

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Design I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene L. Harding, Purdue University, Statewide Technology; Danny H Cole

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Project Lead the Way Conference for Local High School StudentsAbstractOctober 1st, 2010 was the date of Purdue-South Bend’s 2nd annual Project Lead the WayConference for 101 local high school students, giving them some hands-on experience withprojects in EET, MET, and IT. There was also a careers session and a campus tour.This paper provides some general background about the conference and its participants, thendescribes the EET session in detail, including the student-created project that was its centerpiece.The project, which was created by a sophomore EET student, compares the relative efficiency oftwo different forms of motor control: resistive and pulse-width-modulated. This project wasimplemented using Multisim version

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claude Villiers, Florida Gulf Coast University; Shelby Gilbert, Ed.D., Florida Gulf Coast University; Yves J. Anglade, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

developedsummer programs to provide high school students with opportunities to increase theirmathematics and science understanding, improve their SAT scores, and experience real-worldapplications in STEM careers. The objective of this paper is to describe the effectiveness of onesuch program, the Florida Education Fund (FEF) Applied Mathematics SAT Prep SummerCamp, which has been implemented across the State of Florida for the last 5 years.BackgroundThe Florida Education Fund (FEF) was funded initially by a major grant from the McKnightFoundation of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and, subsequently, a challenge grant from theFoundation which required matching funds from the Florida Legislature. As a not-for-profitcorporation established in 1984, the FEF has

Conference Session

Mentoring & Outreach for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Holbert, Arizona State University; Lisa Grable, North Carolina State University; Patricia Dixon, Florida State University; Sharon Schulze, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, mitigate the growingenergy crisis, and reduce the impact of carbon emissions on the environment. An importantcomponent of this ERC is the precollege outreach activities at three university campuses in thesoutheast and southwest. The lead university is North Carolina State University (NCSU) and thetwo partner institutions are Arizona State University (ASU) and Florida State University (FSU).The importance of enhancing science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)education in middle and high schools continues to be noted. Key issues guiding theprogramming for the FREEDM Systems Center include: ≠ the aging of the power industry workforce (we need students to consider power engineering as a career since the need is increasing).1

Conference Session

Nuts and Bolts of Cooperative Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Gunn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

need to combine the learning they gain in the classroom with the educationthat they gain on the job but on the other hand when that collaboration takes place. High schooland college experience is like the old proverbial phrase that says that it is ridiculous to “lock thebarn door after the horse has bolted.” At the end of their formal educational careers we tellstudents that it is important to get work experience. Perhaps that is why we do not have 100%participation. Many have bolted by then to menial jobs close to home or nothing jobs just to payfor a few college expenses. This is why When is so important.This paper argues that we should focus our attention on dealing directly with K-12 educators andparents, especially those with children in

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace and Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lueny Morell, Hewlett-Packard; Martina Trucco, Hewlett-Packard; Rich Friedrich, Hewlett Packard

Tagged Divisions

International

advances in technology, and the entrepreneurial culture that is well ingrained in the mindset of successful companies and their research labs, need to find a way into science and engineering higher education systems to help to develop talent that can not only use technology, but also help create it and develop new business opportunities with it. Universities are usually the preferred venue/place for post doctoral candidates to spend 2 to 3 years further expanding their research interests, experience and networks before formally initiating their careers with a company, university, or self-owned business. Nevertheless, industry can also provide various means to engage faculty and students in innovation and in the transfer of state-of

Conference Session

International Forum Poster Session & Welcome Reception: Sponsored by Quanser and Cypress Semiconductors

Collection

2012 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Christina Kay White, University of Texas, Austin; Joules Webb, Transformation 2013 Texas STEM Center

Tagged Topics

ASEE International Forum

trends, instruction, technology, assessment, and school systems. Prior to her educational career, she was employed as a chemist in industry which affords her the opportunity to bring the workforce perspective to the education workplace. Page 17.27.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 High School Teachers Engineering Education Professional Development: Foundations for Attracting and Engaging Future EngineersAbstractIncreasing engineering awareness and STEM literacy in the Louisiana K-12 community is aregional commitment led by the College of Engineering at Louisiana

Conference Session

Writing and Communication I

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Julie Graf; Ann Christy

spent on non-technical subjects is not beneficial to their future careers. Overseveral years, the first author has assigned essays inviting students to reflect on their attitudestoward the General Education Curriculum (GEC) at the Ohio Sate University (OSU). Fewerthan half expressed an appreciation for the value of the GEC component of their education,especially the arts and humanities. Likewise, OSU’s College of Engineering annual alumnisurvey includes questions about the importance of and ability/preparation gained at OSU in avariety of areas including math, chemistry, physics, and humanities. Every year, humanities isranked the lowest in both categories: importance and ability/preparation.ObjectivesThe objectives of the poetry contests were

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Nebojsa Jaksic

sense of personal worth). Self-efficacy is further related toone’s confidence in the functioning of one’s mind and in one’s ability to think, understand, learn,and make decisions3.This work will concentrate on satisfying self-efficacy needs of engineering students. In relationto career, self-efficacy refers to one’s beliefs regarding “career-related behaviors, educationaland occupational choice, and performance and persistence in the implementation of thosechoices4.” According to Bandura 5, self-efficacy is learned and self-efficacy expectations areacquired through performance accomplishments, vicarious learning, verbal persuasion andphysiological/emotive states. Through successful accomplishments of course tasks students

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Haitham Logman; Ronald Barr; Cynthia Finley; Michael Hagenberger

Session 2455 Survival of an ASEE Student Chapter Cynthia A. Finley, Haitham Logman, Peggy Rijken, Pablo Bueno, Jagannathan Mahadevan, Michael Hagenberger, Asad Hassan, Ronald Barr The University of Texas at AustinAbstract Insight into how a student chapter of the American Society for Engineering Education(ASEE) can survive through many years may be provided by the experiences of the ASEEstudent chapter at The University of Texas at Austin. ASEE student chapters offer manyprofessional development opportunities for engineering students considering possible careers inacademia. However

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

William Pierson; Michael Robinson; Betsy Dulin

University in cooperation with theHuntington Post of the Society of American Military Engineers and Learning for Life. Theacademy was fully funded by contributions from local engineering firms and industries and agrant from the Nick J. Rahall Appalachian Transportation Institute.The objective of the Academy was to promote interest in an engineering career by allowingparticipants to explore opportunities in engineering. Under the supervision of professionalengineers and engineering faculty, the participants explored engineering as a career by engagingin hands-on engineering activities, touring engineering facilities, and interacting with engineersand students from all major engineering disciplines, including civil, chemical, electrical,mechanical

Collection

2024 ASEE North East Section

Authors

Samuel A Servati, State University of New York, Canton; PS Dhanasekaran, State University of New York, Canton

inengineering colleges, emphasizing the importance of supportive environments for informed,career decisions among students. It addresses challenges in retention, social integration, teachingmethods, and mentoring programs, highlighting their significant impact on student success andretention in STEM fields. It is necessary to address factors influencing student’s decisions topersist or depart from their chosen major. Establishing a solid social community among peers isvital to the first-year experience, which fosters a sense of belonging within the program.Additionally, the adjustment process to college teaching methods is discussed, with mentoringprograms that offer support and guidance to first-year students, as well as how universities arecombating

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Saeed D. Foroudastan, Middle Tennessee State University; Lillian Marie Hardin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

join EVP, as there are diverse majors throughout, and students learnthrough hands-on experience and guidance from current members.IntroductionDuring the late 1990s to early 2000s institutions saw a significant decrease in the number ofundergraduate students majoring in the STEM fields that focus on Science, Technology,Engineering, and Math. Among those who started pursuing a STEM degree, less than halfreceived one [1]. Researchers have been looking at why this happens, focusing on both studenttraits and the college environment. Research suggests that to keep students interested in STEM,they need help in four areas: figuring out their career goals, setting realistic expectations,overcoming challenges, and building a support network [1]. The EVP

Conference Session

Track 4: Technical Session 3: Considerations for assessment, evaluation, and continuous improvement of a pre-college STEM summer program for promising Black high school students

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Jesika Monet McDaniel, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Cynthia Hampton Ph.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kim Lester, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

participants being on campus, a week one activity surveyconducted at the end of the first week; a week two activity survey conducted at theclosing session; and a post focus group that occurred within the last 24-48 hours of theparticipants being on campus. The week one and week two activity surveys are meant tocapture the interactive hands-on and informational activities students experience duringthe first and second weeks.Additionally, pre and post-surveys use measures following the F-PIPES (Fit of PersonalInterests and Perceptions of Engineering) [8] instrument, which measures perceptions ofengineering. The STEM-CIS (STEM Career Interest Survey) [9] tool measures self-efficacy and interest in STEM classes and careers. The post-surveys include

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca A. Atadero, Colorado State University; Meena M. Balgopal, Colorado State University; Karen E Rambo-Hernandez, Colorado State University; Anne Marie Aramati Casper, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

compiled by the authors andincluded questions related to two different theoretical frameworks. Social Cognitive CareerTheory (SCCT) was used to investigate student career development, including their intention toremain in engineering. The SCCT questions used on the EAA were adapted from Lent et al.13.The Patterns of Adaptive Leaning Scale (PALS)14 was used to measure constructs related toachievement goal theory as a way to investigate possible changes or differences in motivationand their relationship to academic outcomes of interest between the control and interventionsections. Further background and results for these two frameworks are provided in subsequentsections.In addition to these quantitative tools, video recordings of teams were made for

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain P.E., South Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

potential for success in computer science and engineering technology. The CSET-STEM AdvisoryCommittee - consisting of the Program Manager of the Upward Bound Math and Science Project,Director of the Office of Enrollment Management, Director of the Office of Financial Aid, and thePI/Co-PIs of this project - will develop a CSET-STEM Scholars Program brochure to be distributed tothe targeted high schools and during XYZ STATE University student recruitment activities. Faculty andstudent representatives from National Society for Black Engineers (NSBE) and ACM, as well as firstyear CSET-STEM Scholars, will visit local schools to motivate students to pursue STEM courses andSTEM careers.(2) Retain these students through the incorporation of a mandatory pre

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Yvette Rito, Kansas State University; Jessica Lynn Aschenbrenner, Kansas State University; Jessica L. Heier Stamm, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

study that measured current IE students’ interestin solving operations research problems in different industry sectors and their perceptions aboutindustrial engineering careers. The aim of the study is to gain greater understanding about theinterests and perceptions of current IE students at Kansas State University (KSU). While thespecific results are most directly applicable to the institution where the study was conducted, wecomment on broad insights of interest to the industrial engineering education community.The pilot study described here is part of a planned long-term effort to understand the perceptionsof prospective (pre-college) students and those of students at multiple stages in the curriculum.The overarching objective is to design

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharnnia Artis, University of California, Berkeley; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Tsu-Jae King Liu, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Paper ID #9774Transfer-to-Excellence: Research Experiences for Undergraduates at Cali-fornia Community CollegesDr. Sharnnia Artis, University of California, Berkeley Dr. Sharnnia Artis is the Education and Outreach Director for the Center for Energy Efficient Electronics Science, a NSF-funded Science and Technology Center at the University of California, Berkeley. She oversees undergraduate research programs to recruit and retain underrepresented students in science and engineering and science and also outreach to pre-college students to introduce them to the exciting career opportunities in science and engineering. Dr

Conference Session

Minority Student Success

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Texas A&M International University; Rohitha Goonatilake; Sofía Carolina Maldonado, Texas A&M International University; Dan Mott, Texas A&M International University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

implemented at Texas A&M International University (TAMIU), a Hispanic ServingInstitution, located in Laredo, Texas.II. Internship and Research Assistantship Programs at TAMIUSTEM degrees at TAMIU are offered by the Department of Engineering, Mathematics, andPhysics (EMAP) and the Department of Biology and Chemistry (B&C). The STEM faculty isdevoted to serving students and integrating their scholarship into teaching and service. The maingoal is to prepare students to successful professional careers through the provisions of highquality educational programs and excellent learning and research environments. To promote thisobjective, the following two programs have been recently developed:(a) Internship ProgramThe purpose of the Internship

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amadin Osagiede, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Benjamin Ahn, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

obtained a B.S. in Mathematics from Spelman College, a M.S. in Industrial Engineering from the University of Alabama, and a Ph.D. in Leadership and Policy Studies from Peabody College of Vanderbilt University. Teaching interests relate to the professional development of graduate engineering students and to leadership, policy, and change in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. Primary research projects explore the preparation of engineering doctoral students for careers in academia and industry and the development of engineering education assessment tools. She is a National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career (CA- REER) award winner and is a recipient of a Presidential Early Career Award for

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Jarvis Brewer T, Savannah State University; Mohamad A. Mustafa, Savannah State University; Alberto G De La Cruz, Savannah State University; Faraz Muhammad Yousuf, 3D Imaging Developer

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

concepts learned in this project can relate to the engineering concepts. For the ElectricalEngineering Technology students, they are provided with a meaningful context within which toshare their projects and explain their own understanding of Electrical Engineering TechnologyprinciplesIntroductionElectrical Engineering Technology/Electrical Engineering is one of the few disciplines that highschool students are unlikely to have exposure with, whether in school or through their ownexperiences. If our objective is to enhance the interest of students in Electrical EngineeringTechnology/Electrical Engineering then it is essential to strengthen the pipeline to high schooleducation. Strengthening the engineering career decision-making can happen in

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 10: Broadening Participation in P12

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natasha Wilkerson, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

adecline in interest in STEM starting at age 11 [2]. A look at gender differences found that middleschool girls are much less likely to report interest in a STEM career than boys [3]. To counteractthis decline in interest, researchers have found a link between consistent engagement in anafterschool STEM program with an improved interest in STEM [3] [4]. However, attendance inan out-of-school (OST) program is often sporadic [5], and the duration of programs varieswidely [6]. Further investigation is needed on the amount of exposure to OST STEM as apredictor of interest in STEM, with gender as a moderator. This study explores this relationshipby examining a middle school STEM afterschool program serving a traditionallyunderrepresented group, low

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 6

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University; Emmanuel Tetteh Teye, Montana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Paper ID #43997Queer and Engineer? Exploring Science and Engineering Identity amongLGBTQ PeopleDr. Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University Bryce E. Hughes is an Associate Professor in Adult and Higher Education at Montana State University. His research interests encompass diversity and equity in engineering education, with a focus on LGBTQ students. He was recently awarded an NSF CAREER grant to study the experiences of LGBTQ undergraduates in STEM fields. He holds a Ph.D. in education from the University of California, Los Angeles, an M.A. in student development administration from Seattle University, and a B.S. in general

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudia Paz Gwynn, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Maria Elena Truyol, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

disciplines at a private Chilean university. A validated questionnaire wasadministered, incorporating a series of entrepreneurial competencies outlined by the EuropeanUnion within three areas: (a) ideas and opportunities, (b) resources, and (c) taking action.Additionally, this questionnaire includes a section addressing various aspects of entrepreneurialprojects: self-efficacy, intention, career choice, and motivation. Statistical methods wereemployed to analyze the questionnaire responses. The results allow us to highlight strongstatistically significant correlations between areas associated with entrepreneurial competenciesand the dimension of entrepreneurial intention related to the effective creation of anentrepreneurial project. Furthermore, it

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 9

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Lande, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

. What did you wish to get out of joining this team and did you get what you wanted through working on said team? 3. What has been the most useful experience or lesson you have learned from being on your respective engineering competition teams? 4. Tell me about a time you used a skill or experience from your engineering competition team outside of school? 5. What aspects of being on said engineering competition team were the most important to you? 6. Do feel that your engineering competition experience has helped open doors or helped in your career goals? If so, in what ways? 7. What do you feel that you’ve used the most in the real world or in your career, your a. class knowledge, or your experiences you

Collection

2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Kellie Schneider; Heath A. Schluterman; C. Richard Cassady

, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering);  providing FEP students with academic, career, and personal advising in a proactive manner;  fostering a sense of community among FEP students, other CoE students, the CoE faculty, and the balance of the UofA community.The FEP is executed via two sub-programs – the Freshman Engineering Academic Program(FEAP) and the Freshman Engineering Student Services Program (FESSP). These sub-programsare executed by a faculty Director, two full-time professional staff members, two instructors, andfive graduate teaching assistants.The Freshman Engineering Academic ProgramThe FEAP is a two-semester, thirty-credit-hour program designed on the basis of the

Collection

2017 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Suzanne Bilbeisi; Mohd Bilbeisi

partnership, as it is sponsored financially by professional architecture, engineering,and construction management firms in the state. Since inception, nearly 300 students haveparticipated in the program from the five state area of our region in the central USA; many ofthese students have subsequently enrolled at this university and completed or are currentlyworking towards a degree in these fields. The program serves as not only a recruiting tool forthe university, but also as a public service vehicle illustrating the many ways that design,engineering, and construction professionals add value to the quality of human life.Program DescriptionThe week long Discover Architecture career orientation summer program for high schoolstudents has been offered

Collection

2006 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Keith M. Gardiner

everyday life and career choices of engineers. Key words: Engineering ethics, ethics and technology, first year students.IntroductionEthics, often viewed as a boring and fusty topic abounding with arcane phrases and eye-rollingphilosophy, has become a matter of almost daily concern and public interest. From Enron toVioxx with skewed or mis-reported data, to insulation breakdowns in defibrillators [1], NewOrleans levee failures, and with microelectronics manufacturers and plastics processesexperiencing difficult solvent choices [2][3], there are many issues for engineering decisionmakers. Ethics are also closely associated with the “rules and standards governing the conductof members of a profession.” [4]Ethics embraces more than the “Golden Rule

Conference Session

Innovative Strategies for Enhancing Engineering Education Across Diverse Learning Environments

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lilianny Virgüez, University of Florida; Debarati Basu, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Gloria J. Kim, University of Florida; Sreyoshi Bhaduri, ThatStatsGirl

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

multidisciplinary introduction to electricalengineering course. Through quantitative analysis and the administration of an existing validatedsurvey instrument, we aim to explore students' exposure to semiconductors-related topics andpotential correlations between exposure, motivation, and demographic variables, includinggender, class standing, and majors.The instrument was administered to a cohort of 255 students enrolled in “Elements of ElectricalEngineering,” a multidisciplinary course covering the fundamentals of electrical engineering.Preliminary data indicates that only 9% of the students in this cohort have taken a class aboutsemiconductors and only 3% have some interest in pursuing a career in the semiconductors field.The results of this analysis

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 20

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eduardo Rodriguez Mejia M.Sc., Rowan University; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

basically a push to make the struggle count for something, in this case, their graduatedegree. This result may imply that there are no intrinsic (interest or enjoyment) or extrinsic (perceivedusefulness or reward expectation) motivators acting on their decision to persist. At this point, studentsignore the high cost of persisting and misalignment of their programs to their personal and career goalsand justify their continuation for the need to have something to show at the end of their time investment.For this reason, we sought to better understand the motivation of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE) doctoral students. By comparing two groups, as characterized by the stage of the doctoral process(pre-writing and writing) we would like to