Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Joan A. Burtner

Liberal Arts(CLA) students must successfully complete a Senior Capstone course prior to graduation. Schoolof Engineering (SoE) students may apply credit in a Senior Capstone course towards theirHumanities/Social Science requirement. The SCP course that most closely fit my vision for thenew course was SCP 451 (Self and World: A Case Approach to Issues of Choice andResponsibility). The director of the senior capstone program authorized me to develop SCP 451.003 asScience, Technology and Society. When Mercer switched to the semester system, the coursewas renamed Engineering, Technology and Society to better reflect the course content. Themain mission of SCP 451.003 is to encourage effective intellectual communication betweenengineering and

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Martha C. Wilson

,engineers need to be challenged in their liberal arts courses, especially since they take so few inthe engineering curriculum. Second, grade inflation may serve as a mechanism for students tochoose some liberal arts courses over others, where they are not particularly challenged.14 Page 5.474.5Third, evaluations can reflect how much a student likes the professor, not necessarily how muchthe student learned, reflecting the entertainment, not the educational value of a course.According to Peter Sacks, “a culture that allows students to determine what is good teachingdoes not lend itself to the kind of critical messy thinking that we need to be

Conference Session

From Entrepreneurship Education to Market

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James V. Green, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

and theapplication of thinking and reflection provide the necessary conditions for knowledge and skillsattainment (Gherardi, 1999; Brown and Duguid, 2001; Chiva & Alegre, 2005).Launched in 2009, the Entrepreneurial Consulting Practicum is a proven approach to providingundergraduate students the opportunity to engage in short-term consulting engagements with alarge corporate partner in the region to develop their management and entrepreneurial skills.Based on 16 projects completed to date, this practicum places entrepreneurial students with acorporate partner not traditionally defined as entrepreneurial. With five semesters of projectscompleted to date, student feedback is strong, with a number of students reapplying to joinsubsequent

Conference Session

Focus on Elementary

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ming-Chien Hsu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

researchresults suggest that the design process that students use might be indicative of the kinds ofdesign thinking that they use or do not use, such as reflective practice 11. Also, designlanguage shapes the knowledge that students have about design 17. We believed that designlanguage also reflects the knowledge that students have about design. Thus students with abetter understanding of the design process will give not only a more comprehensive view ofthe process but also exhibit deeper reasoning abilities. Observation refers to the task orsituation that will prompt students to demonstrate the knowledge or skills 14. We used adesign scenario to prompt students’ thinking and answering. Interpretation refers to a methodof interpreting the performance to

Conference Session

FPD V: Increasing Engagement and Motivation of First-year Students

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carrie Robinson, Arizona State University; James Collofello, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

% Page 25.1455.4We have been particularly pleased with the number of female participants in the program, whichexceeds our overall female population of about 25%. Given the important peer-mentoring role,the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering will place more emphasis on selecting a diverse UGTApool in the future. Though more ethnic diversity is needed, female students have been wellrepresented in the UGTA program, creating a stronger peer-modeling environment. One UGTAeven noted in her final reflection paper, “my favorite part of this experience was to be able toshow these freshmen that a girl can be just as successful as a guy in the computer engineeringfield.”UGTA training and preparationUnlike programs in many other places, our recognition of

Conference Session

Out-of-School and Informal Activities

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brittany L. Luken, Georgia Institute of Technology; Susan L. Hotle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurie Anne Garrow, Georgia Institute of Technology; Christopher Cappelli, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lauren Alise Jones; Margaret-Avis Anyeley Akofio-Sowah, Georgia Institute of Technology; Stefanie Brodie, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

career in industrial engineeringNote: Student responses may not add up to 100 percent. Missing data is not included in this representation of studentresponses. Reported mean scores reflect the following values for each response category:1: Not at all 2: Slightly 3: Somewhat 4: Quite a Bit 5: Very Much* Mean change = Mean Post – Mean PreGoal 2: The impact of the program experience on student self-efficacyThe summer program was also very successful in increasing student confidence for the programobjectives listed in Table 2. The results showed that students were less confident in achievingeach program objective prior to the summer program (mean scores from 1.9 to 2.9) thanfollowing the summer program (mean scores 3.0 to 4.33). This yielded a

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Sarah Lewis; Renate Fruchter

environmentto work through open-ended problems of a building project with ill-defined goals andemergent constraints. A variety of support tools scaffold students learning as they worknthrough the problem: a web-based team work space hosts assignments, shared documents, and promptedn discussions to shape the teams design process; weekly class meetings provide students access to a "master builder" who addressesn issues as they arise and keeps the process moving forward; presentations of iterations to the class provide teams with feedback from multiplen perspectives; Mentors bring outside resources and alternative perspectives to the design process; and ongoing surveys about the course experience encourage students to reflect on

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Ron Eglash; Larry Kagan; Gary Gabriele; Frances Bronet; David Hess

varying complexity, and to work individually or in teams toproduce innovative design solutions that reflect this “genius for integration.The PDI program was begun with the incoming class of the Fall 98 semester and we have taughtthe first 6 design studios of the sequence. This paper describes the curriculum design for PDI andour experiences teaching some of these first studios. Page 6.811.2Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & ExpositionCopyright © 2001, American Society for Engineering EducationTHE BASICS OF PDIThe institutional and administrative infrastructure for the PDI program is a dual

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Stanford; Michael Aherne; Duane D. Dunlap; Mel Mendelson; Donald Keating

regional industries and government must continuously develop their innovative capacity(intellectual property) to stay competitive and sustain economic growth. Graduate educationmust reflect this change, understand the new relationships between customer needs, directedscientific research, and engineering/technology leadership. For the U.S. to sustain globalcompetitiveness, traditional graduate studies must undergo educational reform. The three broadmandates for this collaborative effort are: • To create new models of needs-driven, professionally oriented graduate education through the master and doctoral levels that better support engineering and technology innovation. • To involve industry and government as key partners in

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Sudha Ananda Hariharan; Satinderpaul Devgan

resulting in line outage.A stroke current surge terminating on the tower will divide between the tower and the shield Page 3.317.9wires connected to the tower according to the tower and shield wire surge impedances Zt and Zsrespectively. Voltage waves equal to the initial tower top voltage will travel along the tower andalong the shield wires at different velocities. The tower voltage wave will be reflected betweenthe tower footing resistance Rtf and the tower top repeatedly. The shield wire voltage waves willbe reflected and further transmitted at the adjacent towers. The negative voltage reflections fromadjacent towers and the tower footing

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Elaine Seat

attempted to participate in a lessaggressive style, they were not thought to be competent. With respect to technical competenceand ability, women were thought less because they tended to not have “hands-on” tasks. The Page 3.633.1women reported feeling inadequate to do hands-on work, and often doubted their ability toperform in comparison to their male peers. But, engineering managers expressed concern aboutputting women in shop environments due to the dirty and crude nature of both the work andworkers5. Women interpreted this reluctance as a reflection of their inability to do hands-onwork and didn’t realize that they were being protected by well

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eileen Fong, Nanyang Technological University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University; Shamita Venkatesh, Nanyang Technological University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP)

a stratified random sampling technique to select one female and one male from eachteam. A total of 16 students (8 females, 8 males) were invited to respond to several open-endedquestions as part of a self-reflection assignment at the end of the course. Specifically, theparticipants were asked the question, “How has industrial collaboration impacted you in thiscourse? Please discuss how the industrial collaboration (a) influenced your perception towardsproblem-solving, (b) influenced your opinion on ethics, and (c) affected your confidence as anengineer, i.e., self-efficacy.”Data AnalysisWe employed a qualitative inductive approach to analyze the data. Using an open-codingtechnique, two coders created descriptive codes to ascertain emerging

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yen-Lin Han, Seattle University; Kathleen E. Cook, Seattle University; Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington; Gregory Mason P.E., zyBooks, A Wiley Brand; Teodora Rutar Shuman, Seattle University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

received her doctorate in Social and Personality Psychology from the University of Washington, with a minor in quantitative methods and emphases in cognitiveDr. Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington Dr. Jennifer Turns is a full professor in the Human Centered Design & Engineering Department in the College of Engineering at the University of Washington. Engineering education is her primary area of scholarship, and has been throughout her career. In her work, she currently focuses on the role of reflection in engineering student learning and the relationship of research and practice in engineering education. In recent years, she has been the co-director of the Consortium to Promote Reflection in Engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maryam Darbeheshti, University of Colorado Denver; Tom Altman; Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado Denver; Heather Lynn Johnson; Marie E. Evans, University of Colorado Denver; David C. Mays, University of Colorado Denver

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

porous media and leads the graduate track in Hydrologic, Environmental, and Sustainability Engineering (HESE). ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Building Community for Inclusive Teaching: Can We Bridge the Valley of Neglect?AbstractThis work describes an effort to nudge engineering faculty toward adopting known best practicesfor inclusive teaching through a program called Engineering is Not Neutral: TransformingInstruction via Collaboration and Engagement Faculty (ENNTICE). This monthly facultylearning community (FLC) followed the three-year structure of the Colorado Equity Toolkit:Year 1 (reported in 2022) focused on self-inquiry including reflection

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremi S London, Vanderbilt University; Brianna Benedict McIntyre, National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering; Nicole Adia Jefferson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

developed programs to help high school students transition into engineering disciplines. Her experience extends to the classroom, where she has served as an Adjunct Faculty member and Technology Education Instructor, mentoring young computer scientists and engineers. These roles have allowed her to directly influence the next generation of engineers, where she emphasized the importance of inclusivity in education. Nicole aspires to influence engineering education policy and establish a consortium that prepares researchers to tackle the challenges of equity in engineering education. Her goal is to help create an academic environment where diversity is not just accepted but celebrated, reflecting the true demographic

Conference Session

Spotlight on Diverse Learners

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Rui Liang, University of the District of Columbia; Rui Kang; Carlos Sac Mendoza, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

aligns with the targeted age range, 11-18, i.e., middle and high school age, of our broadening education intervention. It is highly likely that these students either play or played Minecraft games. They may either be interested in Minecraft or have fond memories of it. Their positive experience with Minecraft could serve as a foundation for developing an interest in computer programming. 2) Minecraft allows us to create a virtual world that reflects reality: the identity of the players and the socio-cultural context. We want these students' identities to be represented to encourage engagement, particularly from underrepresented students. Minecraft allows us to create characters of different races, genders

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Floyd Smith, West Virginia University Institute of Technology; Kenan Hatipoglu, West Virginia University Institute of Technology; Kelly J Cunningham

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

is housed. The current study focused on efforts to recruit S-STEM scholarsover two recruitment cycles.To better understand current recruitment efforts, institutional partners and current S-STEMscholars responded to reflection prompts about their experience with recruitment. The sampleincluded all institutional partners and 13 out of 14 scholars. The authors analyzed the writtenreflections using thematic content analysis with most findings relating to (1) factors in awarenessand decision making, (2) reasons for applying, (3) hesitancies and potential barriers and (4)future opportunities and communication strategies. The study revealed that staff perspectivesregarding what worked for students did not necessarily align with student perspectives

Conference Session

Duff's Dynamic Duo: Harnessing the Power of Teamwork for STEM Excellence!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cristina Diordieva, Nanyang Technological University; Adeel Khalid, Kennesaw State University; Sohini Gupta, Wheeler High School; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

autoethnography isto challenge the subject-object distinction by putting the researcher's perspective on thephenomenon being researched. The auto-ethnographic framework also allows for analysis of thevaried interactions between factors that have influenced her interest in engineering. Additionally,a qualitative technique with an auto-ethnographic framework allows the researcher to lookdeeply into the participant's experiences, motives, and reflections. Auto-ethnography is a suitableapproach to self-reflect, bringing valuable personal views into her experience. In support of thisapproach, she relates her experience actively engaging in hands-on experiments, problem-solving, and collaborative projects. These experiences contributed significantly to her

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sixto Duran Ballen; Daniel Eduardo Abril; Miguel Andres Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

provided. It involves critically examining the arguments presented andthe methods used to support the assertions or conclusions offered [18,24]. Explanationencompasses the ability to clearly communicate and articulate thoughts, ideas, and argumentsin a way that is coherent and understandable to others. This includes the ability to providereasons and evidence to support claims made [25]. Self-regulation in critical thinking includesthe ability to critically reflect on one's own thinking and assess its logic, coherence, biases, orweaknesses. It implies being aware of personal limitations and prejudices and being open toreconsider or modify one's own beliefs or points of view based on new evidence orarguments [26,27] . For critical thinking a

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 24

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin Marte Zorrilla, University of Florida; Idalis Villanueva Alarcón, University of Florida; Darcie Christensen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Jenefer Husman, University of Oregon; Matthew Charles Graham

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

). Comprehending and acknowledging the subtletiesof student effort is essential for educators, researchers, and institutions seeking to elevate theoverall quality of the educational experience. At its core, student effort involves the commitment and diligence demonstrated bystudents in their academic endeavors (Shu, 2022). This commitment manifests in various forms,including time spent on studying, engagement in coursework, active participation in classdiscussions, and the pursuit of additional learning opportunities (Khachikian et al., 2011; Shu,2022). The quantitative dimension of student effort is often reflected in the number of hoursdedicated to academic tasks, the thoroughness of preparation, and the consistency of work habits(Berland &

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division WIPS 3: Courses and Curricula

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin J. Laugelli, University of Virginia; Keith Andrew Williams, University of Virginia; Esther Tian, University of Virginia; Julia Lapan, University of Virginia; Shaylin Williams, University of Virginia; Deepyaman Maiti, University of Virginia; Anne Marguerite McAlister, University of Virginia; Benjamin Goldschneider, University of Virginia; Nicole Dufalla, University of Virginia; Anna Leyf Peirce Starling, University of Virginia; William H. Guilford, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

thesurvey results is beyond the scope of this paper, the three groups of stakeholders agreed (>70%in each group) that a range of technical subject matter is important for all engineers, regardless offield. These included single variable calculus, differential equations, probability and statistics,general purpose computing and programming, the engineering design process, modeling(including prototyping), and project management. The three stakeholder groups also agreed thata number of professional proficiencies are important for all engineers, including communication(oral, written, graphical), codes of ethics and identification, working with people of diverse anddifferent backgrounds, reflection, feedback, and career skills, among others. These

Conference Session

Sociotechnical Integration and Programmatic Reform

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynne A Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lizabeth L Thompson P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Silvana McCormick, Redwood Consulting Collective; Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and donot necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. 1Fisher identified significant gender differences in major selection for male- and female-identifiedstudents in computing based on individuals’ attention to “computing with a purpose” [9].However, it is important that we recall Slaton’s cautions against the operation of essentialismwithin this approach to diversity and inclusion and not predicate calls for change on a “naturaldifference” in approaches to engineering, rather we call for a change in values for liberation [10].Our department is at the beginning of a multi-year journey of

Conference Session

Pedagogical Issues in Computing

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Page 22.532.31 LectureTools (http://www.lecturetools.com) is freely available to all higher education instructors in the United States and Canada.3. Methods3.1. Design The LectureTools classroom application is built around the hypothesis that students learnbetter when they have opportunities to actively assess their understanding as material is beingpresented, to pose questions and get feedback during lecture, and to reflect on their learningoutside of class. Inherent in this approach is a need to facilitate “Concept Tests,” a series ofquestions posed to students, requiring their responses as either a means to introduce a topic or totest their understanding. LectureTools promotes this instructional strategy with the expectationthat

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board; Diana Papini Warren, Maui Economic Development Board; Frank R De Rego Jr., Maui Economic Development Board, Inc.; Kanesa Duncan Seraphin, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

overview of the scientific inquiry process and explicitalignment to the state science standards. Interdisciplinary STEM connections are also outlined.Three modules are provided on the following topics: energy auditing, photovoltaic solar energy,and wind energy. Each module presents some background topical information for the teacher,however the theme is facilitating authentic inquiry by way of students getting hands on withresearch, building, designing, and testing right away. Student worksheets are in the form of labreports with hypothesis development sections that help students clearly establish and controlvariables, data collection tables to facilitate multiple trials, and sections to encourage reflection,analysis, conclusion development, and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Justice

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William M. Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

. Page 22.587.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Engineering Ethics and Justice: How do they Relate?AbstractEngineering professional societies have revised their ethics statements in recent years to includeadditional issues such as sustainability and environmental protection that were not in earlierstatements. These changes reflect changes in our society and changes in how engineers see theirrole in society. This paper will examine the issue of justice, and how/whether it should be inengineering ethics codes.One example of this issue was when members in the Engineering Ethics Division were requestedto aid ASEE in a revision of its policy on engineering ethics education. We had

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - College Courses and Minors

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Christina White, Columbia University; Kristin Wood, University of Texas, Austin; Richard Crawford, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

maintains a lesson diary of the course.Assessment of the course is continually monitored through directed discussion of thecourse with students, review of work produced by the students, and written reflection ofthe course by the students. The written reflections are discussed within the class andshow that the students are gaining a deep understanding of the engineering designconcepts and are actively engaged in the course. Students connect to this course of studythrough the use of active learning methods, including hands-on activities, inductive anddeductive reasoning opportunities, and multimodal experiences. Further, group work isenhanced by considering ways to group students based upon personality types and otherteam-formation strategies rather

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Steiner, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Junichi Kanai, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Richard Alben, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Lester Gerhardt, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Cheng Hsu, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

conducted course surveys at a project level as measured by theIDEA Diagnostic Form Report8. We obtained results for 15 teams in Fall 2008 and 20 teams inSpring 2009 where the average IDEA Survey response rate was 70% for a total of 168 studentsreporting across both semesters. As discussed next, we have used these survey data together withinformation from student reflective memos, to gain insights into the effects of the three coursechanges. Page 15.42.7Project Level Course OrganizationConducting course evaluations at a project team level has provided additional insight on theimportance of teamwork as a learning objective for multidisciplinary

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yunfeng Wang, The College of New Jersey; Christopher Ault, The College of New Jersey; Teresa Nakra, The College of New Jersey; Andrea Salgian, The College of New Jersey; Meredith Stone, Independent Evaluator

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

and successful solutions to engineering problems.All students will: Develop strategies and processes for managing a complex project involving diverse areas of expertise; Page 15.166.5 Develop competencies in collaborative learning and working strategies through interdisciplinary team activities; Develop competencies in fields other than their major.5. Course Objective AssessmentThe objectives of this course are mainly assessed through topic-related graded individualhomework assignments, graded teamwork assignments, self and team evaluation forms, andstudents’ anonymous reflection journals.5.1. Graded individual homework

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Kelnhofer, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

deliver the results required for continuous improvement. At thesame time the process should on a steady basis be able to provide the data that is expected to bean integral component in the preparation of the ABET Self-Study when the time comes forrequesting accreditation.In this paper we describe such a process. The process consists of three components: 1. A fast feedback procedure to implement continuous improvement at the course level. This procedure includes a course improvement form completed by the course instructor that documents their positive and negative reflections, suggested actions for course improvement, and deviations from the institutional syllabus in their offering of the course. A mechanism for

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Lau, University of California, Berkeley; Mary Kathryn Thompson, KAIST; Alice Merner Agogino, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

accessibility for research, shorter length questionnaire andthe ability to benchmark against prior work. Having fewer questions was particularly important,as we needed to translate the survey into the Korean language to administer in Korea. Page 22.31.2The Kolb model is based on the idea that “knowledge is created through the transformation ofexperience”17,18, and is built on two axes. The vertical axis represents how one thinks aboutthings, while the horizontal axis represents how one acts on things. The end of each axiscorresponds to a cognitive or behavioral extreme: Concrete Experience versus AbstractConceptualization, and Reflective Observation