Conference Session

Hardware Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alisa N. Gilmore, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Jose M. Santos, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Aaron Joseph Mills, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. The CEENBoT™ was designed to address educational needs at K-12 andUniversity levels in terms of being a highly flexible, robust platform for project-based, hands-onlearning with expandability for various microprocessors 1. It has a wide range of applicationsdeveloped for K-12 math and science standards, and an ongoing development for a grades 5-8curriculum via an online interactive website 4. It has a modifiable design consisting of off-the-shelf electronic hobby store components, instead of proprietary components as withcommercially available robot kits.Since its creation the CEENBoT™ has been applied as a centerpiece for hands-on learning in theextensive Silicon Prairie Initiative for Robotics in Information Technology (SPIRIT

Conference Session

Educating Students for the 21st Century: History, Reflection, and Outcomes

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Joseph, Pace University; Mabel Payne, Independent Education Researcher

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

students participating in coop during 1994-95through 2004-05 were filtered out of the coop ed data sets and the students who obtained full-time employment during 1998 through 2006 in each discipline were also isolated (see Table 1).The two data sets per discipline were inserted into a Microsoft Access database so that thefulltime and coop ed data for each discipline could be matched on students first and last names.This process yielded 45 computing students and 657 business students. In order to establish acommon basis of comparison between the coop ed students from the two disciplines, the coop edcompanies in each discipline’s data were coded on the basis of whether the company’s industrywas in both data sets. Finally, these industries were

Conference Session

Pedagogical Issues in Computing

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chia-Lin Ho, North Carolina State University; Dianne Raubenheimer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, supported by a National Science Foundation CISEPathways to Revitalized Undergraduate Computing Education (CPATH) grant, designed toprepare students for pervasive, advanced computing in the workplace. These data includedparticipants (N = 389) enrolled in undergraduate computer science or engineering courses inseveral engineering programs in 2009 and 2010. Participants completed measures ofengineering/computer science self-efficacy, computer self-efficacy and self-ratings of sixcomputational capabilities which had been indicated by industry as important for new hires: (1)database fundamentals, (2) process modeling and design, (3) basic knowledge of programming,(4) data analysis skills, (5) communication /organization tools, and (6) web searching.Two

Conference Session

ECE Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University; Mahmudur Rahman, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

prodigious; each new concept isbuilt on a foundation of many other concepts where the students are encouraged to think throughproblems based on concepts and not only follow a set of problem solving procedure usuallyoutlined in text books. Every new problem is an interwoven conceptual hurdle.Our goal is to help students recognize how new concepts or ideas fit together with thosepreviously learned. Computer tools such as MATLAB, EXCEL, and PSPICE cannot replace thetraditional methods for mastering circuits.An appropriate pedagogical approach using a set of teaching principles should consider theaspects that:1. Circuit analysis can be fun2. It is a marvelous education in logical thinking3. Application aspects of concepts covered toward a design4

Conference Session

Curriculum Innovations in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stan Guidera, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

StudyAbstractThis paper documents design strategies using Grasshopper and Rhino 3D as an instructional toolfor conceptual design. It discusses the underlying concepts of generative design and includesexamples using Grasshopper with Rhino 3D for both massing and for basic structural layouts. Italso discusses the necessary skill set, beyond that associated with the operation of the underlyingCAD applications, required for students to utilize these applications. It then proposes aframework for incorporating generative design into CAD courses utilizing a 2-D to 3-D sequenceof instructional activities.Part 1: IntroductionThe digital revolution and its associated discourse is increasingly influencing all of the designfields, particularly architecture [1]. In his

Conference Session

Modeling and Problem-Solving

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark T. Carnes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Case of Physics. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 2000;21(1):85-96.4. Wieman C, Perkins KK, Adams WK. Oersted Medal Lecture 2007: Interactive Simulations for Teaching Physics: What Works, What Doesn't, and Why. American Journal of Physics. 2008;76(4&5).5. Douglas TC, Santiago-Roman A, Streveler RA. Does Conceptual Understanding Matter: Patterns Of Error In Senior Engineering Students Problem-Solving In Statics? 2010 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. Vol Louisville, KY2010.6. Craik K. The Nature of Explanation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press; 1943.7. Johnson-Laird PN. Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Cambridge, MA

Conference Session

"Green" Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stan Guidera, Bowling Green State University; Jon M. Stevens, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

increasingly been recognized as a mechanism for synthesizing real-world experience with academic course content. In recent years, it has been widelyacknowledged that classes designed by utilizing PBL Project - Based Learning are effective inenhancing the problem-solving ability of university students. [1] First coming to prominence inthe 1990’s, effectively structured project-based learning exercises provide a framework in whichstudents are required to draw on their prior coursework to develop solutions for “real world”problems. In a project based learning environment the learners are “actively engaged in workingat tasks and activities which are authentic to the environment in which they would be used” witha focus on “learners as constructors of their

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Educational Methods and Tools to Encourage Conceptual Learning I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Jason M. Keith, Michigan Technological University; Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Technological University; Maria Fernanda Tafur; Aytug Gencoglu, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering, Educational Research and Methods

: The Typical Transport CourseTransport phenomena is a subject of the chemical engineering undergraduate curriculumthat is taught in widely differing ways, depending upon the institution and its focus. Ingeneral, courses in fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer can be categorizedas: 1. Transport phenomena approach – in this approach, instructors focus on theoretical derivation of microscopic conservation equations and methods for obtaining analytical (and sometimes numerical) solutions. A typical book is that Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot1. 2. Unit operations approach – in this approach, instructors focus on the practical use of macroscopic balance equations and using them for the design of pumps, heat

Conference Session

Engineering Design in Pedagogy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis S. Nadelson, Boise State University; Patricia Pyke, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Anne Hay, Boise State University; Joshua Pfiester, Boise State University; Mark A. Emmet, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education, K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Teacher Professional Development CourseAbstract The engineering design process has evolved over time to be the central and effectiveframework that engineers use to conduct their work. Logically, K-12 STEM professionaldevelopment efforts have then attempted to incorporate the design process into their work. Therehas been little in the STEM literature, though, of the explicit measurement of the growth indesign process knowledge. Our study presents findings of significant improvements inknowledge of the design process that resulted over the course of a recent summer STEM instituteand professional development program among K-5 teachers. As more emphasis is placed on integrating STEM into the curriculum 1 there is a need toenhance the

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Shaw Courter, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Lauren Seabury, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Benjamin Lee; Gregory Alan Payne; John A. Hoopes, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

paper presents results from the introduction in fall 2010 of an innovative assignment into atraditional fluid mechanics course. The new assignment built on students’ work experiences,observations of the natural and built environment, current events, and curiosity and is called theApp, named specifically as a spin on the many apps that are available for smart phones.For the assignment titled CEE310 App: Real-world Application of Fluid Mechanics Concept,students begin with their experience, observation, or curiosity and work in pairs to demonstratetheir understanding of a fluid mechanics concept introduced in class. This assignment has fourparts: (1) identify and research an example that relates to a fluid mechanics concept;(2) designand deliver

Conference Session

ELOS Best Paper Nominations

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Huettel, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

., surveys of student opinions) and quantitative data(e.g., course performance). Baseline data (e.g., student surveys) were available from previousyears for comparison. Students reported that the projects positively contributed to theirunderstanding of course material. We also found that students’ awareness of the GrandChallenges and the role that signal processing can have in finding solutions increased. A numberof students indicated that they plan to pursue more in-depth projects inspired by what theylearned during the laboratory.1. IntroductionThe National Academy of Engineering (NAE) has identified a set of fourteen Grand Challengesfor current engineering research and practice. These include such diverse topics as reverse-engineering the brain

Conference Session

Evolving Engineering Libraries: Services, Spaces, and Collections

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Sapp Nelson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

orstudents. New learning objectives, educational interventions and pedagogy are needed to teachdata curation skills. Librarians need to translate traditional library science skills into a datacuration context in order to forge the partnerships necessary to have a successful datamanagement program.References1 Gold, A. Cyberinfrastructure, Data, and Libraries, Part 1. D-Lib Magazine 13, 9/10, doi:10.1045/september20september-gold-pt1 (2007).2 Gold, A. Cyberinfrastructure, Data, and Libraries, Part 2. D-Lib Magazine 13, 9/10, doi:10.1045/july20september-gold-pt2 (2007).3 Westra, B., Ramirez, M., Parham, S. W. & Scaramozzino, J. M. in Issues in Science & Technology Librarianship no. 63 (Fall 2010). Available

Conference Session

FPD 3: Research on First-year Programs and Students, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Odis Hayden Griffin Jr. P.E., East Carolina University; Sandie J. Griffin

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

2 2 2 2 2 1

Conference Session

Int. Engineering Education: Developments, Innovations, and Implementations

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yue-min Zhao, China University of Mining and Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

ability.Key Words: engineering practice; educational reform; mineral processing engineering Page 22.377.2                                                          Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 516 83995505 Email address: ymzhao@cumt.edu.cn (Y. Zhao), llaoduan@126.com ( C. Duan)    1. Introduction Education on mineral processing engineering has been given a high priority in China.More than 30 universities set up the major of mineral processing engineering. Theseuniversities cultivate lots of mineral processing engineering professions which meet thedemand of

Conference Session

Global Education in Construction Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enno "Ed" Koehn, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

governmentconstruction bodies. There are thousands of small contractors, which compete for small jobsor work as sub-contractors of prime or general contractors. Total volume of the constructionindustry reached 42,885 million in 2004-05 up from 21,451 million in 2000-0121.The rapid increase of the urban population in developing countries such as India has forcedthe reevaluation of the importance of high-rise buildings as shown in Figure 1. In developingthe various construction operations of multistory buildings and industrial facilities, timelycompletion and quality must be considered. The quality of construction is dependent, in part,upon the construction techniques adopted to erect the building.In most developing countries such as India, the construction

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Curriculum Development, Improvements, and Partnerships

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafiqul Islam, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

International

debate during 2008 was devoted to outline energy policy, it was clear thatboth candidates have studied the energy challenges facing the nation. President Obamaproposed his New Energy for America plan and signed the American Recovery andReinvestment Act (ARRA). The realization is that the component of energy policy mustprepare a technical workforce in the alternative energy areas. We must involve all ourefforts to ensure the outcome of ARRA to help create five million new jobs bystrategically investing $150 billion over the next ten years, to catalyze private efforts tobuild a clean energy fixture, to have more oil than we currently import from the MiddleEast and Venezuela combined with 10 years to put 1 million Plug-in-Hybrid cars with upto 150

Conference Session

International Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fakhteh Nakhavali, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Tagged Divisions

International

explore the salientmeanings and the cultural backgrounds. Animal expressions may reveal people’s thoughts, emotions, culture, andcustoms. The analysis of about 10,000 Persian and English proverbs shows that there are 207 Persian and 97English “dog” expressions. In spite of cultural and social differences between English and Persian, the salientsemantic properties derived from the name of this animal are nearly the same. The main semantic molecules of theword “dog” are “worthless, bad-tempered, cruel, violent” in both English and Persian. Key words: proverbs; animal metaphors; semantic molecules; animal expressions; salient content 1. Introduction The present study is within semantic-pragmatic framework. Over the years, there has

Conference Session

Energy Education and Industrial Partnership Needs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Eydgahi, Eastern Michigan University; Edward Lee Long IV, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

energy in that liter of gasoline is used.Now, let us consider a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine at 20% efficiency and8L/100 km (30 mpg). To simply move the vehicle, it requires: %H ŵŸ Ŷ ˫ˣ Ñ ˨ % % ˫ˣ Ñ ˨ 0 F 0 ŶŴ ˥˦˦ ŵŴŴ ˫˭ ŵŴŴ ˫˭At a cost of $1/L ($3.80/gal), the mileage of 8 L/100 km (30 mpg) equates to: Řŵ ŴŴ %H Ř% ŴŴ ŘŵŶ %Ż 0 H ŵŴŴ ˫˭ ŵŴŴ ˫˭ ŵŴŴ ˭˩An electric version of the same car with a charge/discharge efficiency of 81% and charged at

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods and Learning Models

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Shepard, University of St. Thomas; Alison B. Hoxie, University of Minnesota Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

project,budget provided and final testing procedures. The lessons learned regarding these differentiterations are synthesized, an overview of some of the different design concepts is presented andsuggestions are provided for successful implementation of the design project.IntroductionLaboratory components to engineering courses are valuable for providing students hands-onexperiences, demonstrating principles learned during lecture and developing basic experimentaland measurement skills. Depending on the target learning outcomes, students in a lab class maytake part in a variety of experiences including demonstrations, “cookbook” type experiments,guided inquiry exercises, and design, build, test (DBT) projects 1, 2, 3, 4.In DBT projects a student

Conference Session

Great Ideas for Projects that Teach Instrumentation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David R. Loker, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Robert Weissbach, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Adam Henry, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

time response characteristics for this system are sufficiently slowsuch that control theory for dynamic control applications is not needed4.Conveyor SimulatorThe conveyor simulator uses a 24V dc motor that draws approximately 300mA, Plexiglas sidewalls, sandpaper for the track, and three OR500-ND infrared proximity sensors5. A pre-made partgets placed in front of the first infrared sensor which will start the dc motor. The part will continuedown the conveyor at an approximate speed of 1 inch/second until a second infrared sensor isreached and the conveyor will stop. The part will be stamped by the user, and then the part willcontinue down the conveyor until the third and final infrared sensor. Then the conveyor will stopoperation and wait for

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in Silico

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles J. Coronella, University of Nevada, Reno; Victor R. Vasquez, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Excel.Technical description of the assignment Much of the following background is taken from a single publication [1], and interestedreaders are directed to review that article for more description of the solution of the transientcooking problem. Solution methods to transient heat transfer problems of single-phase systemsare relatively well known. These follow a transient form of Fourier's law: ∂2 T ∂ T (1)  = ∂ x2 ∂ tThe partial differential equation for temperature in time and space can be solved most simplyusing the method of lines, or a variant of finite differences, i.e., the domain of time and spaceare both broken into discrete elements

Conference Session

General Topics in Graduate Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Naji Khoury, Temple University; Jyothsna K. S., St. Joseph's College, Bangalore, Department of English; Amithraj Amavasai

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Spring 2009 a graduate course in “Geotechnical Engineering”, the control group was taughtusing the traditional lecture method. In Fall 2010 the same course was taught with the inclusionof an ethics component; this course was the experimental group. The students were taught thatethical issues have multipronged solutions that must address many different areassimultaneously. In making ethical decisions the students were not expected to determine "yes orno", "right or wrong" answers. Instead they were asked to deal with the variables in order toimprove the overall condition of the existing situation. Twenty case studies13 were presented in 5groups, as shown in Appendix 1. Each case study contained problems that are commonly facedin engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Issues Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sophia T. Santillan, Sidwell Friends School

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

college in previous years. Several students admitted to using anonline homework solution site to complete their homework, even though there wasa stated policy against copying any type of answer key to complete any textbookproblem assignment. Because many students argued that the online site was helpfulin learning the material covered in the assignment, data was collected for the remain-der of the semester to track use of the online site and corresponding performance oncourse exams. There are many online homework solutions sites; one is www.cramster.com, asite describing itself as offering “homework help for math, science, engineering, andbusiness classes by providing resources to accelerate and strengthen the learning pro-cess”1 . The website

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marvin C. Blackman, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology; Shahidul Islam; Joseph Kamel, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

RF RB Page 22.387.8 Figure 1: Tank’s condition in the uphill directionThe weight (downward force in the Y direction) for a tank that is full with the fluid can beexpressed as W  V  R 2 L  +WS (1)where γ is the fluid specific weight and WS is the weight of solid tankThe vertical (FVY) and horizontal (FHY) components of FY (fig. 1) can be calculated as FV  (R 2 L   WS ) cos , FH  (R 2 L   WS ) sin  (2)Hence, the backward force (FHB) in the uphill direction can be expressed asFHB

Conference Session

Novel Approaches to Teaching Materials

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Materials

scheduled mid-term exams were excluded for theCAT activity. Each CAT assignment was credited for 10 points and in general the lowestscore obtained for these assignments was between 6 and 7 points. Small percentage ofstudents had difficulty in relating the concepts to a real world example. Overall theperformance was above average. The survey instrument designed had some redundancyand this instrument will be modified for the future use. The questions 1-3 are designed toinquire how popular this assessment technique is within the ASU system.Student Survey Data and Results CAT  Survey  Results-­‐UET  331  Course-­‐Fall,   2010

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Physics I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Ludwigsen, Kettering University; Janet Brelin-Fornari, Kettering University; Joseph Neal, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

value in that, as is stated by,“virtually no meaningful learning takes place.” 1 The previous physics laboratory employed these“cookbook” experiments; students would execute without generating work or procedures of theirown, leading to an inadequate linking of physical laws with work performed outside of theclassroom and poor retention of skills and concepts. This lead to the development of Crash intoPhysics using an inquiry/discovery laboratory style that is based on the lab structure of RealTimePhysics.2An alternative to the expository style that requires more student engagement might be describedas a discovery or inquiry style. A discovery style laboratory has a predetermined outcome,inductive reasoning approach and the procedure is student

Conference Session

WIED Olio

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna P. Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University; D. Patrick O'Neal, Louisiana Tech University; Lori L. Bakken, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

enable women faculty to participate in a supportive andnurturing work environment, thus enhancing job satisfaction, research productivity, andretention. It utilizes Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT [1]) as an underlying theoreticalframework, which suggests that self-efficacious beliefs strongly influence a person’s jobperformance and career persistence and are shaped by 1) personal success experiences, 2)exposure to successful role models, 3) social and verbal persuasive communication, and 4)maintaining a positive work environment. Based on this theoretical framework, an analysis ofinstitutional data and a detailed climate survey, the goals of the ADVANCEing Faculty programare to:1) strengthen the gender-neutrality of the climate by

Conference Session

Teaching Circuit Theory and Electronics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Kane, University of New Hampshire and Cypress Semiconductor; Thadeus Paul Kochanski, Vital Electronics Institute; Andrzej Rucinski, University of New Hampshire

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

—without the limitations of human-entered data...TheInternet of Things has the potential to change the world, just as the Internet did. Maybe even more so.”Through automating the monitoring and control of our critical infrastructure and systems [Note the IoToften is couched in other related terminology such as sensor networking and Cyber Physical Systems],13the IoT can directly support solutions to some of the most vexing problems facing the majority of theworld such as how to get a drink of clean water. The keys to this kind of success are: the shear weightof numbers;1 advanced silicon and other core technologies for micro and nano-scale sensors andactuators (MEMS), locally embedded computation and storage; standardized interfaces fortransducers

Conference Session

Issues Affecting Engineering Program Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jimmy Bill Linn, East Carolina University; Merwan B. Mehta, East Carolina University; Janet Hooper Sanders, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

degree in manufacturing technology (BS-MT), which was changed in 2005-06 into a bachelor of science degree in Industrial EngineeringTechnology (BS-IET). This was to weather the discontent of the general public to anythingassociated with manufacturing. During this time, the US peaked in outsourcing manufacturingjobs and this reduced the number of applicants applying to the BS-MT program drastically.During the time when the university was considering the BS-IET program, there was nocalculus-based program in engineering or technology at XXX, and hence it was decided tostructure the BS-IET program based on calculus. The major changes made to the program thenwere to: 1) Remove 4 manufacturing based courses from the curriculum 2) Include a

Conference Session

Simulation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Guarino, Boise State University; Seung Youn Chyung, Boise State University; Charles Adams, Boise State University; Rey DeLeon, Boise State University, Mechanical & Biomedical Engineering Department; Marion Scheepers, Boise State University, Department of Mathematics; Francisco Castellon, Boise State University; Michael G. Wiedenfeld, Kuna High School; Paul Williams, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Page 22.393.2rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service providerinteraction.”Cloud computing architecture is conveniently described using a layered model presented byZhang (2010)7 and summarized below, from the highest layer (application) to the lowest layer(hardware):1. Application (programs accessed by users)2. Platforms (software framework)3. Infrastructure (computation and storage)4. Hardware (CPU, memory, etc)Our project uses an application cloud, which provides software-as-a-service (SaaS). Ourapplication cloud provides access to software applications and also facilitates shared use of theapplications, allowing students to collaborate remotely on the same assignments. Unlike