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Displaying results 3571 - 3600 of 9519 in total
Conference Session
BME Course and Curriculum Development
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Sweeney, Florida Gulf Coast University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
range of devices both in and outsideof the clinical environment which make use of bioelectricity principles.In both our first offering of this course last year, and again this spring, each student carries out anindividual project according to the following guidelines. “Projects in this course entail the following: Each student identifies an individual project on a topic pertinent to Bioelectricity in conjunction with the instructor, Each topic needs to go beyond what we will cover in the course otherwise, Within the topic chosen, the student identifies a good peer-reviewed journal article (review or specific study) that the entire class will read, Each student designs and carries out
Conference Session
Mentoring and Development of New Faculty
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Cady, National Academy of Engineering; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
# % # % # % # %Symposium overall met 1 2% 10 23% 19 44% 13 30%expectationsReasonable amount of prior 2 4% 11 24% 17 37% 16 35%readingsReasonable amount of prior writing 1 2% 3 7% 24 52% 18 39%Original affinity groups addressed 3 7% 16 36% 20 44% 6 13%concerns/interestsRevised affinity groups addressed 1 2% 11 24% 25 56% 8 18%concerns/interestsRevised affinity groups enhanced 1 2% 3 7% 23 51% 18 40
Conference Session
Enhancing Success/Peristence at Two-Year Colleges
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenan Baltaci, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Melissa Thompson P.E. P.E., BridgeValley Community and Technical College; Bekir Zihni Yuksek, University of Northern Iowa
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
Scholars who become employed in theirfield or continue their education. This paper shares the insights gained about retention andenrollment in engineering technology programs using student demographics, baseline data, and asurvey conducted learn about impact of financial and academic barriers on student enrollmentand retention during the grant-writing process. Demographics and baseline data shows that thecommunities served are disadvantaged, come from low-income families in West Virginia,require financial assistance, and require developmental courses upon enrollment. The surveyconducted shows that 84% of students receive financial aid, 55% stated that a lack of fundingdelayed progress toward a college education, and 88% expressed concern over
Conference Session
Hands-on/Experiential Learning
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gavin T. Garner, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Page 23.990.7 of their team can write out his or her initials as quickly and neatly as possible and 2)Program their HooPrint to automatically/autonomously draw something interesting andsophisticated in terms of programming technique in under two minutes. The author has found that it is important to give students as much creative license aspossible while challenging them with design projects. The more pride that students can take intheir own unique solutions, the more invested and dedicated they tend to become to completingthe project. The motivation that most students find in trying to show off in front of their peers farexceeds the motivation derived from simply threatening to give them a poor grade on theassignment if they do
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Junichi Kanai; Jeff P. Morris; Mark Anderson
, and information search, in their projects. Ourgoal was to introduce skills and the extended features of these tools in various courses to makestudents more productive. These skills were originally introduced in capstone design courses.Some skills are now introduced in a sophomore level engineering design course and a freshmancourse. This paper introduces the issues and our approaches.1. IntroductionThe current generation of college students, who were born in 1990’s, grew up with personalcomputers, the Internet, and other digital “gadgets”. They use text messages, IM (instantmessage), e-mail, and cell phones to communicate with their peers every day. They also sharetheir lives by posting messages and uploading digital photos to social
Conference Session
Computers in Education Division (COED) Poster Session (Track 1.A)
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Kane, Utah State University; Wade H Goodridge, Utah State University; Linda Davis Ahlstrom, Utah State University; Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Michaela Harper, Utah State University; Cassandra J McCall, Utah State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education Division (COED)
engineering (i.e. developing prompts to maximizeoutput accuracy), evaluation of AI responses, and ethical considerations [9-11].Due to its versatile nature, AI has the capacity to be used in nearly every academic discipline,similar to the use of the internet. However, AI may be most effective in fields where students arerequired to complete more ill-defined tasks such as writing lab reports or creative writing [1],[8]. Similarly, AI has been used in marketing and other business fields for content creation, salesoptimization, and for customer service chatbots [12-13]. In science education, the use of AI hasbeen shown to can boost students’ motivation and participation in learning exercises, but it haslimitations regarding complex subjects, and can
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session II
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Walter C. Lee, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Malini Josiam, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
navigation.Education PlanFor the education plan of this CAREER project, we developed the Engineering StudentPreferences in Navigating (E-SPIN) SJI. E-SPIN, for short, contains 19 scenarios related to theobstacles and opportunities commonly encountered in engineering and various ways to respond[12], [13]. The goal of E-SPIN is to surface students’ navigational tendencies to help them learnabout themselves and provide a basis for practitioners to offer personalized support.E-SPIN scenarios span six domains: academic performance, faculty staff interactions,professional development, extracurricular involvement, peer group interactions, and specialcircumstances. Table 1 includes an example scenario and ways to respond. Users select tworesponses to the prompt “What
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session I
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Bosman, Purdue University; Rhea Dutta
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
theresearch. This concise structure allowed students to quickly integrate into the program whileminimizing information overload.2.1.2 ProjectFor the following nine weeks, small mentoring groups were formed, with five faculty advisorseach working with a team of 2-3 students. 2 graduate students served as project coordinators aswell as near peer mentors. The students divided their work hours between a common laboratoryshared with the rest of the cohort and their advisor's laboratory, where they collaborated withtheir advisor's research groups. Intentional Strategies to improve teamwork and collaborationwere implemented, such as: • Collaboration: Students worked in teams, balancing collective tasks with individual contributions. Additionally
Conference Session
ME Division 15: Grading Practices and Student Performance
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julie Mendez, Purdue University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)
2024 9 8 89% 2023 12 6 50% Capstone 2024 6 2 33% Total 34 20 59%The surveys for both courses included the six statements shown in Table 2. Possible responseswere strongly disagree (1), somewhat disagree (2), neither agree nor disagree (3), somewhatagree (4), and strongly agree (5). Most students agreed that the course grading method increasedtheir ability to implement the design process, complete an engineering design project,communicate effectively, and write organized project reports. Overall, students also liked thelearning environment in the course and preferred the grading system to the ones in
Conference Session
WiP: Gen AI, Mixed Reality, and Simulations
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jonathan Verrett, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)
Paper ID #49274Work-in-Progress: Student perceptions and usage of generative AI in second-yearchemical engineering design exercisesDr. Jonathan Verrett, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Jonathan Verrett is an Associate Professor of Teaching in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of British Columbia. He teaches a variety of topics with a focus on design in chemical and biological engineering. His pedagogical interests include leadership development, open education and peer-learning. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025Work-in-Progress: Student
Conference Session
GSD 5: Mentorship
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Idalis Villanueva Alarcón, University of Florida; Naqash Gerard, University of Florida; Isabella Victoria, University of Florida; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., University of Florida; Jasmine E. McNealy, University of Florida
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
of ecological systems [26], Mondisa and colleaguesdeveloped a STEM Mentoring Ecosystem framework [13] to better understand what causes mentorsand mentees to use some resources, what patterns of mentoring exchanges are productive, and whatstructures cultivate mentoring interactions. According to the model, there are several interacting systems within mentoring in STEM[13]. Microsystems provide the most direct person-to-person encounters and for graduate students,these interpersonal or intragroup interactions can include peers, faculty, staff, and family.Mesosystems include the intergroup interactions between microsystems such as departments,colleges, or schools that serve to support or create conflict with each entity. Ecosystems
Conference Session
Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Carol S. Stwalley, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Robert Merton Stwalley III P.E., Purdue University at West Lafayette; Grace Lynn Baldwin; Virginia Lynn Booth-Womack, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Sarah Larose
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative and Experiential Education
between abstract concepts and the practice of their profession [30].The benefits of professional practice in the undergraduate educational experience are numerous.Students that get to view and participate in activities typical of those within their professionduring their collegiate years are retained in school at higher rates than those who do not getsimilar experiences [31]. More maturity, a greater independence of thought and action, and awell-developed sense of responsibility have all been noted in professional practice studentsrelative to their non-participating peers [32]. Dressler & Keeling [33] suggest that a deeperanalysis of the extent of student learning through professional practice includes: an increase indisciplined thinking; an
Conference Session
Course Design, Course Projects, and Student Perceptions in Chemical Engineering
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Lucas James Landherr, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
available for students, a course contribution project was introduced in aheat and mass transfer course. This project required students to find potentially fun and effectivemeans to communicate topics related to the course subject matter, with the project deliverablesproviding new learning tools that could be used to help other students learn. Students were given several potential project types to select from: writing sample examproblems, for which both problem statements and solutions were required; producing a 5-minutevideo; writing and drawing a 10-page comic; or developing an experimental module that could bereplicated by other students. Students also developed their own original projects, includingcomputer simulations and board games
Conference Session
Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Derek David Riley, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Software Engineering Division
fixes over SPL (maintainability) goals.In this work we investigate a couple of research questions including: can incorporating SPL intoan undergraduate software engineering course sequence improve student learning outcomesrelated to writing maintainable, reliable, and reusable code? We are also interested in answeringthe question of whether incorporating SPL can improve the quality of documentation created bystudents. To work toward answers to these questions we present a case study of the two-semesterdevelopment of an SPL in a senior-level undergraduate software engineering course sequenceusing a real-world mobile application. We present key strategies for motivating positive learningoutcomes including an adapted Scrum process designed to
Conference Session
Professional Issues and Opportunities for Engineering Librarians
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Michael Fosmire, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
of one being a peer reviewed publication. Citations are appropriately used and formatted.The above example is the only institution that didn’t use their capstone design to measure 3.g.Another institution used the VALUE rubric for Oral and Written Communication to assess 3.g),(Cooney [19] maps all of the VALUE rubrics to ETAC student outcomes) which contains anoutcome “Sources and Evidence” with a rubric description at the ‘proficient’ level of Demonstrates skillful use and citing of high-quality, credible, relevant sources to develop ideas that are appropriate for the discipline and genre of the writing. [20]This institution also indicated that they had an embedded information literacy outcome, The ability
Conference Session
Freshman Design and Other Novel Programs
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rebecca Willits, Saint Louis University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
evaluate your experiment/demonstration as a Biotransport student and solve all relevant equations, analyze the results and discuss the outcomes. Your team is responsible for the design of an experiment, including the equations and mathematics behind the experiment, a sample apparatus (if necessary), a description of the set-up for a TA/moderator, parameters for the experiment and a sample laboratory write-up/handout. Additionally, you will need to video-record a model presentation. Be sure to have a hypothesis or purpose to the experiment, background on what the students will learn and why it is important (in other words, what will they learn?). You may also design ‘props’ that will be used in
Conference Session
Communication and Engineering Careers: Motivating Our Students
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julie E. Sharp, Vanderbilt University; Christopher J Rowe, Vanderbilt University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
Education and Training Writing for her ASEE 2012 Proceedings article, ”Behavioral Interview Training in Engineering Classes.” In 2004, she earned the ASEE Southeastern Section’s Thomas C. Evans Award for the most out- standing paper pertaining to engineering education. As a consultant, she has edited and written documents and presented workshops for educators, industry, and professional organizations.Dr. Christopher J Rowe, Vanderbilt University Dr. Christopher J. Rowe, M.Eng., Ed.D., is associate professor of the Practice of Engineering Manage- ment and Director of the Division of General Engineering at Vanderbilt University. He holds degrees in biomedical engineering, management of technology, and higher education
Conference Session
General Topics in Graduate Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mysore Narayanan, Miami University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
effectively uses modern technology whileteaching at Miami University. He has utilized World Wide Web and InteractiveVideo Distance Learning extensively in addition to other teaching techniques. W.W.W.and I.V.D.L. actually supplement other routinely used audio visual techniques such aspower point presentations, tutorials, problem-solving sessions, written research reports,peer group discussions, poster presentations etc. The author utilizes a variety of instructional tools to communicate with studentswho may prefer to have different learning styles (Kolb, 1985). The author alsorecommends and encourages students to utilize the resources that are readily available atthe university, such as Library, Writing Center, Computer Laboratory, etc
Conference Session
Classroom Management
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Juan C. Morales, Universidad del Turabo; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
to theclassroom; an overview of Massive Open Online Course (MOOCs) and their potential use for“flipping the classroom”. Faculty were also requested to perform the following: create apanoramic outline (divide each course into 30 class sessions) prior to starting the SFIP in June;write granular learning outcomes for each and every class session during the SFIP; and prepare areview sheet for students per exam that is based on the learning outcomes created during theSFIP. Partial results of the SFIP are also provided.Introduction The Summer Faculty Immersion Program (SFIP) strives to ignite and sustain innovativeclassroom practices in engineering and physics courses in a manner that will promote lastingchange in the faculty. In essence
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 7
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Haroula M. Tzamaras, Pennsylvania State University; Sierra Hicks; Gabriella M. Sallai, Pennsylvania State University; Christine Mathilda Cummings; Lauren Elizabeth Dennis; Hannah Nolte, Pennsylvania State University; Andrea Mesa Restrepo; Cynthia Howard-Reed, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering Division (WIED)
graduate students in theCollege of Engineering to gauge need for community and student interest in creating a GraduateWomen in Engineering (GradWIE) group. Results from the survey indicated that students lackedcommunity and had an overwhelming desire to be involved in a graduate women in engineeringgroup. As such, we felt compelled to form an official student organization for the engineeringcommunity, GradWIE. GradWIE welcomes people of all gender identities to support thepersonal and professional well-being of graduate students through peer support, the creation ofsafe spaces, social events, and diverse resources. In its first year, the organization has sponsoredseveral community-building events, reaching over 150 students across all departments
Conference Session
Assessment in Chemical Engineering Education
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Araoluwa Adaramola, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)
chemical engineering students setlearning goals toward new discipline-specific content, including forming peer groups ornetworks, interacting with chemical engineering professors, and developing appropriate learningapproaches. COGNITION MOTIVATION/AFFECT BEHAVIOR CONTEXTFORETHOUGHT, Set task-specific goals Goal orientation* Plan time and effort Perceptions of taskPLANNING, ANDACTIVATION Prior knowledge Efficacy judgments** Plan self- Perceptions of observations context Metacognitive Ease of learning (EOL
Conference Session
Computer Science Education and AI research
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ayesha Johnson, University of South Florida, College of Nursing; Zachariah J Beasley P.E., University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
Paper ID #36879Strategies to Optimize Student Success in Pair Programming TeamsDr. Ayesha Johnson, University of South Florida, College of Nursing I am an assistant professor of statistics in the College of Nursing at the University of South Florida. My research interests include educational methods, and health equity. I have experience in data analysis for various types of research designs.Dr. Zachariah J Beasley P.E., University of South Florida Dr. Zachariah Beasley received his Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from the University of South Florida with a focus on sentiment analysis in peer review. He is the
Conference Session
Mechanics Education Programs and Projects
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cliff Lissenden, Pennsylvania State University; Nicholas Salamon, Pennsylvania State University; Andrew Miller, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
,apply standards, create a conceptual design, select appropriate materials, identify applied loadingscenarios, perform the design analysis, check design calculations from another team, createdesign drawings, estimate the cost, and write a design report.In order to accomplish all this in a course like strength of materials, which is laden with analysis,the project must be well organized and accompanied with web-based tools. This paper discussesdesign of the design project, course content that is beyond the traditional strength of materialscourse coverage, and development of web-based tools that make this possible. The web-basedtools provide guidance on: the design process with interactive examples, analysis andsimulation, materials properties and
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jessica Ohanian Perez, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
entering and matriculating with an engineeringdegree. Current efforts to improve graduation rates have exacerbated the achievement gap forfirst generation degree seeking students, who trail behind their peers by 13% [16] Within theirengineering courses, first generation students are .15 to .2 GPA points behind their non-firstgeneration counter parts in core classes with some achievement gaps as high as 1.02. The samegaps are seen with women in engineering courses [2]. When the CSU and the UC systems arecompared there is a greater mismatch in degree production. The CSU offers its 480,000 students73 accredited engineering programs housed at 16 of its regional campuses compared to 54 degreeprograms offered to the 222,000 undergraduate UC students
Conference Session
Underrepresented Populations
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kayla R. Maxey, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
socioeconomicbackgrounds, social positioning influences peer-to-peer relations and their status within anengineering team. Furthermore, we aim to explore how this position relates to their engagementwith engineering concepts, practices, and habits. We expect the rich examples of how K-12students experience status in collaborative engineering projects to inform curriculum design andinstructional practice.The methods applied follow a case study approach where video-recorded observations of peerinteractions and one-on-one interviews comprise the data in this case. The case is a two-weeksummer engineering camp for students in grades 6-8. In this case study, we conducted interactionanalysis of the video data by coding peer-to-peer exchanges and the associated impact
Conference Session
Education Programs in BME
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine E Reuther, Columbia University; Michael John Cennamo, Columbia University; Tiffany Wen-an Guo, Columbia University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
environment has traditionally been dominated by alecture format, with students passively listening to the course instructor. This format has beencriticized as an ineffective way to learn and many strategies have been suggested to improve this,including that of blended learning. Blended learninga is defined as “the organic integration ofthoughtfully selected and complementary face-to-face and online approaches and technologies”.3By integrating these complementary approaches in the classroom, it provides students with theopportunity for increased interactions with course materials, instructors, and peers, creatinga The term “flipped classroom” is a form of blended learning where the student is exposed to new concepts outside of class and class time is
Conference Session
Qualitative Methodologies
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julie P Martin, Clemson University; Aubrie Lynn Pfirman, Clemson University; Rachel K. Anderson, Clemson University; Shannon K Stefl, Clemson University; Frederick Paige, Clemson University ; Lindsey Whitfield Cain, Clemson University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
in the pilot study, to refine potentialresearch design improve ● -We planned our word choice in the pre-interview questions for future interviewsthe fit between reality guide and interview prompts carefully so as not to -We implemented a pass system comprised of levelsand the theory generated? restrict or influence participants’ testimonies of reading transcripts, skimming transcripts, writing ● -We utilized meta-questions (asking for structured memos, listening to recorded interviews participants’ opinions and thoughts on answering and memoing, peer debriefing over memos and the questions
Conference Session
Track: Special Topic - Identity Technical Session 13
Collection
2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity
Authors
J. McLean Sloughter, Seattle University; Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University; Mara Rempe, Seattle University; Katie Kuder P.E., Seattle University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, Special Topic: Identity
 underrepresented or marginalized groups.   We examine survey data for undergraduate students who were enrolled in the CSE’s engineering majors (comprised of Pre‐Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science) during the spring of 2018. Results are compared for female‐identifying students, URM students, LGBTQ+ students, and students with disabilities across factors including students’ feelings of preparedness, sense of community, satisfaction with their academic performance, and experiences of bias from both peers and faculty/staff.   These findings will be used to inform the development of new policies and programs within the CSE to better support students from
Conference Session
Engaging Families and Exciting Girls with Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephanie S. Ivey, University of Memphis; Paul J. Palazolo, University of Memphis
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
AC 2011-2109: GIRLS EXPERIENCING ENGINEERING: EVOLUTIONAND IMPACT OF A SINGLE-GENDER OUTREACH PROGRAMStephanie S Ivey, University of Memphis Dr. Stephanie Ivey, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, is currently involved in several engineering and STEM education projects. She is part of the project team for the NSF funded MemphiSTEP: A STEM Talent Expansion Program (NSF DUE 0756738), where her responsibilities include coordination of the entire project’s mentoring activities, including the peer-mentoring, peer-tutoring, and STEM club mini-grant program. She is leading a project focused on service learning within the Civil Engineering curriculum and a project examining links between learning styles and freshman
Conference Session
Tricks of the Trade
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Timothy Carl Becker P.E., Iowa State University; Joel K. Sikkema, Iowa State University; Nicole Lynn Oneyear, Iowa State University; Shashi S. Nambisan P.E., Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Student
they were administered prior to, during, and after the event. An analysis of the 185 responsesthat were received reflects the event’s success: 94 percent indicated that the department shouldsupport the event in the future, and all respondents stated that the showcase was valuable for thepresenters. In addition, 75 percent of presenters reported that they had plans to present or hadalready presented their research at a professional conference. Although the inaugural competitionwas successful in catalyzing graduate student research dissemination, future efforts are needed totranslate participation in the departmental event to presentations at professional conferences andpublications through topical peer-reviewed outlets.IntroductionA catalyst is