Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Jonathan Weaver-Rosen, Texas A&M University; Carlos R. Corleto P.E., Texas A&M University; Shadi Balawi, Texas A&M University; Mohammad Waqar Mohiuddin, Texas A&M University; Joanna Tsenn, Texas A&M University

, Process-Structure-Property Relationships, Finite Element Stress Analysis Modeling & Failure Analysis, ASME BPV Code Sec VIII Div. 1 & 2, API 579/ASME FFS-1 Code, Materials Testing and Engineering Education. Professionally registered engineer in the State of Texas (PE).Dr. Joanna Tsenn, Texas A&M University Joanna Tsenn is an Associate Professor of Instruction in the J. Mike Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University. She earned her B.S. from the University of Texas at Austin and her Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. She coordinates the mechanical engineering senior capstone design program and teaches senior design lectures and studios. Her research interests include

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Benjamin P Starling, Ohio Northern University; Kento Akazawa; Andrew Nelson; Kodi Rogue; Benjamin Faibussowitsch, Ohio Northern University

Paper ID #49603Academic Advising AppBenjamin P Starling, Ohio Northern University Ben Starling is a senior student pursuing a degree in Computer Engineering at Ohio Northern University. He is currently working on his capstone project, which focuses on developing an academic advising application to streamline communication and enhance advising processes for students and faculty. Ben’s academic interests span both hardware and software engineering, with a strong passion for developing integrated solutions that bridge the two fields. After graduation, he aims to pursue a career in both hardware and software engineering.Kento

Conference Session

Curriculum and Facility Developments for Innovative Energy Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G. Belu, Drexel University; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

when developing design solutions. A systems approach to design involves learning thatcomplex systems cannot be optimized by simply optimizing individual sub-systems; it requiresan in-depth knowledge of how the sub-systems interact with each other32-34. It takes place after aconceptual design is established, but before the detailed design solution is completed. It requiresstudents to evaluate the architecture of the design solution and explore the inter-relationships ofits functional requirements and the operating environment.3.2 Capstone Project Design Course SequenceMET 421/422/423 (Senior Project Design) is a sequence of three-quarter capstone project designcourses required for all the BSET majors. The course focuses on planning, development

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 9: Focus on Student Learning, Lifelong Learning, and the Whole Student

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Jacob T Allenstein, Ohio State University; Robert B. Rhoads, Ohio State University; Clifford A Whitfield, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

top 10 percent University Admission Profile 27-31 95% ranked in top 25 percentIn the senior year, engineering students are required to complete a capstone project to satisfytheir capstone experience. The EEIC offers a Multidisciplinary Capstone program (MDC) as anoption for students to replace their discipline specific capstone experience. Students arepartnered with industry companies to improve processes, reduce costs, or create new products.MDC also offers non-engineering students the opportunity to participate thru the EEIC’sengineering sciences minor program. This promotes discipline diversity in the program whilegiving students’ academic credit. Through

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shannon Clancy, University of Michigan; Shanna Daly, University of Michigan; Laura Murphy, University of Michigan; Colleen Seifert, University of Michigan

engage creatively in their work, theyhave expressed discomfort in supporting students in exploration, and students feel they havelimited opportunities to engage in creativity in engineering [9]. Currently, opportunities fordivergent thinking in most engineering pedagogy is limited to open-ended design projects, forexample in first year engineering or capstone design courses [10]–[12]. However, even withopportunities to diverge, students may not be taught or facilitated in using specific strategies fordivergent thinking throughout their engineering problem-solving experiences. Education thatexists on divergent thinking in engineering often centers only on idea generation and consideringmany varied solutions [13], but in practice there are many

Conference Session

Bringing Engineering Leadership Pedagogy to Life!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Novick, University of Texas at El Paso; Meagan Kendall, University of Texas at El Paso; Sebastian Palacios; Melanie Realyvasquez, University of Texas at El Paso

Powered by www.slayte.com TeachingEngineerstoFormandShareVision David Novick, Meagan Kendall, Melanie Anne Realyvasquez, Sebastian Palacios Department of Engineering Education and Leadership The University of Texas at El Paso AbstractThis paper reports a project teaching engineering students the leadership skills of forming andsharing vision. We describe the skills of forming and sharing vision, review related learningoutcomes, and describe six teaching modules delivered in a senior capstone course sequence inthe 2020-21 and 2021-22 academic years at the University of Texas at El Paso, a Hispanic-serving R1 university. To assess the

Collection

2019 ASEE PNW Section Conference

Authors

Cara J Poor P.E., University of Portland; Abigail Chase, Stantec; Mehmet Inan, University of Portland

start from scratch. Indesperation, you copy his calculations and parts of his lab write-up and turn it in the next day.”Students are put into groups of 3-4, and asked to discuss the scenarios. The groups then reportout to the class.CE 483/484 Civil Engineering Capstone Design: Civil engineering capstone design is a year-long course where students work on a design project during their fourth year. Students have botha faculty and industry advisor for the project, and explore many aspects of design. In the fall, theASCE Code of Ethics is reviewed and students complete a short written assignment tofamiliarize themselves with the Code of Ethics. In the spring, students present and lead a shortclass discussion on the ethical implications of their

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: Competitions, Challenges, and Teams

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; William A. Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

others.Dr. William A Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Bill Kline is Professor of Engineering Management and Associate Dean of Innovation at Rose-Hulman. His teaching and professional interests include systems engineering, quality, manufacturing systems, in- novation, and entrepreneurship. As Associate Dean, he directs the Branam and Kremer Innovation Centers which house campus competition teams, capstone projects, and a maker space. He is currently an associate with IOI Partners, a consulting venture focused on innovation tools and systems. Prior to joining Rose-Hulman, he was a company co-founder and Chief Operating Officer of Montronix, a company in the global machine monitoring industry. Bill is a Phi

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 7: Partnerships Making It Real! II

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faiza Zafar, Rice University; Roger Ramirez, Rice University; Christina Anlynette Alston, Rice University; Carolyn Nichol, Rice University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

their activities, iRIDE is unique in the way itrecruits participants. The students consider the dynamics of their communities and discuss theissues their communities face, for instance, the lack of sidewalks, brainstorm solutions using theengineering design process and present the results to community stakeholders, including parentsand teachers. Similarly, in iRIDE, students utilize the issues their communities face and theirprior experiences to determine the scope of their Capstone Project, the hallmark of the SummerAcademy. The following sections offer detailed information about the iRIDE program, methodsfor evaluation, findings, and future implications.iRIDE Structure The goals of the iRIDE program are forstudents to apply math and

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Birmingham, Grove City College; David Adams, Grove City College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, including the arts, work on a game. Other programs rangefrom minor incorporation of gaming into programming assignments and capstone projects to thekind of full scale degree programs offered by Full Sail, Digipen, and The Guildhall at SMU. Stillothers have programs that focus on the use of gaming as an aid or driver for learning conceptsusing 3D environments in novel ways like at the University of North Carolina Charlotte4 or theM.U.P.P.E.T.S project at RIT.A number of universities have research programs in gaming and related technologies. Examplesof these schools include: The University of Michigan, Michigan State University, University ofSouthern California and Carnegie Mellon. The last two schools have academic units for theirresearch programs

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sinead MacNamara; Clare Olsen; Laura Steinberg, Syracuse University; Samuel Clemence, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

presentations to provide students with the creative andtechnical skills to address a wide range of design problems. In engineering education atSyracuse University (and in many Civil Engineering programs throughout the country),the design studio is viewed as a capstone course for seniors in the Civil Engineeringprogram and for many students, it is the first exposure to an individual design project.While both the architecture and civil engineering courses emphasize design, they differ inseveral ways: the architecture studio spends more time on conceptual designs andinnovative solutions that do not necessarily bring the projects to a level of technicalresolution beyond the schematic; whereas the engineering design course is necessarilyfocused on the full

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William A. Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Timothy Chow, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Tony Ribera, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Office of Medical Student Education. Tony has a PhD from Indiana University in Higher Education and Student Affairs. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Analysis of Student Utilization and Activities in a Campus Innovation CenterThe Branam Innovation Center (BIC) has served our campus for six years providing support forcompetition teams, capstone and class projects, a maker space, and other campus activities. The16,000 sq. ft. center provides project space, supervision, and access to fabrication andprototyping resources. It has been a popular and increasingly utilized resource with studententries to the building increasing 1.35 times in the last two

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rohit Bhargava, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Marcia Pool, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Andrew Michael Smith, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; P. Scott Carney, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois; Dipanjan Pan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

clinical trials, economics, ethics, and regulatorystrategies. Throughout the second year, students will continue working on their research project,with the culmination of the second year being a summer clinical or industrial immersion relevantto the project. In addition to immersion experiences, we are planning tracks: research,entrepreneurship, professional school, and industry; while these are at early stages indevelopment, they are being developed to integrate with other campus activities.Beginning junior year, students will continue undergraduate research while being extensivelytrained in engineering design, in contrast to traditional education which focuses primarily ondesign in the senior capstone course. The coursework for this year is not

Collection

2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop

Authors

Hiren Gami; Reza Abrishambaf

algorithm. The supervised machine learning modelsrely on the tagged data, meaning, a movement patterns with associated actual physical directioninformation. Fig.5. show snapshot of the direction estimation performance by the ML algorithm. Fig.5. movement direction estimation using ML modelVI. STUDENT LEARNING EXPERIENCE This work is designed as a part of the capstone project of a group of senior students. Theygained enormous cross-discipline knowledge by utilizing skills on mechanical, computing, andstatistical analysis. Specifically, this capstone activity involves cross-discipline students inElectrical and Computer Engineering Technology, Mechanical Engineering Technology, andElectro-mechanical Engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Paul Hallacher

traditional instruments/techniques (DSC, NMR, DMA) to probe details at the nanometer level; • a seminar series on nanotechnology (with invited external speakers from industry, and academia), including field trips to industrial sites; and • a senior project (or capstone thesis for the engineering majors). Efforts are also underway within the Department of Engineering Science andMechanics of the Penn State College of Engineering to develop a minor course of studyin nanotechnology. The cornerstone of this effort is an existing senior year/graduatecourse in nanotechnology, which has already been offered two times to more than 50students. This course, entitled Nanotechnology: Methods and Applications addresses thequestion

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Advances II

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Charles McIntyre

– CE 204 CE 204 CE 204 CE 204 3:00 3:00 – CME 320 CME 320 CME 320 4:00 CAPSTONE CAPSTONE 4:00 – CME 370 CME 370 5:00 Figure 2. CCL Use Analysis - Fall Semesters MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 8:00 – CME 325 CME 325 CME 325 9:00 9:00 – CME 205 CME 205 CME 205 10:00 CE 483

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lisa Deane Morano, University of Houston, Downtown; Vassilios Tzouanas, University of Houston, Downtown

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biological and Agricultural Engineering

are skills most employers are looking for. Suchinnovation is not unusual for well-funded California universities, but we are excited to be trying similarinnovations at an urban university in Texas. There is also literature in sustainability curriculum to suggestthat community partnerships can be an enormous asset.[16] We are in agreement that these partnershipscan be invaluable. We have engaged in one group project at a community garden (mentioned above). Asfield trips we have visited local sustainable energy companies, urban farms science labs and non-profitsfor field trips. As students have started enrolling in the Minor in Sustainability most of them haveengaged with our sustainability for their capstone projects. This has strengthened

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Technical Session 4: Professional Preparation

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Kremer, Ohio University; Timothy Cyders; Cody Petitt; Kouree Chesser, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

model is that increasing the level ofimmersion in professional scenarios will impact levels of student engagement and behavior. Totest this assumption, in the Spring semester of the 2022-23 academic year we initiated a pilotstudy of a full-immersion in a Tech Startup project. This project integrated curricular credit forcoursework whose core competencies aligned with the tasks of forming a technology startupcompany. Several courses from Ohio University’s Entrepreneurship Certificate Program and theMechanical Engineering Capstone Design (semester 1) and Experimental Design courses wererestructured to allow students to have a full schedule of classes immersed in real project work. Ateam of five students including two business students and three

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Design Methodology

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shraddha Sangelkar, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Benjamin Emery Mertz, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ashley Bernal, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patrick Cunningham, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

sophomore and junior years.Even within capstone courses, teamwork instruction can be limited. A national survey ofcapstone design courses that included faculty beliefs and teaching practices by Pembridge andParetti showed that teamwork, as a separate topic from project management, were rarely in thetop five topics covered in the course [18]. Much attention in literature has been focused aroundhow to form teams [19-23] and using peer-evaluation to improving teamwork skills [24, 25] butthere are still many open-ended questions relating to the best way to manage and mentor teams[15].One major reason for benchmarking teaming experiences currently in the curriculum is to betterunderstand where students are exposed to teams throughout a curriculum. This

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew J. Traum, Engineer Inc.; Emre Selvi, Jacksonville University; Adele Hanlon, Jacksonville University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

DEEP POOL’s effectiveness prove equal to or better than itsconventional analog, this novel laboratory pedagogy can emerge as a powerful way to conductentrepreneurial new product development activities in engineering laboratories in partnershipwith industry.IntroductionCapstone projects usually produce working prototypes for external customers addressing needsin industry, faculty research labs, and/or entrepreneurial ventures. In fact, we so highly valuelearning environments where student labor produces tangible outcomes that many ABETaccredited schools intentionally build multi-semester immersive Capstone Design projects intotheir curricula. If these experiences are so valuable, why must they come at the end of a degreeprogram? Is it possible

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Innovative Changes to the Typical Civil Engineering Coursework.

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ellen Zerbe, Pennsylvania State University; Adjo Amekudzi-Kennedy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kevin Haas, Georgia Institute of Technology; Susan Burns, Georgia Institute of Technology; Armistead Russell, Georgia Institute of Technology; Iris Tien, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kari Watkins, Georgia Institute of Technology; John Koon, Georgia Institute of Technology; Robert Simon, Georgia Institute of Technology; John Taylor, Georgia Institute of Technology; Donald Webster, Georgia Institute of Technology; Emily Grubert, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lisa Rosenstein, Georgia Institute of Technology

come away with a stronger appreciation for the importance yet difficulty of includingrepresentative stakeholder views in built environment decision making.Fourth-year course: Senior Capstone Design The senior capstone design class completes the set of spine courses. This implementationof capstone design has been a completely problem-based course for more than 20 years wherestudent groups execute a real-world project unique to their team mentored by an industry sponsorthrough the entire semester. It is also the time for students to apply all that they have learned fromthe team development sessions in the other spine courses. Here, in particular, highlyinterdisciplinary design projects emerge that address Healthy Communities, the fourth

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert M. Baldwin; Barbara Olds; Ronald Miller

-building [2]. As shown in Figure 1, students learn fundamental skills in engineering graphics(visualization, sketching, and drafting) and computer applications (word processing, spreadsheets,presentation graphics, x-y plotting, and computer-aided design) in their first-year courses, EP 101 and 102.They also learn and practice technical oral and written communication and teamwork in the contex~ of“cliented” project work. Second year students learn to solve problems using computer programming (EP 201 )and conclude their EPICS experience in a capstone project course (EP 202) where they utilize the skills theyhave acquired in previous EPICS courses. EP 101

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Mark J. Sebern

Session 1532 Evolving an Undergraduate Software Engineering Course Mark J. Sebern Milwaukee School of EngineeringAbstractMany undergraduate software engineering courses combine team projects with discussion ofdevelopment cycle concepts. It can be difficult to connect these elements in a coherent way, especiallywhen the lecture is a broad survey and the project is sharply focused on meeting the needs of a client.This paper describes the evolution of a senior software engineering project course that incorporatesiterative development of a classroom example and an object-oriented

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 2: Community Retrospectives

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; E. Daniel Cardenas-Vasquez, North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

students easy, perhaps even commonplace, making faculty rethink globalcooperation in higher education [19, 20].The unique nature of capstone engineering courses resulted in additional challenges towardeffective delivery during the pandemic, with one faculty member commenting “lack of in-persondiscussions, team collaboration and time spent in the lab all have negative impacts on the project”[21]. Many adaptations were made during the pandemic to allow students to effectively work onchemical engineering capstone projects as part of a team, such as focusing on design tasks usingsimulation tools (e.g. ASPEN) and managing group meetings through video conferencing software(e.g. Google Meet) [22]. It is possible that knowledge of these practices

Conference Session

Advances in Communication Instruction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Andrea M. Motto, Virginia Tech ; Kelly J. Cross, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

engineering, construction of engineering identities, and faculty development.Dr. Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is an Associate Professor of engineering education at Virginia Tech, where she co-directs the Virginia Tech Engineering Communications Center (VTECC). Her research focuses on communica- tion in engineering design, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, and design education. She was awarded a CAREER grant from NSF to study expert teaching practices in capstone design courses nationwide, and is Co-PI on several NSF grants to explore identity and interdisciplinary collaboration in engineering design.Ms. Andrea M. Motto, Virginia Tech Andrea Motto is a Ph.D. student in social

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason R White, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

activities into a course can result in an increase in student perceptions ofcourse relevance which can then positively impact student motivation and willingness to put timeand effort into a course [5]. In a previous effort at the study institution, a project-based approachto assessment was successfully implemented in this course, where students were tasked withproposing their own senior design project idea for potential use in the capstone design course [6-7]. This project was used to assess students’ ability to communicate effectively, describe apreliminary process concept that met a societal need with realistic constraints, understand ethicalresponsibilities and safety issues, understand the impact of the proposed project in a global,environmental

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, NMIMS University; Katsuyuki Ohsawa, Tottori University ; Masashi Miura, Tottori University ; Ayano Ohsaki, Tottori University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

.Simpson, et al. 9 believe that interdisciplinary experience is more representative of what studentswill find in the real world and advocate interdisciplinary capstone projects. Schaffer, et al. 10have concluded – based on their study of 256 students from 60 teams - that Cross disciplinaryTeam Learning (CDTL) increases self-efficacy across all respondents. Apelian11 believes thatone of the important skills for the 21stcentury engineer is the ability to work with anybodyanywhere. He concludes that we need to educate engineers such that they understand the societalcontext of their work and have an understanding of the human dimension around the globe,coupled with innovation and creativity. Michaelsen, et al.12 have claimed that innovation

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Town Hall Meeting: Supporting University Priorities

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

weeks)10 IDEO vs stage-gate Batill19 Capstone course (several weeks)11 Innovative thinking Raviv20 Several exercises and projects (hours to weeks)1. Candy Airplane ExerciseThe authors behind the Candy Airplane Exercise discuss the conflict between traditional studentviews on engineering as very mathematical and rigorous with the proposed view of engineeringas a creative field of study. They argue that the amount of creativity necessary to solve industrialproblems is highly underestimated21. Referencing Higly and Marianno22 the

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Kanti Prasad

were cited a weakness in our Capstone Project that we are not integrating socialaspect, economic impact, environmental consideration, and ethical considerations. Although thedesign was robust in most of the Capstone Projects but these four aspects were lacking. Afterconsulting the ABET reviewer who agreed in advance that if these four issues were addressed bythe industrial personnel, the weakness may be taken care of. It is because of this reason that welaunched a course 16.400 Engineering Topics which is being offered under my supervision bythe industrial giants of our region, where all these 4 aspects are being addressed along with theState-of-The-Art-Designs in their industries. The students write a two page summary and it isgraded by me

Collection

2011 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Kanti Prasad

the students are before even they graduate and they become productive rightfrom the first day on their job.In 1996 we were cited a weakness in our Capstone Project that we are not integrating socialaspect, economic impact, environmental consideration, and ethical considerations. Although thedesign was robust in most of the Capstone Projects but these four aspects were lacking. Afterconsulting the ABET reviewer who agreed in advance that if these four issues were addressed bythe industrial personnel, the weakness may be taken care of. It is because of this reason that welaunched a course 16.400 Engineering Topics which is being offered under my supervision bythe industrial giants of our region, where all these 4 aspects are being addressed