Conference Session

ETD Design I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Border, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to accomplish labs within a reasonable amount of time. However,experience has shown that since the simulations are executed on Windows XP computers withina laboratory shared with a wide variety of actively used software applications, unexpectedinterruptions due to computer freezes (etc.) can occur and spoil an unsuspecting student's work.Future work will concentrate on moving the lab work in two directions. One direction is to takea few portions within this material and move them into the program's sophomore year electronicsdigital logic course. An example would be to use encoding schemes such as AMI or NRZI as thebasis for digital logic projects. This will help students better understand the interrelationbetween areas of electronic

Conference Session

Ethical Cases and Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu, St.Joseph’s College; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Site) Hypothetical Case 8. Human Subjects (RCR Role Plays) (Web Page on this Site) Open-Ended Scenario 9. Hazardous Substances (RCR Role Plays) (Web Page on this Site) Open-Ended Scenario 10. Conflict of Interest (RCR Role Plays) (Web Page on this Site) Open-Ended Scenario 11. Whistleblowing - Professional Relationships (RCR Role Plays) (Web Page on this Site) Open-Ended Scenario 12. The Extended Project (Web Page on this Site) Hypothetical Case Page 25.836.14

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Onursal Onen, University of South Florida; Rasim Guldiken, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

future directions and a section to which students writetheir comments on. The content of the lecture will be listed in the next section, followed by themethod and results of survey including student comments. In the last section, the effectivenessand outcomes of the lecture will be discussed based on the results followed by planned futurework. Page 25.850.4Lecture ContentThe microfluidics lecture was based on a presentation with 60 PowerPoint slides includingintroduction to microfluidics and scaling laws, basic theory, design methods, state-of-the-artapplications, current and projected market and career opportunities. The content covered

Conference Session

Topics in Computer Science and Programming

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Talbert, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

in the traditional Page 25.883.2classroom are largely left to figure this out on their own.The inverted classroomThe STEM disciplines include notable exceptions to the traditional classroom model. Laboratorycomponents to courses typically expect students to complete preparatory readings and exercisesbefore lab, and then the lab time is spent assimilating what they have read through hands-onactivities in the presence of a guide. Courses designed using project- or problem-based learning1extend this methodology sometimes to an entire course. STEM courses designed along theselines show evidence of being highly effective in preparing learners

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Warren, Kansas State University; Xiongjie Dong, Kansas State University; Tim J. Sobering, Kansas State University; Jason Yao, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Director, Tim’s vision was realized as the laboratory came online and assumed the responsibility for supporting the instrumentation needs of research programs across all of K-State.Dr. Jason Yao, East Carolina University Jianchu (Jason) Yao received a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Kansas State University in 2005. He is currently an associate professor of engineering at East Carolina University. His research inter- ests include wearable medical devices, elehealthcare, bioinstrumentation, control systems, and biosignal processing. His educational research interests are laboratory/project-driven learning and integration of re- search into undergraduate education. Yao is a member of the American Society of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olufunmilola Atilola, Texas A&M University; Cheryl Osterman; Francisco Vides, Texas A&M University; Erin M. McTigue, Texas A&M University; Julie S. Linsey, Texas A&M University; Tracy Hammond, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. The focus group discussion showed that thestudents really liked the program; they mostly appreciated the instant feedback and they said thatMechanix motivated them to move on to more problems when they saw that they hadsuccessfully solved the previous ones.IntroductionThe Mechanix software is an innovative and efficient computer-based educational tool developedto teach engineering students the fundamentals of truss mechanics and design. It provides avisual aid for students to solve problems and it is able to guide (tutor) them through the processof solving a truss design by providing immediate and intelligent feedback and guidance.The objective of this project is to evaluate and improve on the Mechanix program whilemeasuring its effectiveness

Conference Session

Social Media and In-class Technology: Creating Active Learning Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Patrick Hogan, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Dan Cernusca, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2012-4852: MILLENNIALS PERCEPTION OF USING CLICKER TOSUPPORT AN ACTIVE CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT: AN EARLY ADOP-TION PERSPECTIVEDr. John Patrick Hogan, Missouri University of Science & Technology John P. Hogan is an Associate Professor of geology in the Department of Geological Sciences and Engi- neering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. He received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in geology in 1990 and 1984 from Virginia Tech. He also holds a B.S. in geology from the University of New Hampshire. His research interests include igneous petrology, structural geology, and tectonics. He has active projects in Maine, Oklahoma, Missouri, Egypt, and southern Africa. He is also interested in enhancing

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Curriculum Development, Improvements, and Partnerships

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teri Kristine Reed, Purdue University, West Lafayette; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Qu Jin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Joe J.J. Lin, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

International

Pur- due University. He holds B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in aerospace engineering from Texas A&M University. His research interests include educational research, solid mechanics, experimental mechanics, microstructural evaluation of materials, and experiment and instrument design. He has been involved with various research projects sponsored by NSF, NASA, and AFOSR, ranging from education-related issues to traditional research topics in the areas of elevated temperature constitutive modeling of monolithic super alloys and environmental effects on titanium based metal matrix composites. His current research inter- ests include epistemologies, assessment, and modeling of student learning, student success

Conference Session

Thinking, Reasoning & Engineering in Elementary School

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cathy Lachapelle, Museum of Science, Boston; Christine Cunningham, Museum of Science, Boston

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

is a particular difficulty when assessing engineering.This paper addresses content questions; the issue of assessing skills and process knowledge isleft for future research.IntroductionEngineering is Elementary (EiE) is a research-based curriculum development project focused oncreating curriculum units that cover topics in engineering and technology as a supplement to corescience instruction. Each EiE curriculum unit is designed to build on and reinforce one sciencetopic through the exploration and development of a related technology. EiE has been committedfrom the project’s inception in 2003 to assessing students’ knowledge about engineering andtechnology, and measuring the impact of EiE on student knowledge and attitudes. EiE is

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Benson, Kettering University; Ada Cheng, Kettering University; Odesma Dalrymple, ASU Polytechnic

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

instruction or other remedialefforts to improve student learning, and to have a measure for demonstrating the effectiveness oftheir remedial/re-instruction efforts.While the content and skills trajectory research seeks to address curricular level efforts inassessment, in addition to mapping content and skill trajectories on a more detailed level, thisresearch also seeks to identify and categorize the methods of content and skills failure within thetrajectory structure. Unlike other efforts to evaluate student learning this project will look at Page 15.878.4failure of learning points rather than success. This analysis will be used to identify

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emad Habib, University of Louisiana, Lafayette; Carloina Cruz-Neira, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Yuxin Ma, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Douglas Williams, University of Louisiana at Lafayette

and co-directed the Human-Computer Interaction graduate program. Dr. Cruz's work in VR started with her Ph.D. dissertation, the design of the CAVE™ Virtual Reality Environment, and the CAVE™ Library software specifications and implementation. Since then, her research has been driven by providing applicability and simplicity to VR technology. She spearheaded the open-source VR API movement with the development of VR Juggler. She currently serves as the main investigators on research projects from the National Science Foundation and the Army Research Lab.Yuxin Ma, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Dr. Yuxin Ma is a Researcher at the Center for Innovative Learning Assessment

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arlisa Labrie Richardson, Estrella Mountain Community College; Maria Reyes, Estrella Mountain Community College; Marge Goodman, Intel Corporation

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

activities as the high school participants,however they were more engaged when they were with their age group. The 2008 conferencewas the first conference with two separates dates one for middle school participants and the otherfor high school participants. In previous years, the conference had been held during one daywith both middle and high school participants yet offered two separate “conference tracks”. The2008 separation of the conference allowed for two one-day conferences each focused on onelevel: one day for middle school and one day for high school students. Year Middle School High School 2006 Balloon Flinker project Barbie Bungee Polymer Silly Slim

Conference Session

Spatial Ability and Visualization in Graphics Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rui (Celia) Pan, Purdue University; Shih-Ping Kuo, Purdue University; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

solving exercise problems and designing projects like identity logo, flyer, calendar, and postcard. Program: In Design 19 17 Design single and multiple- page (8 females; (6 females; 11 documents for business, advertising 11males) males) such as identities, flyers, brochures,CG02 forms, catalogs, newsletters and booklets. Program: In Design 65 45Total Table 1We

Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Wey Chen, Southern Taiwan University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

suggested system by incorporating other programming languages suchas C++ and MS Visual Basic.AcknowledgementThis work is funded by the National Science Council in Taiwan, under the “Science Education”Program, Project No. NSC 97-2511-S-218-005-MY2.Bibliography1. Allen Tucker. (2003). A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science. Final Report of the ACM K-12 Education Task Force Curriculum Committee. ACM.2. Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., and Cocking, R.R.(2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, D.C.:National Academy Press.3. Resnick, M. (1995). New paradigms for computing, new paradigms for thinking. In A. diSessa, Hoyles, C., & Noss, R. (Eds.), Computers and Exploratory Learning (pp. 31-43). New York

Conference Session

Pedagogical Innovations in Laboratory Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glen Archer, Michigan Technological University; Kedmon Hungwe, Michigan Technological University; Luke Mounsey, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Baptist College in Gaylord, MI. He enjoys hiking, camping, fishing, and the occasional random research project. Page 15.914.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 New directions in engineering education: The development of a virtual lab course in electronic circuits.Abstract – The development of virtual education satisfying the needs of engineeringeducation is getting increased attention in the current era of Web and virtual technologies.In this paper, we present the rationale, implementation and formative evaluation of avirtual lab environment for an electronic circuits course. The system, which is

Conference Session

Teacher and Counselor Professional Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth Spencer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

of K-12 education. In the spring of 2010, over 50students were enrolled in the undergraduate education courses.Strand 3: Mentoring ExperiencesCareer counselors regularly recommend that college students interview professionals in theirprospective fields in order to learn about a career. Therefore one initiative implemented as partof Tech to Teaching is a Summer Undergraduate Research Experience (Teaching-SURE)program that places Pre-Teaching students and experienced high school STEM teachers together Page 15.1019.6into research labs to engage in summer research projects. The goal of this pairing is to allow thePage 15.1019.7the 1,245 students

Conference Session

Philosophical Foundations, Frameworks, and Testing in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Skylar Stewart; Linda Ramsey; Julie DuBois; Jorge Roldan; David Mills

the ACT Assessment. News Release September 29, 1999. Retrieved from < http://www.act.org/news/releases/1999/09-29-99.html> 8. Dean, A and Voss, D. Design and Analysis of Experiments. Springer-Verlage New York, Inc., 1999.BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATIONJORGE E. ROLDAN is a graduate student in Molecular Science and Nanotechnology at Louisiana TechUniversity. His current research involves applications of nanotechnology for drug delivery and cartilage tissueengineering. This is Jorge’s second year with the GK-12 Program and assisting in teaching high-school mathematicsand science at Weston High School.SKYLAR S. STEWART is a graduate student in Biomedical Engineering at Louisiana Tech University. Her mostcurrent research project

Conference Session

Information Integration

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Azzedine Lansari; Akram Al-Rawi, McKendree University; Faouzi Bouslama, Université Laval

be accredited by ABET. They provide a detailed description of 30 semester hours plus a 3semester hours of prerequisite. These 33 semester hours are listed below:0- Personal Productivity with IS Technology1- Fundamentals of Information Systems2- Electronic Business Strategy, Architecture and Design3- Information Systems Theory and Practice4- Information Technology Hardware and System Software5- Programming, Data, File and Object Structures6- Networks and Telecommunication7- Analysis and Logical Design8- Physical Design and Implementation with DBMS9- Physical Design and Implementation in Emerging Environments10- Project Management and PracticeA typical Bachelor degree in IS includes: • 39 hours of general education • 9 hours of

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristi Shryock, Texas A&M University; Helen Reed, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

department can provide objective,direct feedback. Disadvantages to this process include the extensive time involved and theintimidation factor that outside individuals can often have on students.Embedded IndicatorsDirect assessment of student performance in a course directly tied to a specific program outcomeis referred to as an embedded indicator. This type of information reflects a direct assessmentmethod and can provide quite useful information. To be clear, embedded indicators do not referto course grades, and we will discuss those separately. Embedded indicators relate to studentperformance on a particular activity, such as an exam question, project, or report, and correlate toa particular outcome. Courses that are more relevant to a particular

Conference Session

Technical Papers

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Bernier, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

AC 2010-8: USING LIBGUIDES AS A WEB 2.0 CONTENT MANAGEMENTSYSTEM AND A COLLABORATION TOOL FOR ENGINEERING LIBRARIANSRichard Bernier, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Richard Bernier is the Reference and Electronic Services Librarian at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology where he manages subscriptions and access to all electronic resources; conducts reference service and library instruction, and manages the digital archives project. He is currently transitioning his library toward a Library 2.0 environment. Page 15.1330.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Using

Conference Session

High School Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Heersink, Colorado School of Mines; Wanda Dann, Carnegie Mellon University; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Alka Herriger, Purdue; Steven Cooper, Purdue

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2010-90: INVESTIGATING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ COMPUTINGBELIEFSDaniel Heersink, Colorado School of MinesBarbara Moskal, Colorado School of MinesWanda Dann, Carnegie Mellon UniversityAlka Herriger, PurdueSteven Cooper, Purdue Page 15.813.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Investigating High School Students’ Computing BeliefsAbstractMany projects throughout the United States are underway that seek to increase the appeal ofcomputing as a field of study. This article reports the results of pre and post attitudes surveyswhich were administered before and after two interventions. One of the interventions wasdesigned to change students’ attitudes with

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracee Gilbert, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech; Sharnnia Artis, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2010-1480: STUDENT SUCCESS – ORIENTED NEEDS ANALYSISFRAMEWORK: A PILOT STUDYTracee Gilbert, Virginia Tech Tracee Walker Gilbert is a Ph.D. candidate in Industrial and Systems Engineering at Virginia Tech. Her research focuses on designing and applying ISE methods and tools to improve engineering education, with particular emphasis on new approaches that will have lasting effects for the success of women and minority students in K-12 and higher education. Prior to pursuing graduate studies full-time, she worked as a Senior Systems Engineer in private industry where she lead projects to develop Geospatial Intelligence Systems from concept through implementation.Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Simon, University of Nevada, Reno; Ted Batchman, University of Nevada-Reno; Christine Taylor, Lewis and Clark University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

limits to growth: A report for the club of Rome’s project on the predicament of mankind. New York: Universe Books.18. Monastersky, R. 2006a. A new science breaks down boundaries, Chronicle of Higher Education. 53(9): A20.19. Monastersky, R. 2006b. Truth in advertising: Middlebury college‘s biomass plant, Chronicle of Higher Education. 53(9): A20.20. North, Douglass C. 1981. Structure and change in economic history. New York: Norton.21. Pierce, J., and Lovrich, N. 1986. Water resources, democracy, and the technical information quandary. Millwood, NY: Associated Faculty Press. Page 15.808.16

Conference Session

Mechanical and Architectural Engineering Laboratories

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Toyama, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Reza Sadr, Texas A&M University at Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

the local industry, in this case mainly oil andgas, without the need for overseas migration in order to obtain their education. Given theirdiverse backgrounds and their attendance to a certified Western higher education system,successful graduates will be capable of pursuing engineering projects on the local and globalscale.6Despite the drive of the Regional students to enter engineering disciplines, summaries of industryviews on Regional engineering graduates reveal that they are seen to be especially deficient interms of hands-on experience, team work, and independent critical thinking.7 It is thereforeespecially important to foster any industry links with the students—including the simulation ofday-to-day practice and equipment in order to

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Outside the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bowler, Michigan Technological University; Susie Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University; Tom Drummer, Michigan Technological University; Joseph Holles, Michigan Technological University; Ted Lockhart, Michigan Technological University; Joanna Schreiber, Michigan Technological University; Debra Charlesworth, Michigan Technological University; Jingfang Ren, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

of theresponsible conduct of research (RCR). In recent years, two instruments for measuring ethicalsensitivity in science and engineering have been developed, namely, the Test of EthicalSensitivity in Science and Engineering (TESSE) developed by Borenstein, et al.6 and the Test forEthical Sensitivity in Science (TESS) by Clarkeburn.7 Although both investigated ethicalsensitivity to issues arising from out of science and engineering, neither focused primarily onassessing ethical sensitivity of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)researchers to the responsible conduct of research.As part of an NSF sponsored project we have designed an instrument for testing the ethicalsensitivity of STEM researchers to situations involving

Conference Session

NASA Fellowship Program

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Philip Chen; John Tharakan

. Spacecraft contamination engineering influences spacecraft operations becausecontamination can degrade the physical properties of thermal and optical systems. The presenceof contaminants in the field-of-view affects sensor's operations. Without proper contaminationcontrol, contamination induced degradation will render millions of dollars worth of instrumentsuseless. Over the past decade, the NAFP Fellow (Dr. Chen) has spearheaded spacecraftcontamination engineering projects at NASA, leading a contamination engineering team thatgrew from a small team of 12 to more than 36 NASA scientists, engineers and on-sitecontractors. The purpose of the spacecraft contamination engineering course is to build onfundamental knowledge from physics and

Conference Session

EM Skills and Real-World Concepts, Pt. 2

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Michelle Summers; Julie Phillips; Nathan Harter; Mark Dean; Donna Evanecky

, Vol. 16(2).5 Wheatley, M. (1992). Leadership and the new science. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.6 Forrester, J. W. (1990). Principles of systems. Portland: Productivity Press.7Galagan, P.A. (1991). The learning organization made plain: An interview with Peter Senge. Training &Development (37– 44).8 Ackoff, R.L. (1995). Evolution of Management Models. The Center for Quality of Management 1050 V2.1.9 Forrester, J. W. (1995). The Beginning of System Dynamics. The McKinley Quarterly (4) 4-13.10 MIT System Dynamics in Education Project (n.d.) Retrieved January 10, 2004 fromhttp://web.mit.edu/sdg/www/JayForrester.html.BiographiesMARK DEANDr. Mark L. Dean is an assistant professor in the School of Technology at Purdue University, New

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

S. Natasha Beretvas; John Pearce, University of Texas at Austin; Kathy Schmidt, The University of Texas at Austin

Conversion) hardware and virtual instruments(on the PC) to display the results of circuit measurements in real time. The instruments arerealized completely in software and represent a nearly complete instrument suite, includingarbitrary waveform generators and noise sources. The hardware can be connected to a standardlaptop PC over its PCMCIA bus, and can thus be simultaneously projected onto existingclassroom video systems. This allows the instructor to show circuit solutions in real time usingreal physical devices, with attendant uncertainties in component values, offset voltages, leakagecurrents, and noise. With ELVIS, circuit behavior can be seen by students during lecture rather

Conference Session

Integrating Taxes, Law, & Business

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

J. Timothy Cromley

at www.uspto.gov and discussion below.)4. How to Value a PatentThose interested in evaluating a patent should recognize that some investments in R&D or high-tech bear much fruit while many others do not. A project involving telecommunication satellitesin which Motorola and others had invested $5 billion, for example, went into bankruptcy.21Similarly, more than 862 dot-com companies reportedly failed during the 1-1/2 year periodstarting in January 2000.22 Moreover, merely obtaining a patent is no assurance that theunderlying technology has any significant economic value. The top 10% of patents in bothGermany and the U.S. accounted for over 80% of total patent value.23 One economist, BaruchLev, suggests that “the majority of [those

Conference Session

Issues for ET Administrators

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

John Stratton; Maureen Valentine; Carol Richardson

engineer, senior engineer, director of engineering, design engineer,president/owner, project engineer, associate professor, department manager, and team leader.The MET Northeastern University survey job titles were engineer, manager, technician,designer, student, and other. Northeastern University reported that 43 of 55 (75%) respondentswith a MET bachelor degree were functioning as either an engineer or manager and 6 of 55(10%) as technicians or designers while 50% of the associate degree respondents were workingas technicians or designers. Northeastern University reported that 45 of 62 (70%) of the EETBS graduates were functioning as either an engineer or manager and 4 of 62 (6%) as technicians.The University of Dayton survey (1992-1996