Conference Session

Thermal Fluid Experiment Related

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Melissa M. Gibbons, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

specific EM student outcomes was performed on the submitted groupwork from a section of the class taught in spring 2020. Rubrics with four performance levels for eachstudent outcome were created. A majority of the groups were proficient or exemplary in six of the EMstudent outcomes assessed, and all of the groups were proficient or exemplary in two. Additionally,the project was qualitatively assessed using student feedback and instructor reflections. Preliminaryresults indicate the project successfully met the stated PBL and EML goals. Future work will befocused on individualizing the EM assessment process and developing a baseline for comparison todetermine the effectiveness of the project at meeting the stated skillset-based course

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 3 Slot 4 Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Andrea Haverkamp, Oregon State University; Michelle Kay Bothwell, Oregon State University; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University; Qwo-Li Driskill, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

is a shifting phenomenon across era andregion, intersecting with race, ethnicity, religion, age, and other identities. This socialnature is important to underscore as no single chromosomal, hormonal, orpsychological factor has been found to be a direct determinant in one’s genderidentity or expression. Psychological research finds that humans haveconceptualizations and expressions of gender which are fluid and unmappable tofixed biological binary, even for cisgender subjects [4]. Instead, the “human brainmosaic” represents fluidity and multiplicity across all humans [5]. Investigatinggender in engineering should reflect this nuanced complexity. Studying genderbecomes almost academically dishonest when it is reduced to a binary variable

Collection

2021 First-Year Engineering Experience

Authors

Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University; Shawna Thomas, Texas A&M University; Charles Patrick Jr, Texas A&M University; Pauline Wade, Texas A&M University; Donna Jaison, Texas A&M University; Janie M Moore, Texas A&M University; Lance Leon Allen White, Texas A&M University; Randy Hugh Brooks, Texas A&M University; Samantha Ray, Texas A&M University; Karen E Rambo-Hernandez, Texas A&M University; Karan Watson P.E., Texas A&M University

million in funded research, from NSF, DARPA, Google, Microsoft, and others. Hammond holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science and FTO (Finance Technology Option) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and four degrees from Columbia University: an M.S in Anthropology, an M.S. in Computer Science, a B.A. in Mathematics, and a B.S. in Applied Mathematics and Physics. Hammond advised 17 UG theses, 29 MS theses, and 10 Ph.D. dissertations. Hammond is the 2020 recipient of the TEES Faculty Fellows Award and the 2011 recipient of the Charles H. Barclay, Jr. ’45 Faculty Fellow Award. Hammond has been featured on the Discovery Channel and other news sources. Hammond is dedicated to diversity and equity, which is reflected in

Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Gary P. Halada, Stony Brook University

. Initialstudent feedback from this ongoing project, collected via reflections and anonymous surveys,indicate that this is a fruitful approach which clearly enhances student engagement andperceptions of the engineering field. In addition, lessons learned from this work is leading todevelopment of a lecture/workshop in values and humanitarian engineering to be presented in theauthor’s NSF-supported Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Site inNanotechnology for Health, Energy and the Environment.Background:Kevin Passano, in his excellent text “Humanitarian Engineering: Creating Technologies thatHelp People”[1], defines humanitarian engineering as just that – creating technologies that helppeople. He also defines it as “creating technology to

Collection

Chemical Engineering Education

Authors

Satyen Gautam; Sachin Jangam; Kai Chee Loh

. be further enhanced if a portion of the marks are assigned • Peer assessment can allow students to build mutual trust towards participation.[28] To promote student engagement, it and confidence in one another. was decided that a small portion of the marks will be assigned • Course review and content selection can help students towards student participation; assignment of marks will be improve on their judgment and critical reflection skills. dictated by: (i) quality of questions asked during Q&A ses- • Reciprocal peer teaching can extend students’ learn- sion; and (ii) usefulness of

Conference Session

Undergraduate Track - Technical Session III

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Elizabeth R. Kurban, University of Maryland, College Park; Paige E. Smith, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Undergraduate Education

into ourseminars. Though it was a relatively new practice for Virtus students in the seminars, we sought 4to focus on facilitating class discussion and dialogue around each topic, encouraging students toengage in reflection and critical thinking. Through this piloting process we were able to strengthen our partnerships across campusand our exposure and access to relevant resources. This contributed to our building foundationalresources in the content area of diversity and inclusion in engineering and beginning toimplement this content into our class seminars. Throughout the semester, the instructors of theFlexus and Virtus seminars worked

Conference Session

Pre K-12 Track - Technical Session V

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Michael Frye, University of the Incarnate Word; Chaoyi Wang, University of the Incarnate Word; Sreerenjini C. Nair, University of the Incarnate Word; Yvonne Calvo Burns, Camp Program Coordinator

Tagged Topics

Pre K-12 Education

Office representatives came over to meet with the students and parents to explain them the admission procedure and the financial aid opportunities for eligible students. Program Evaluation, Effectiveness, and Survey Results Daily and program surveys were conducted to assess the effectiveness of miniGEMS 2016. An overall understanding of the skills needed to be an engineer were reflected in the answers on the daily surveys, the lab notebooks, the final essay and presentation, miniGEMS summative survey, and results from the post-survey data. The daily surveys provided quality control daily and allowed immediate corrective actions, if necessary. An interesting outcome from the daily surveys was the importance of having

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jill K Nelson, George Mason University; Daria Gerasimova, George Mason University; Margret Hjalmarson, George Mason University; J. Reid Schwebach, George Mason University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

extent to which members are implementing techniques that are new to them varies, but themodel also encourages instructors to reflect on their existing teaching practices.) SIMPLE groupmembers are asked to write design memos that document their process in implementing a newstrategy. Design memos typically describe the strategy itself, why it was chosen, the type ofcourse in which it was used, if/how new activities were graded, how students responded, andlessons learned for future implementations. Design memos serve both as a means to sharestrategies and insights with other instructors and to provide a structure for reflecting on one’steaching.The group in question included a group leader, faculty member participants, and graduatestudents. The

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Tuesday 5-Minute Work-in-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Usama Zahid, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Evin Scott Groundwater, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Yanfen Li, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Celia Mathews Elliott, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Andrew Michael Smith, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Dallas R Trinkle, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Kelly Ritter, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; P. Scott Carney, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Marcia Pool, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Karin Jensen, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

engineering writing. Also included are rhetorical reflections that ask studentsto consider the choices made in their own writing and to understand writing as a process inwhich they engage.The Writing in Engineering Fields pilot course was designed to be delivered in three units: Unit1: Basic Skillsets for Rhetoric/Why do Engineers Write?”, Unit 2: Writing to EngineeringAudiences, and Unit 3: Writing to Wider Audiences—with each unit designed to meet three corelearning objectives (Table 2). Unit 1 began with an introduction to the Grand Challengesconcepts, culminating in an assignment that asks students to analyze, along with providing arhetorical reflection on, the written and rhetorical choices made across three texts that reflect aGrand Challenge

Conference Session

Notable Topics in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Owen Biggerstaff P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Brad Wambeke P.E., United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

thestudents’ general sentiment towards the probabilistic assessments. Through formal and informalfeedback, many students reported that they did not appreciate losing points due to selecting theincorrect answer. This inherent consequence in the probabilistic MC method used in CE404 mayhave tainted some of the students’ views towards the assessment technique, which is reflected inthe student survey data.1. Increases the student’s level of critical thought throughout the courseAs seen in Figure 4, only 29% of the class felt as though probabilistic multiple choice questionsincreased their level of critical thought while 39% of the students felt the questions did notincrease their level of critical thought. However, comparing the end-of-semester

Conference Session

Foundations for Pedagogical Success

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marian G. Armour-Gemmen, West Virginia University; Chanelle Pickens MLIS, CA, West Virginia University; Robin A.M Hensel, West Virginia University; Mary L. Strife, West Virginia University; Mariam Jalalifard, West Virginia University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

indicators. Students should use information by recognizing the need,using it effectively, evaluating it, using it ethically and legally, and recognizing its changingnature. Since freshman engineering students need to learn the same things, engaging the newlibrarians in teaching basic information literacy components to freshman engineering studentsseemed to be a good place to train them.The learning process included three significant steps: Observation, reflection (and input), andpractice. A key component was to maintain the novice librarian’s engagement at each stage ofthe learning process. The novice librarians first observed sections of the in-class component,taught by an experienced engineering librarian, with the knowledge that they would be

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Hain, University of Connecticut; Arash E. Zaghi, University of Connecticut; Christa L. Taylor

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

siteprovided students with ADHD an opportunity to engage in research outside the confines of thetraditional engineering curriculum and interact with other students facing similar challenges. Thispaper presents quantitative and qualitative findings from a semi-structured interview and post-program survey of the students’ experiences. Overall, the major findings suggest that participatingin the program enhanced students’ 1) interest in engineering research, 2) interest in pursuinggraduate studies in engineering, and 3) feelings of belonging in engineering. For instance, allparticipants (N=10) responded either “agree” or “strongly agree” to statements reflecting thatattending the REU site increased their interest in research and in pursuing graduate

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick J. Cunningham, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Chris Venters, East Carolina University; Sarah Anne Blackowski, Virginia Tech; Sreyoshi Bhaduri, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

modules also provided students opportunities to practice new strategies for learning andself-monitoring, receive feedback, and reflect on outcomes. We focused on student self-monitoring because it is a key element of metacognition as it is instrumental in directing learningbehaviors (Zimmerman 2005; Winne, 2005). The accuracy of self-monitoring is particularlyimportant for successful learning (Schraw & Gutierres, 2014).MethodsOur overall study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre/posttest design with an intervention(Krathwohl, 2009). We did not have a control group. All students participated in theintervention and they were invited to self-select into the research.Site and Intervention DescriptionOur research site was a small engineering

Conference Session

Sustainability & Environmental Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Hadgraft, The University of Melbourne; Jenni Goricanec, RMIT University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

for the semester. This was documented in a learning contract (by week 3). Moststudents wanted to learn AutoCAD skills. Their projects included a 3D model of a guitar, aformula 1 racing car, a bicycle, various buildings and the Humber Bridge (suspension bridge,UK).The learning process included introductory lectures, online tutorials (from UNSW 17), studentseminars to teach the class and recommend learning resources, a final seminar to demonstratewhat was achieved, a final report, learning journal and reflections on the process.As students got started on their projects, they quickly exceeded their limited knowledge base,so they switched from using their technical skills back into learning mode. Their learningresources included the whole range

Conference Session

Collaboration Provides the Best Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Cates, University of Cincinnati; Anita Todd, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

programs have historically collectedemployer and student performance evaluation data each term. These evaluationshave been used to reflect on and improve student or employer performance,however, the data has not been used in a formal way to provide feedback toengineering departments relative to academic educational goals, nor were theassessment tools designed to do so. 2Cooperative education evaluation data has become increasingly important toengineering department administration as part of the overall measurement of thedepartmental education quality. This primarily stems from the fact that co-opprograms work very closely with engineering employers soliciting their feedbackon a term by term basis throughout the co-op process. Immediate feedback

Conference Session

The Pipeline

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Plotkowski, Grand Valley State University; Mary Ann Sheline, Grand Valley State University; Margo Dill, Grand Valley State University; Jessica Noble, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

through lessons and activities. Increase their interest in the fields of engineering, science, and technology. Learn to work as a team while building their airplane.Students attending camps learn significant content in physical science, engineeringprinciples, and social and developmental activities. Technical aspects of the campinclude CAD and CNC labs, an aerodynamics class, and airplane construction andassembly. Additionally, the scientific concepts underlying flight, aviation, andengineering are taught. Developmental aspects of the camp focus on social interactions,team building, and self reflection skills. These activities include orientation, meetingswith engineering college students, cooperative activities

Conference Session

Capstone Design III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Kremer, Ohio University-Athens; David Burnette, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Honesty & data,bends rules, does to uphold integrity, rules, admits mistakes, 4.56 Integrity not bring up mistakes if admits mistakes and is never changes dates / data it reflects poorly on always honest regardless him/her, exaggerates of affect on bottom line Must be pushed to get Desire to complete all Goes above and beyond work done, no drive, assigned work in a assigned tasks, quality Work Ethic does

Conference Session

Fostering and Assessing Effective Teaming

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Roach, University of Texas-El Paso; Elsa Villa, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

"gcej"qvjgt"cejkgxg"vjgkt"cpf"vjg"itqwrÓu"iqcnu" 16,p. 3:12 0"Vjg"itqwrÓu"cevkqpu"cpf"dgjcxkqtu"tghngev"vjgkt"eqooqp"xcnwgu"cu"vjg{"ceeqornkuj"vjgkt"goals together through reflection and discourse 16, 23-25.The faculty members at UTEP have transferred key features of the ARG model to the PLTLmodel and are using it to support students who are in their first three semesters of the computerscience course sequence. This enhanced model maintains attributes of the traditional PLTLmodel; however, cooperative learning elements are embedded throughout all aspects of theenhanced model to include both the staff development activities and the PLTL sessions

Conference Session

Venturing Out: Service Learning, Study Abroad, and Criterion H

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ollis, North Carolina State University; Anthony Smith, CPE-LYON FRANCE

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

Page 13.1121.2Bell note that “Student writers often do better work when readings reflect their specialinterests”, and thus justify their assembly of The World of Science: An Anthology forWriters4 We similarly here explore our French experience in combining foreignlanguage, lecture, and engineering laboratory as a bridge between engineering and aforeign culture. The present CPE-Lyon combination of foreign language and laboratoryinstruction would appear to satisfy Ashby’s need to provide “culture through a man’sspecialty,”, to provide an example of Florman’s “bridges” between engineering and thehumanities, and to offer exercises consistent with the Liethhauser-Bell counsel that“student writers often do better when readings reflect their

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmundo Tovar; José Carrillo; Jesús García

Tagged Divisions

International

VIEWPOINTS TO DEVELOP QUALITY POLICIES IN ENGINEERING PROGRAMS IN EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION AREAAbstractQuality assurance in Higher Education is by no means only a European concern. All over theworld there is an increasing interest in quality and standards, reflecting both the rapid growth ofhigher education and its cost to the public and the private purse. Accordingly, if Europe is toachieve its aspiration to be the most dynamic and knowledge-based economy in the world, thenEuropean Higher Education will need to demonstrate: it takes the quality of its programmes andawards seriously and is willing to put into place the means of assuring and demonstrating thatquality. The initiatives and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics: Using Case Studies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

and reflection in order to reach anethical decision. All of the potential scenarios encountered by practicing engineers could neverbe covered in one code of ethics. They are principles and standards to follow and not a cookbooksolution outlining steps to resolve every ethical situation.MethodologyA junior level course was developed a number of years ago titled Technology in WorldCivilization (Loendorf17, 2004) that was designed to broaden the students' perspective of pasttechnologies and how they were discovered and used. The main objectives of the course were to:(a) promote awareness of technological development, and (b) provide a rudimentaryunderstanding of their social, political, economic, and cultural impact. Three years ago, alearning

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Developments, Implementations

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmundo Tovar, Polytechnic University, Montegancedo; Paola Carina, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Karen Castillo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2009-2268: SUCCESS CRITICAL FACTORS FOR IMPLEMENTING QUALITYSYSTEMS IN EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATIONEdmundo Tovar, Polytechnic University, MontegancedoPaola Carina, Universidad Politécnica de MadridKaren Castillo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Page 14.1093.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR IMPLEMENTING QUALITY SYSTEMS IN EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATIONAbstractQuality assurance in higher education is by no means only a European concern. All over theworld there is an increasing interest in quality and standards, reflecting both the rapid growthof higher education and its cost to the

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, State University of New York; Jamil Lacourt, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Construction

building has an undergroundparking facility that can accommodate more than 50% of the occupants’ vehicles. Thebuilding has EPMD system with Solar Reflective Index of -1. The building utilizes abuilding management system for lighting control. The building does not have apermanent site irrigation system for landscaping. The building does not use any methodsto reduce the use of municipality provided potable water for building sewageconveyance. This building does not have on-site renewable energy system. However, thisbuilding has a system to re-use condensate return from base building system to re-heatglycol for snow and ice melting for the lobby exterior paving. The building is locatedwithin one half mile of ten of the basic services (bank, library

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Scott Johnson, University of Illinois

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, strategiclearning, and achievement.1, 2, 3 Although the findings contribute positively to educationalpractices, knowledge of how those attributional beliefs, strategic learning, and achievement arerelated in ill-structured, problem solving activities is still limited. Few of those studies providein-depth information on the mental interaction between students’ personal reflections about theirknowledge states and abilities and the actual action that may take place during the problemsolving activities. Furthermore, many of the studies involve working on hypothetical problemsthat do not reflect the authentic learning contexts that students may encounter in their classroomactivities. Hypothetical problems are generally simple, and clear instructions lead to

Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Lynne Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University; Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; J. Kevin Taylor, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

devices to allow greater inclusion of persons with disabilities in recreational activities.Adaptive physical activity projects are well-aligned with the goals of service learning andprovide rich open-ended design experiences for students. This paper provides a framework foraligning capstone and service learning outcomes.BackgroundService-learning occurs when “Students engage in community service activities with intentionalacademic and learning goals and opportunities for reflection that connect to their academicdiscipline” (Cress et al, 2005)1. Reflection is an integral part of learning and helps to developcritical thinking skills (Jacoby, 1996; Tsang, 2000; Tsang, 2002)2,3,4. The development of thesecritical thinking skills enables engineering

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

Energy Sub function Materials InformationFigure 2: Illustration of a Hypothetical Device Subfunction Structure. Page 14.905.9Figure 3: Functional Analysis Description of a Hair DryerBenefits of Functional ThinkingIn using functional analysis, or functional thinking, as a framework or method to describe howthings work from an engineering perspective, a number of benefits are realized. These can besummarized as: 1. The method reflects an approach or method of understanding technology that is characteristic of

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abel Fernandez, University of the Pacific; Camilla Saviz, University of the Pacific; Jeff Burmeister, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

homework assignment grades.This seeming contradiction prompted a study to examine, at an individual student level,the relationships between homework assignment grades and traditional courseperformance outcome measures; i.e., quizzes, tests and final examination.Substantial homework is dogmatically accepted as an indispensable component ofengineering courses. Faculty reflect on their own education and proudly maintain atraditionally heavy homework load as a rite of passage, while students resignedly acceptthe heavy workload as part of the cost of entering into the engineering profession. Thenature of engineering, as with other hard sciences, is such that conceptual and practicalunderstanding comes from applying principles and techniques to solve

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliot Douglas, University of Florida

68.70a: Difference between the two groups is significant at p<0.05.b: Percentage of correct answers out of the total number answered. Page 11.374.5In order to understand the difference in the ability of the two groups to complete the instrument,the students were asked to reflect on their experience. The only guidance they were given wasthat there was a desire to explain a surprising difference in the ability of some students tocomplete the instrument. Table 2 shows the general codes developed from the responses, and thenumber of responses that could be identified with each code. It should be noted that in Table 2 asingle participant’s response

Conference Session

Defining Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Bernard Carlson, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

,social or religious goals. I suspect that these student assumptions reflect the dualismprevalent in modern thought that separates the material world from the world of ideas;technology is about “stuff” and “stuff” is dealt with by markets and business whilepolitics, society, and religion are the realm of beliefs, ideas, and abstractions, all of whichare ethereal and not affected by material considerations. Given that students tend to find it easy to think about technological and economicchange and are less familiar with the interplay of technology and political power orreligious beliefs, the examples offered here focus on themes relating first to religion andthen politics. While there are other ways that people use technology to shape

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jinny Rhee, San Jose State University; Camille Johnson, San Jose State University; Clifton M. Oyamot Jr., San Jose State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

that thesense of belonging in women students is consistently higher in departments where they arerepresented in higher numbers9. At Arizona State University, the long-term effects to a suite ofstrategies designed to increase sense of belonging were found to be an increase in retention from0.9% per year to 1.6% per year in their undergraduate engineering cohorts from 1998 to 201310.Four areas were identified at the University of Washington as being important to thedevelopment of community and belonging of ethnic minority students: co-curricular activities,peer support, faculty/department support, and residence programs. They found that supportmechanisms changed with time and responsive strategies should reflect that11. Sophomore andjunior level