Conference Session

Engaging Students in Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Tzusheng Pei, Jackson State University; Gordon Skelton, Jackson State University; Evelyn Leggette, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of knowledge in school andbeyond. Thus, teaching students self-regulatory skills in addition to subject-matter knowledge isone of the major goals of education. However, SRL is not well known and utilized by theEngineering and Technology education community for facilitating student learning.Self-regulated learners are purposive and goal-oriented, incorporating and applying a variety ofstrategies to optimize their academic performances. However, the application of self-regulationto learning is a complicated process involving not only the awareness and application of learningstrategies but also extensive reflection and self awareness. This paper describes the developmentof the instructional strategy and its implementation plan, which integrates

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregg L. Fiegel, California Polytechnic State University; James L. Hanson, California Polytechnic State University; Nazli Yesiller

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Logistics research projects, and begin communicating with mentors Orientation and Project Participants attend orientation workshop and prepare 1 W Definition research plans with their mentors Research and Library Literature review and library resource workshop with the 2** W Workshop Engineering Librarian Waste management and landfill design/construction 3 Continued Research S seminar with individual reflection

Conference Session

Research Experience in Stormwater Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. Page 24.571.5 4Weekly Reflection PapersAll REU fellows submitted weekly reflection papers using VT’s course management software(Scholar) and reflected on their weekly research, social and cultural experiences. These paperswere due by 10:00 p.m. on Thursday every week. The author reviewed these papers beforemeeting with the REU fellows at Friday seminars and answered questions.YouTube VideosREU fellows were divided into teams at the orientation session and were assigned to createYouTube videos (2-3 min) to document their research/social/cultural experiences. A YouTubecompetition was held at the concluding ceremony on the last day of the program. As of summer2013, we have 7 YouTube videos of our

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Bassem Ramadan; Karim Nasr

-time and as encountered. Theoreticalinformation is presented to support the understanding of knowledge as students apply inquiry-based learning. These modules are carefully designed to reflect traditional concepts but mademore exciting as students discover the need for the laws and principles. The paper documentssteps and challenges in implementation and presents formative and summative assessment datafor examining the effectiveness of the PBL approach.Introduction Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is teaching/learning approach which promotes criticalthinking utilizing real-life problems as the starting point. The practicality and relevance of theproblems serve as the motivation for solving them utilizing students as authentic investigators

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Program Innovation

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Akhlesh Lakhtakia; Christine Masters; Judith Todd

andMechanics. Research expenditures in 2003 exceeded $15,000,000, reflecting the department’score strengths in materials, mechanics and nanotechnologies. The faculty is highlymultidisciplinary with degrees in mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering science, andaerospace, civil, electrical, materials, and mechanical engineering. Consequently, faculty andstudent collaborations are widespread both within the College of Engineering and across the Page 10.766.1University (including the Colleges of Science, Earth and Mineral Science, Agriculture, andMedicine, the Materials Research Institute and the Huck Life Sciences Institute) – activities that

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Meredith Aronson; Reid Bailey

, identifying, understanding, andworking within the local forces of an institution is not without merit. A well-designed systemmust reflect the culture of the “user” or home institution. If it does not, the system cannot besuccessful over the long term.In this paper, we situate our design program relative to other US senior engineering designprograms, and then describe our experiences of working within departmental, institutional, andbroader dynamics to change the senior design programs at the University of Arizona fromdisciplinary to multidisciplinary and from separate to integrated. We then present somepreliminary data measuring progress towards integration and the effect of integration on thequality of the student educational experience and

Conference Session

ABET Criterion 4 and Liberal Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Gary Gabriele

Page 9.1013.2 “Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering Education”formulate and analyze problems of varying complexity and to work individually or in teams toproduce innovative design solutions that reflect this genius for integration.The Basics of PDIThe PDI program was begun with the incoming class of the Fall 98. The institutional andadministrative infrastructure for the PDI program is a dual-degree program jointly offered by theSchool of Engineering and the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. Students satisfy therequirements for the Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering and science

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Surya Mallapragada; Maureen Griffin; Mary Huba; Jacqueline Shanks; Kevin Saunders; Charles Glatz

PBL are available in the literature. Forexample, Allen et al. [5] point out the need to acquaint the students with the learning resourcesavailable to them ahead of time and explicitly identify attributes for successful teamwork. Woodset al. [6] recommend that students be consciously involved in developing desired process skills.Students need to be made aware of the benefits of the course beyond factual knowledge. Theyneed to be informed about how their learning will occur so that they can develop themetacognitive ability to assess their own progress. Self-assessment results from reflecting onquestions such as, What am I going to do? How do I do it? Did it work? (See additionalrecommendations at the web site http://chemeng.mcmaster.ca, as well

Conference Session

Physics in the K-12 Classroom

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Vivian Vasquez; Andrea I. Prejean; Sarah Irvine; Teresa Larkin

the pre-institute. Thus, the teachers and studentswere given a considerable amount of time to work together within their teams to plan anddevelop their lessons. Each morning, the institute began with a group discussion of the previous day's "reflectionquestions." Each day participants were given several questions to ponder after the conclusion ofthe day's events and activities. Participants were asked to go home and keep track of theirreflections in a journal. The reflection questions were typically associated with informationpresented during that day's sessions. The intent of the reflection questions was to give teacherstime to digest information they had received during the day, and to reflect on how thatinformation might have relevance

Conference Session

Computed Simulation and Animation

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Vivek Venkatesh; Nawwaf Kharma

Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Education”simulators. However, their approach is rather limited because: a) it requires that the user be quiteproficient in spreadsheet use, and b) it “.. does not allow [users] to study timing problems.”[3]. The above examples are simulations, while MagicBlocks is a gaming environment: thefunctionality that is derived from one or any construction of blocks reflects actual performanceof underlying hardware circuitry. Further, according to the first-hand experience of Singh [4],students who use simulations place too much confidence in the precision of the results, “notrealizing that they are only

Conference Session

Open-Ended Problems and Student Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Bursic, University of Pittsburgh; Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

done using student reflections recorded after completing MEAs. Students insections of the courses that used MEAs rated their knowledge and understanding of theseprofessional skills significantly higher than students in sections that did not use the MEAs. As aresult we suggest that engineering faculty seriously consider using MEAs as a tool to improveboth student learning and the attainment of a number of ABET outcomes in addition to providinga process for assessing that attainment. By combining pre- and post-concept inventories with theMEA implementation, faculty can better document learning gains, and thus have acomprehensive tool for ABET assessment. This should prove especially helpful in those areaswhere previous assessments may have shown

Conference Session

FPD III: Innovation in Design in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan K. Donohue, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

following objective common to all sectionsof ENGR 1620, Introduction to Engineering, be achieved? Objective #1: Introduce students to the real world of engineering and design Outcome #1: Understand and apply the structured approach used by engineers to solve open-ended design problems11Assessment and evaluation of student abilities to internalize and eventually “own” theengineering design process is done with a mixed methods approach. Improvement in definingproblems and designing solutions is tracked through performance on appropriate sections ofdocumentation deliverables and exam questions; qualitative evaluation of reflections on thechallenge and process in student engineering notebooks is used to validate

Conference Session

STS Perspectives on Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harold R. Underwood, Messiah College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Appropriate Technology, Biotechnology, History of Modern Science, Religion &Science in Modern America, Scientific Revolution, Plants & People, Eco-UrbanFootprints and Exploring Electrical Technology (EET). Such variety is afforded by thefreedom instructors have to plan courses reflecting their own interests and expertise,while satisfying a common set of STW objectives. Over the years this author hasdeveloped and taught EET, a typical distribution of student disciplines has emerged asshown in Table 1. The classroom presence of students with certain major disciplines has Page 25.1255.3naturally led to developing particular illustrations, emphases and

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Ron Pigott; Bill Karr

such as expectedoutcomes, implementation strategy, assessment methods, and performance criteria. As a resultof that initial effort, six department goals were identified and adopted by the department faculty(Figure 1). The goals were then addressed by goal-based objectives to reflect the intentions of thedepartment and to coordinate the department’s goals with the then existing criteria of the TAC ofABET. The objectives were divided into two groups with problem solving, communications,technical knowledge, computer skills, business knowledge, professional attributes, and timemanagement objectives related to the development of students within the department as one set,and research and publications objectives related to the department’s

Conference Session

Breaking barriers, building futures: Narratives of equity and inclusion in STEM education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sage Maul, Purdue University; Kirsten A. Davis, Purdue University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University; Ruth Wertz, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

participation in postsecondary spaces. We willdefine disability and describe our choice to use both identity- and person-first language. We willdiscuss our choice to prioritize research that highlights disabled student voices.Our literature review will explore: which disabilities have been the focus of research in highereducation; problematic practices that require increased disabled student self-advocacy rather thansystemic changes; the reasons for students’ reluctance to use accommodations; the weaknesses ofthe accommodations approach; and suggestions for moving beyond accommodations. We willconclude by offering recommendations and reflections for researchers who want to researchdisabled students.The purpose of this paper is to provide a place to

Conference Session

Energy Conversion, Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hua Chai, University of New South Wales ; Jayashri Ravishankar, University of New South Wales; Inmaculada Tomeo-Reyes, University of New South Wales

Tagged Divisions

Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion

shift towards renewable energy sources [1].This policy-driven shift necessitates a workforce adept in renewable energy integration.Consequently, a re-evaluation and subsequent update of engineering curricula and workforcedevelopment programs are imperative to align with these emerging demands [2]. However, anotable misalignment can be identified between current engineering curricula and the practicalneeds of the energy sector [3]. This discrepancy mainly arises from the lag in updatingeducational content to reflect rapidly evolving industry requirements [4]. Educators often findthemselves grappling with unclear guidelines on the factors influencing course redesign,leading to a slow renewal process, ineffective teaching strategies, and outdated

Conference Session

Fostering Diversity and Inclusion in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Royce A Francis, The George Washington University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

, andalso a component involving the ways the actual work done influences students’ perception oftheir preparation. § RQ1: How does participation in environmental engineering and science experiences outside of the classroom contribute to the ways students construct early career trajectories? § RQ2: How does participation in environmental engineering and science experiences outside of traditional classrooms influence students’ perception of their preparation to construct and participate in professional judgment processes?BackgroundOverview of the STEMcx Environmental Justice ExperienceThis data analyzed in this research reflects the experiences of one intern in the STEMcxEnvironmental Justice Internship. STEMcx is an

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony E. Felder, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Michael Gordon Browne, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Miiri Kotche, The University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

toincorporate the IDEO model of innovation, wherein projects were validated according to theirdesirability, feasibility, and viability. Desirability considers the users’ needs, where feasibilityand viability reflect the technical ability to develop a solution and marketability potential,respectively. Teams are expected to propose a single unmet clinical need at the conclusion ofCIP and validate it as a potential project according to IDEO model. Here we report on two yearsof our revised CIP, using data from pre- and post-program surveys. Surveys assessed studentexperience, confidence, and perceived necessity of interdisciplinary teaming, primaryethnographic research, and secondary research. Paired data from 28 students was available (14BME, 14 IMED

Conference Session

Fostering Diversity and Inclusion in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivet Parra-Gaete, Arizona State University; Abimelec Mercado Rivera, Arizona State University; Mayra S Artiles, Arizona State University; Stephanie G. Adams, The University of Texas at Dallas; Juan M Cruz, Rowan University; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Gwen Lee-Thomas, Quality Measures

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

not inclusive to people of color, and overt racial incidents. Garcia et al. (2020)revised the model to shift away from a deficit perspective, recognizing the diverse forms ofcultural wealth these minoritized students bring to higher education. The model also emphasizesthe importance of higher education institutions in fostering an inclusive environment thatembraces and amplifies these unique racial and ethnic perspectives.For this study, this framework allowed us to elicit through interviews and explore throughthematic analysis how RDI-supported URM students reflected on various aspects of theirindividual development and their perceptions about the value of the RDI workshop. This studyaims to broaden the applicability of the existing model

Conference Session

Using technology in engineering ethics education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University; Pauline Wade, Texas A&M University; Shawna Thomas, Texas A&M University; Hillary E. Merzdorf, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

diversity and equity, which is reflected in her publications, research, teaching, service, and mentoring. More at http://srl.tamu.edu and http://ieei.tamu.edu.Prof. Pauline Wade, Texas A&M University Pauline Wade was formerly the assistant director for the Craig & Galen Brown Engineering Honors and Grand Challenge Scholars programs. Previously, she was a tenured faculty member at the University of the Philippines, Cebu (UP), in the Department of CompuDr. Shawna Thomas, Texas A&M University Dr. Thomas is an Instructional Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Texas A&M University. She is a member of the Engineering Education Faculty in the Institute for Engineering

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Marincel Payne, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ben Jelen, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

student who may not otherwiseview themselves as an engineer—a curious person, an entrepreneur, a person with great ideasthat society needs, or a part of the university’s ecosystem—may be able to demonstrate theirpotential to themselves and to their community through their lived experiences viastory. Providing time for students to develop and tell their stories is a powerful way to validatethe vast experiences students bring with them to college. Likewise, faculty want to know theirstudents, and students want to know themselves. Our own work with story in this context wasinspired by the Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN) on Stories project starting in2020 and reflects our interest in instilling an entrepreneurial mindset in our

Conference Session

Engineering Inclusivity: Challenging Disparities and Cultivating Resilience in Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Dick, Vancouver Island University; Kodi Rivera, Simon Fraser University; Michael Sjoerdsma, Simon Fraser University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

urban communities within the mid-Vancouver Islandregion.1.2 OverviewThis paper is the first in a series that chronicles the development and honing of the survey instrumentand the preliminary results, analyses and observations leading from it. The primary purpose of thispaper is to summarize the iterative process that was involved in creating the surveys. Subsequentpapers will provide detailed analyses of the survey results.The presentation of the development of the survey mirrors our iterative process, which moved frominitial development of a fourth-year survey, follow-up interviews, a reflection based on the responsesand literature, followed by a first-year survey, and follow-up interviews. While the primary objectivefor both the survey and

Conference Session

International Division (INTL) Technical Session: Assessment and Accreditation, Globalization without Travel

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Texier, LACCEI; Maria M. Larrondo-Petrie, Florida Atlantic University; Jusmeidy Zambrano; Laura Eugenia Eugenia Romero Robles, Tecnologico de MOnterrey

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International Division (INTL)

(InternationalProfessional Engineering Educator Registered) title was achieved through the project“Pedagogical training of engineering educators—EnTER" (created in 2018). This wasachieved with the support of the only professional regulatory body that overseesengineering teaching professionals, the International Standard Classification ofOccupations (ISCO), with code 2311 (ISCO Code 08) as “Higher education teachingprofessional: Engineering educator" [4–6]. Thus, this article will show how the reviewedprograms are structured, and will provide a proposal for engineering that seeks to reflect,innovate, and rethink its teaching practices. Some research shows that engineering teachingpractices closely linked to the concept of traditional science are recognized, but in

Conference Session

Project-Based, Inquiry Guided, and High Performance Learning Environments: Effective Approaches

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Paul B. Golter, Washington State University; Ashfaq Ansery, Washington State University; Baba Abdul, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

because in oursituation we typically had about four working DLMs so with eight teams, each could use theDLM for half of a 50 minute period. Second, the optimal DLM/person ratio is three to five per-sons because that’s how many that can comfortably sit around a DLM and still visualize the car-tridge, controls and digital read-outs. Third, there’s a pedagogical reason as this number giveseach person a task because if a team is to get operating values quickly it takes one person to ad-just flow rates on a rotameter, a second to read values from a display, and a third to record thosevalues. With four and five member teams, one can supervise while another can reflect on theprocess. Team member placements were based on convenience sampling to

Conference Session

Research on Engineering Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; James Loren Christian, University of Michigan; Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan; Richard Gonzalez, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

alternative energy for everyday jobs, such as cooking. Simple reflection and absorption of sunlight can generate adequate heat for this purpose. Your challenge is to develop products that utilize sunlight for heating and cooking food. The products should be portable and made of inexpensive materials. It should be able to be used by individual families, and should be practical for adults to set Page 22.1382.9 up in a sunny spot. Note: Specific materials for a targeted temperature can be postponed to a later stage. Do not worry about the specific quantity of heat that can be generated. Please focus on

Conference Session

Computer Science and Information Technology in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meltem Alemdar, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tony Docal, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

deliver it toK-12 teachers and by extension to their students all over the United States. Electronic Professional development (ePDN) courses are designed to model bestpractices in teacher PD by incorporating inquiry-based learning and promoting the types ofactive interaction and reflection by participants that normally occur in effective face-to-faceprofessional development sessions. The Technology Integration Certificate consists of fourcourses designed to help teachers become more comfortable with technology tools and integratethem in their classrooms. The courses include an introduction to podcasting for novices, thecreation and implementation of vodcasts for more advanced users, on-line teaching for educatorsseeking to develop

Conference Session

Enhancing Instructional Effectiveness in Civil Engineering: Case Studies

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilla M. Saviz, University of the Pacific; Abel A. Fernandez, University of the Pacific; Elizabeth A. Basha, University of the Pacific; Andria Patricia Ellis, University of the Pacific, School of Engineering and Computer Science ; Kristina Hammarstrom; Feliciano Leon; Jerry Bruce Hildebrand; Spencer Ton

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

15-17. In addition, although not often formally linked to academic programs,globally-focused engineering student organizations, such as Engineers Without Borders andEngineers for a Sustainable World, reflect students’ growing interest in internationaldevelopment, eradication of poverty, environmental action, and application of technology forsocial benefit 18-19.However, the issue of sustainability of such efforts in terms of faculty time and universityresources is not yet resolved 20. Perpetuating these socially focused initiatives is an importantissue in smaller schools where limited resources constrain new initiatives, but, in an era ofshrinking resources, also affects larger institutions. The issue of sustainability of such effortsmay be

Conference Session

FPD IV: Improving Student Success: Mentoring, Intervening, and Supplementing

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Raubenheimer, North Carolina State University; Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University; Monica Terrell Leach, North Carolina State University; Steven L. White, North Carolina State University ; Philip Albert Moses, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

of the institution. Formore than four decades researchers and practitioners have created an extensive body of literatureexploring retention. But while the field possesses infinite theoretical schemas, Tinto 7 suggeststhat complex theoretical principles are unbeneficial for practitioners who have to translateresearch into effective practice.In previous years retention was simply viewed as a reflection of a student’s lack of individualattributes, skills, and motivation. With this view students were expected to assimilate and “riseto the task” at their institutions. This view prohibited institutions from recognizing their intricaterole in providing a successful platform for students. Since then our institutions and theoristshave begun to

Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Pembridge, Virginia Tech; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

participation. Novice teachersoften ignore or fail to recognize student misconceptions. Most of their actions are rationalizedand they view this time in their development as means to gain real world experience.The second phase, advanced beginner, is closely related to novice. It typically occurs during the2nd to 3rd years. In this phase verbal, episodic, and case knowledge are added to the knowledgegained during the novice stage.3 As a result, the use of reflection is important: teachers in thisphase frequently reflect on their experiences and how those experiences contribute to theirknowledge; based on these reflections, they then begin to make alterations to their teachingpractices. Moreover, their experiences, particularly in powerful or memorable

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Parikh, Stanford University; Helen Chen, Stanford University; Kenneth Goodson, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

?” Answering this question wouldallow educators to make more informed decisions about how to encourage learning.There is an extensive history of pedagogical research on student engagement, much of which hasmade progress on defining the concept of engagement. There are many different aspects ofstudent engagement in university courses as engagement stands at the crossroads of interest,involvement, excitement, choice, attitude, behavior, and opportunity. Pace used the term qualityof effort and, in his view, “quality of effort describes voluntary behavior. It reflects initiative. Itdescribes the strength and the scope of personal investment that students are making for theirown higher education.”[3] Astin used the term involvement and considered the