Collection

2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Patrick H. Oosthuizen

duplicate material from the previous presentation by the author, the author stated that both the ASEE and CDIO papers were part of a series of studies centered around a single topic area and that some duplication between papers describing various aspects of the work is almost inevitable.] Abstract Discussions of engineering disasters have been widely used in teaching engineering ethics. However consideration of such disasters can also be used in a number of other ways in engineering education. For example, engineering disasters can be used to discuss operational aspects of engineering which are often not considered in

Conference Session

Track 1: Technical Session 4: "An examination of the gender gap among Middle Eastern students in Engineering: A systematized review"

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Narjes Khorsandi Koujel, Rowan University; Justin Charles Major, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

suggest that institutional constraints on providing equaleducational opportunities can limit women's career advancement in technology fields and affectthe broader engineering sector. The findings of this study show that women's participation andprogress in these fields can be greatly improved through changing information and communicationtechnology policies to better respond to their requirements.Machado-Taylor and Özkanli [28] emphasize differences in academic career developmentbetween male and female academics. They indicate the importance of institutional support toremove these obstacles. Atakan et al. [30] highlight the ethical principles of future managers andshow that female Turkish students adhere more to ethical principles in the

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Technical Session 5: Lab Design

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nick A. Stites, University of Colorado Boulder; Micaela Valentina Bara, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

Use the propagation of uncertainty equation IKD HW8 Identify different distribution shapes, including normal, HW 1, 3-9, 11, P3, EU skewed, uniform, and bimodal Q Distributions Explain and utilize the Central Limit Theorem IKD HW4, HW11, P3 Recognize natural limits in a dataset WF Critique the ethics of a particular statistical analysis that Statistical may or may not support the analyst's conclusions (e.g

Collection

2023 Fall Mid Atlantic Conference: Meeting our students where they are and getting them where they need to be

Authors

Rajarajan Subramanian, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College; Sofia M Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg, The Capital College

generative AI while minimizing anynegative consequences. This includes understanding the ethical considerations surrounding AI andteaching students how to use these tools responsibly (Qadir, 2023).ChatGPT can be used in construction engineering education. For example, if project input parametersalong with expectations are given to the tool, then it can produce required documentation for variousaspects of construction. It will be a great AI tool to use for teaching construction engineering because itcan act like a “Construction Management Software Program”. It can help with iterative procedures toimprove the analysis and design of various structures to be built for different projects. Particularly tomake construction reports, it will help on the

Conference Session

Towards a Participatory Action, Retention of Black Students, and Exploring Black Engineering Student Success

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida; Erica D. McCray, University of Florida; Gretchen Dietz, University of Florida; Randy Dorian Brown, University of Florida; Paul Richardson

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

Paper ID #38234Engineering Firms as Racialized Organizations: The Experiences of BlackMale EngineersDr. Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida Elliot P. Douglas is Professor of Environmental Engineering Sciences and Engineering Education, and Distinguished Teaching Scholar at the University of Florida. His research interests are in the areas of problem-solving, cultures of inclusion in engineering, and social justice in engineering ethics education.Erica D. McCray, University of Florida Dr. Erica D. McCray is an Associate Professor of Special Education at the University of Florida. Prior to joining the faculty

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 5

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trevion S. Henderson, Tufts University; David Zabner, Tufts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

objective and politically neutraldiscipline, scholars have recently called for reforms to engineering education that challengetechnical/social dualism by integrating the “social realm” into dominant ways of thinking,knowing, and in doing engineering [1-2]. By social realm, we mean to evoke the waysengineering shapes, and is shaped by, social, cultural, political, and ethical systems, that informwho gets to participate in engineering, how and why engineering problems are perceived andundertaken, the results of engineering work, and who benefits from the outcomes of engineeringwork [1,3]. As scholars become increasingly aware of the role engineering plays in socialsystems, there have been increasing calls for engineering education to center the

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division (EDGD) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Denson, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Niloufar Bayati, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics Division (EDGD)

-course materials, students in Botswana will complete the eight-week course guided by aproblem-based learning activity wherein students will work to solve an authentic real-worldproblem local to their community. As a part of the learning experience students in Botswanawill also develop 3-D modeling skills and their spatial ability while designing a solution to a real-world problem; students in the US will develop skills in the area of engineering ethics, creativityand problem-solving as they will serve as “consultants'' for student teams in Botswana (Finelliet al., 2012; Guntur, Setyaningrum, & Retnawati, 2021). The ABLE short program offers civil engineering students in Botswana an opportunity todevelop their visualization and 3D

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - WIPS 4: Projects

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Erik A. Johnson, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

Paper ID #40105Work in Progress: Engaging First-year Engineering Students throughMakerspace Project-based PedagogyDr. Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California Dr. Gisele Ragusa is a Professor of Engineering Education at the University of Southern California. She conducts research on college transitions and retention of underrepresented engineering students, engineer- ing ethics, PreK-12 STEM education, and also research about engineering global preparedness.Dr. Erik A. Johnson, University of Southern California Dr. Erik A. Johnson is a Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering at the University of Southern

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Technical Session 2: Assessing the Entrepreneurial Mindset, Curiosity, and Workplace Preparedness

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadiye O. Erdil, University of New Haven; Ronald S. Harichandran, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

Cost of production (CoP)scaling strategiesFinancing a business Financing a business (FB)Generating new ideas based on societal needs and business opportunities Generating new ideas (GNI)Innovating to solve problems under organizational constraints Organization constraints (OC)Innovative client centered solutions through design thinking Design thinking (DT)Learning from failure Learning from failure (LFF)Role of product in value creation Role of product (RP)Resolving ethical issues

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Technical Session 5: Lab Design

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akshara Subramaniasivam; Rebecca Marie Reck, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Katie Ansell, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Holly M. Golecki, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Chandrasekhar Radhakrishnan; Christopher D. Schmitz, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Jessica R. TerBush, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

xmodification, & operation ofengineering tools…Safety. Identify health, safety,and environmental issuesrelated to technological x xprocesses and activities, anddeal with them responsibly.Communication.Communicate effectively x xabout laboratory work with aspecific audience…Teamwork. Work effectively x x xin teams…Ethics in the Laboratory.Behave with highest ethical x xstandards…Sensory Awareness. Use thehuman senses to

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - GIFTS

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Ohanian Perez, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Paul Hottinger, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

knowledge andparticipating in ethically in communities of learning [1]. In previous courses, it was found thatstudents lacked these information literacy skills and needed far more than one library instructionsession and one assignment to master these skills. It was determined that in order to accomplishthese objectives, multiple library information literacy instruction sessions and informationliteracy-based assignments were necessary.Implementation GuidelinesTo prepare for the unit of study, the professor reached out to professors in each of the 11engineering departments and conducted at least one interview with a faculty member about theirresearch. These five-to-ten-minute conversations were recorded on zoom and posted for studentsto watch.Table 1

Conference Session

Military and Veterans Division (MVD) Technical Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janice Higuera, University of Colorado - Boulder; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Military and Veterans Division (MVD)

Comprehension and laws and regulations, and social movements; identify alignments and gaps in Analysis (1) research and (2) practice within this context. Recognize and respect cultural differences and apply relevant skills to 2 Cross-cultural Humility collaborate across cultures, with an emphasis on life-long learning. Examine ethical implications of global research and development, including Global Engineering 3 consideration of power imbalances; recognize the limitations of engineering in Ethics guiding global development

Conference Session

Teaching Tools: Problem Solving and Hands-On Teaching (NEE)

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Caratozzolo, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico; Luis Alberto Mejía-Manzano, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico; Rebeca Maria Garcia; Maria Ileana Ruiz-Cantisani, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico; Patricia Vázquez-Villegas, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico; Vianney Lara-Prieto, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico; Edgar Omar Lopez-Caudana; Jorge Membrillo-Hernández, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators Division (NEE)

. Figure 1. Desired skills for instructors in COILWithin the socioethical management skills, we have grouped social and ethical skills. One ofthe essential abilities is communication, not only oral and written communication but alsousing distinct channels or tools (e-mail, text messages, or chats). One related skill tocommunication is using comprehensiveness to clarify statements and notes [9], facilitating thestudents' feedback in diverse forms. In this part, ethical and social skills acquire a relevantrole, so communication must be based on respect in a comfortable and sure environmentconsidering cultural differences and institutional policies. Under this last point, instructorsmust also establish course policies and rules for class

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Integration of Engineering and/or Technical Rigor with Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice (DEIJ)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Wang, Carnegie Mellon University

to address important ethical considerations that are not frequently addressed intraditional engineering curricula (including within traditional engineering ethics curricula), andwhich center issues of particular importance to our nation’s increasingly diverse body ofengineering students.As a growing number of departments begin to undertake these attempts at curricular reform,there will be (and in fact already is) significant backlash from pedagogical traditionalists, whomay perceive these efforts as “watering down” the technical rigor of a traditional engineeringeducation with elements (e.g., “storytelling”) typically reserved for the humanities or socialsciences. Although the author is not aware of a specific study detailing the prevalence

Collection

ASEE Zone 1 Conference - Spring 2023

Authors

Ashwin Satyanarayana, New York City College of Technology

most likely to be successful.However, there are certain cons of using data analytics in departments: (a) Limitations of data: Analytics relies on the quality and quantity of data available. If the data is incomplete or inaccurate, it can lead to flawed decision-making. (b) Cost: Implementing analytics tools and systems can be expensive, which may be a barrier for some academic departments, particularly those with limited resources. (c) Resistance to change: Some faculty and staff may be resistant to using analytics to make decisions, particularly if they are not familiar with the technology or feel that it undermines their expertise. (d) Ethical concerns: There may be ethical concerns around the use of student

Collection

ASEE Zone 1 Conference - Spring 2023

Authors

Heather Lai, State University of New York at New Paltz; Anne C Balant, State University of New York at New Paltz

Student Outcome 4). It can be challenging foreducators to find opportunities for their students to develop these skills due to the demands ofteaching the extensive technical material associated with the curriculum. This paper describesour experience using a current event related case study in a technical elective to address ABETstudent outcomes 2 and 4.Case studies involving sustainability and environmental issues provide a unique opportunity forengineering students to tackle technical and ethical issues. Including a role-playing component ina case study presentation provides additional opportunities for students to develop awareness ofsocial justice issues. A wind energy workforce development and engineering education grantprovided an

Conference Session

Classroom Skills

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Stephanie Laughton, The Citadel; Dan D Nale PE

Tagged Topics

Professional Engineering Education Papers

reported use by course and category is presented. 15 12 9 6 3 0 Math (Calculus Economics, Ethics, Transportation Structures Environmental/ Surveying Geotechnical and Statistics) and Management Water Resources 1 (Extremely low confidence) 2 (Low confidence) 3 (Neutral) 4 (Confident) 5 (Extremely confident)Figure 2: Student self-confidence in their ability to use the FERH to solve FE practice exam problems by topic. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 2023 ASEE Southeastern Section Conference (A

Conference Session

Project Based and Experiential Learning in Manufacturing

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junkun Ma, Sam Houston State University; Suleiman Obeidat

orally or in writing 9. Learning how to find, evaluate, and use resources to explore a topic in-depth 10. Developing ethical reasoning and ethical decision making 11. Learning to analyze and critically evaluate ideas, arguments, and points of view 12. Learning to apply knowledge and skills to benefit others or serve the public good 13. Learning appropriate methods for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical informationTable 1 shows the distribution of students' self-assessments. The scores range from 1.0 to 5.0 with1.0 intervals for the listed 'No Apparent Progress,' 'Slight Progress,' 'Moderate Progress,''Substantial Progress,' and 'Exceptional Progress' correspondently, and the mean scores of thesurvey results

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Deters, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Brent Terwilliger, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; Emily Faulconer, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide; Kelly George, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide

support ofundergraduate research, the university developed the following six student learning outcomes(SLOs), relative to undergraduate research: 1. Define and/or articulate a research problem 2. Design a course of action to solve a research problem using as appropriate, multidisciplinary approaches 3. Apply ethical principles in research 4. Conduct research independently and/or collaboratively 5. Research decisions or conclusions based on the analysis and synthesis of evidence 6. Communicate research resultsAs part of this project at the Worldwide campus, these SLOs were used to structure the supportnetwork of the Research Scholars Program (Fig. 1): mentoring, workshops, and the independentstudy course.The support network discussed

Conference Session

Broadening Participation and Inclusion in STEM: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natasha Andrade, University of Maryland College Park; Elisabeth Smela, University of Maryland College Park; Vincent Nguyen, University of Maryland College Park; David Bigio, University of Maryland College Park; Adjoa Egyen-Davis, University of Maryland College Park; Daniela Nganjo

engineer” QuestionIn a mechanical engineering lab course, students were asked to list the critical characteristics ofengineering professionals. The data collected from Spring 2019 to Spring 2021 were coded toidentify ethical, social, or environmental aspects, and the results are presented in Figure 3.Ethical items have some prevalence of reporting, but environmental and social aspects rarelyappear within the self identification of professional characteristics. The course where thisquestion was administered in, does not specifically cover content that addresses social justiceissues, or more broad social impacts or environmental impacts. A higher prevalence of social andenvironmental professional responsibility would be expected within a course

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4- COVID and Virtual Learning

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Sours, The Ohio State University; Howard Greene, The Ohio State University

knowledge to people-oriented challenges in global settings; theseprograms have many names but are known as, Community Engaged Learning, Global ServiceLearning (GSL) [5] or Engineering for Community Development (ECD) [6].The student and community impacts of these types of programs have been widely assessed asprojects have seen success through incorporation of principles such as ethics, social justice, localexpertise and resources, and building trusting relationships with shared goals [7]. There has beenextensive analysis on the use of ECD to develop global sociotechnical competency skills andpositive student learning outcomes [8], [9].However, historically, well-intentioned university-forged relationships with partner communitiesand resultant

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Case, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Holly Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Marie Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia

represents a vast untapped potential to exponentially increasethe impact of EEC funding and transform engineering education. But tapping this potential hasthus far been an intractable problem, despite ongoing calls for data sharing by public funders ofresearch. Changing the paradigm of single-use data collection requires actionable, provenpractices for effective, ethical data sharing, coupled with sufficient incentives to both share anduse existing data. To that end, this project draws together a team of experts to overcomesubstantial obstacles in qualitative data sharing by building a framework to guide secondaryanalysis in engineering education research (EER), and to test this framework using pioneeringdata sets. Herein, we report on

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Sander, The University of Iowa; Joshua Lobb, The University of Iowa; James Ankrum, The University of Iowa; Nicholas Bowman; Solomon Fenton-Miller, The University of Iowa

apply them to solve biomedical problems.(3) enhance oral and written scientific communication skills to facilitate collaboration acrossdiscipline boundaries.(4) instruct students how to conduct research ethically and responsibly.(5) prepare participants to pursue graduate studies and careers in a STEM field.In this paper, we describe our first-year experience running this program, lessons learned, and newpractices we will implement going forward.MethodsRecruitment Targets: All undergraduate applications were considered, with priority given torecruitment of rising sophomore and junior women and URM students, and from institutions withlimited research opportunities. Program targets are ≥ 50% women, ≥ 40% URM, and ≥ 60% fromschools with limited

Conference Session

Redefining Manufacturing Education Practices

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Casey Keulen, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Christoph Sielmann, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Dean Richert

two campuses to ensure that students have the pre-requisite knowledge to succeed in either program.Table 1 shows the core courses students from Kelowna take on the Vancouver campus whenthey follow the mobility path. In addition to these core courses, these students would take threetechnical electives. As one can observe from the course titles, the focus is on productionmanagement.Table 1: Core courses in fourth year curriculum on the Kelowna campus for Vancouver students Course: Title: MANF 370 Production Management II ENGR 413 Law and Ethics for Engineers MANF 430 Manufacturing Capstone Design Project

Conference Session

LEAD Technical Session 1: Fostering Leadership Identity Development and DEI in Engineering Students and Professionals

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Chan; Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Emily Moore, University of Toronto; Dimpho Radebe, University of Toronto

Paper ID #38126Who identifies as an engineering leader? Exploring influencesof gender, race, and professional experienceAndrea Chan (Research Associate) Andrea Chan is a Research Associate at the Troost Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering | University of TorontoCindy Rottmann (Associate Director Research) Cindy Rottmann is the Associate Director, Research at the Troost Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering at the University of Toronto. She conducts research on engineering leadership, engineers' professional practice, and ethics and equity in engineering. She is currently the Program

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 4: Student Experience & Competencies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon Chi-Thien Le, Texas A&M University; Sunay Palsole, Texas A&M University

Competency as “the confident, critical and responsive use of, and engagementwith digital technologies for learning, at work, and for participation in society”. It is listed amongcompetencies such as mathematical competency, civic competency, and literacy competency[20].Knowledge in digital competency is considered a sound understanding of the nature, role, andopportunity given by digital technologies. Skills in digital competency include a range ofapplicable uses of information technology systems. Finally, the attitude of digital competencyrequires a critical perspective, including being ethical and safe with technology applications. TheEuropean Digital Competence Framework for Citizens, (DigComp 2.0) further narrows theapplication of digital

Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Iris Bahar; Ashley Oelrich; Bridget Griswold; Eva Goetz

Multi-Disciplinary Design: Implications for CS and Engineering PedagogyIris BaharDr. Omur-Ozbek is an Associate Professor of Teaching in the Department of Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering at the Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Dr. Omur-Ozbek’s teaching interestsinclude environmental engineering concepts, environmental chemistry, water quality analyses, ecologicalengineering and environmental and social justice, and engineering ethics. Her research interests includedrinking water quality and treatment, odorous and toxic algal blooms, impacts of toxins on crops andhumans, impacts of wildfires and hydraulic fracking on surface water quality, and affected indoor airquality due to use of contaminated tap water.Ashley

Conference Session

Miscellaneous Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devin Berg, University of Wisconsin - Stout; Anne Schmitz, University of Wisconsin - Stout

solutionshave been previously addressed in the literature [24] and implementing some of theseinterventions may improve the project experience in core engineering courses such as these.Specifically, groups who develop team contracts agreeing on responsibilities and expectations ofteam members, independent of the project’s technical content, tend to work more efficiently as ateam and have a better experience (i.e. satisfaction).These comments about the course project can also be viewed within the context of Perry’s theoryof intellectual and ethical development [25]. Perry purports that intellectual development starts atdualism, where problems are clearly defined with right and wrong answers. These types ofproblems can typically be found in freshmen and

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 5: Remote, Hands-On Laboratories

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Robinson

, analyze and interpretdata, design systems to meet needs, learn from failure, demonstrate creativity, select, modify andoperate tools, work safely, communicate effectively, work effectively in teams, behave ethically,and gather information with their senses.The number of objectives above indicates that laboratories are asked to do many things;however, laboratories represent a small portion of the engineering credit hours within mostprograms. Many programs have several four-credit engineering courses which include one labcredit hour, but the total lab time does not typically exceed four or five credit hours. This paperpresents integrated experiments as a way to make efficient use of scarce laboratory time.Integrated experiments are revisited in

Conference Session

Energy Conversion, Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Ranalli, Pennsylvania State University Hazleton

Tagged Divisions

Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion

Outcomes 2(an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs withconsideration of public health, safety and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social,environmental, and economic factors) and 4 (an ability to recognize ethical and professionalresponsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments, which must consider theimpact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts).Summary Faculty hoping to implement the Solar District Cup in capstone design courses can lookforward to an engaging, detailed design opportunity for students. Faculty using the project in thefall should prepare for some time at the beginning of the semester during which the