Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session: Works in Progress

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tameshia Ballard Baldwin, North Carolina State University; Angelitha Daniel, North Carolina State University; Braska Williams Jr, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

project. Finally, MEP mentors participatedin several planned social events with MSEN participants in order to help build relationships amongmentors and MSEN students. The project culminated in a poster session where participantsshowcased their design projects to an audience of K-12 administrators, corporate partners, facultyand parents.Preliminary ResultsThe Student Attitudes toward STEM (S-STEM) for Middle and High School (6-12)20 uses a 5-pointLikert scale (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=agree and5=strongly agree) to evaluate students’ confidence and attitudes toward math, science, engineeringand technology and 21st century learning. It was administered in a pre/post format. To get a betterunderstanding of

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Work in Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Baker A. Martin, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Orr for reviewing this paper.References[1] “Employment Outlook for Engineering Occupations to 2024,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2016/employment-outlook-for- engineering-occupations-to-2024.htm. [Accessed: 30-Jan-2019].[2] S. D. Sheppard, A. L. Antonio, S. R. Brunhaver, and S. K. Gilmartin, “Studying the Career Pathways of Engineers,” in Cambridge Handbook of Engineering Education Research, A. Johri and B. M. Olds, Eds. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 283–309.[3] National Science Foundation, “NSRCG Public 2006 Data File,” 2006. [Online]. Available: https://sestat.nsf.gov/datadownload/.[4] G. Lichtenstein, H. G. Loshbaugh, B. Claar

Conference Session

M1A: WIP - Learning experiences 1

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Jack Bringardner, NYU’s Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

coding majorthemes, misidentification of session topics, and heterogeneous sessions. These limitations can beovercome by the systematic literature review and coding of individual papers which should becompleted for the development of the first-year engineering education primer.References 1. Lauer, P. A. (2004). A Policymaker's Primer on Education Research: How to Understand, Evaluate and Use It. Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED518626.pdf 2. Weiner, S., & Lande, M., & Jordan, S. S. (2018, June), What Have We "Learned" from Maker Education Research? A Learning Sciences-base Review of ASEE Literature on the Maker Movement Paper presented at 2018 ASEE

Conference Session

T2B: GIFTS - Session B

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Lauren Halberstadt, Penn State University; Yi Meng, College of Education, the Pennsylvannia State University; Jim Sauls, Pennsylvania State University; Sridevi Rao, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

and domestic students to integrate in the classroom.References[1] K. Goodman & E.T. Pascarella, “First-year seminars increase persistence and retention: Asummary of the evidence from how college affect students,” Association of American Collegesand Universities, pp. 26-28, 2006.[2] S. R. Porter, & R. L. Swing, “Understanding how first-year seminars affectpersistence,” Research in Higher Education, 47(1), pp. 89-109, 2006[3] A. W. Astin, What matters in college: Four critical years revisited. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.[4] G.L. Downey, J.C. Lucena, B.M. Moskal, R. Parkhurst, T. Bigley, C. Hays, B.K. Jesiek, L.Kelly, J. Miller, S. Ruff, J.L. Lehr, & A. Nichols-Belo, “The globally competent engineer:Working effectively with

Conference Session

M2B: Learning in teams

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Behzad Beigpourian, Purdue University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

. Our results also highlight the importance inmonitoring and facilitating the experience of international students, which also represents animportant area for further study.References[1] ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission, “Criteria for accreditting engineering programs,” 2014.[2] National Academy Of Engineering, The engineer of 2020: Visions of engineering in the new century. 2004.[3] A. Godwin, A. Kirn, and J. Rohde, “Awareness without action: Student attitudes after engineering teaming experiences,” Int. J. Eng. Educ., vol. 33, no. 6a, pp. 1878–1891, 2017.[4] S. B. Berenson, K. M. Slaten, L. Williams, and C.-W. Ho, “Voices of women in a software engineering course: Reflections on collaboration,” J. Educ

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa Green, Utah State University; Angela Minichiello P.E., Utah State University; Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

like engineers.AcknowledgementsSupport for this work is provided by the National Science Foundation under Award No. EEC1664228. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.References[1] National Science Board. (2016). Science and engineering indicators 2016. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation (NSB-2016-1).[2] Tai, R. T., Liu, C. Q., Maltese, A. V., & Fan, X. T. (2006). Planning early for careers in science. Science, 312, 1143-1144.[3] Aschbacher, P. R., Li, E., & Roth, E. J. (2010). Is science me? High school students’ identities, participation, and aspirations in science

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eliza Gallagher, Clemson University; D. Andrew Brown, Clemson University; Christy Brown, Clemson University; Kristin Kelly Frady, Clemson University; Marketa Marcanikova , Clemson University ; Sez Atamturktur Ph.D., Clemson University; Stanley N. Ihekweazu, South Carolina State University; Michael A. Matthews P.E., University of South Carolina; Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel; Richard H. Roberts Jr, Florence Darlington Technical College; Ikhalfani Solan, South Carolina State University; Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Anand K. Gramopadhye, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

, conclusions or recommendations expressed herein arethose of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.We also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the Institutional Research Officers at each campus RAin gathering the data used in this analysis.References [1] X. Chen and M. Soldner, STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths Into and Out of STEM Fields (Statistical D Analysis Report), ser. National Center for Educational Statistics (NCSE) Statistical Analysis Reports. U.S. Department of Education, 2013. [2] J. Levin and J. H. Wyckof, “Predictors of persistence and success in an engineering program,” NACADA Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 1995. [3] J. Middleton, S. Krause

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yen-Lin Han, Seattle University; Kathleen E. Cook, Seattle University; Teodora Rutar Shuman, Seattle University; Gregory Mason P.E., Seattle University; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

University of Washington in 1994 and a Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 2000.Dr. Gregory Mason, Seattle University Gregory S. Mason was born and raised in Spokane Washington. He received the B.S.M.E. degree from Gonzaga University in 1983, the M.S.M.E. degree in manufacturing automation from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1984 and the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering, specializing in multi-rate digital controls, from the University of Washington in 1992. He worked in a robotics lab for the Department of Defense for five years after receiving his M.S.M.E. He is currently an Associate Professor in the De- partment of Mechanical Engineering at Seattle University, Seattle, WA. His research interests are

Collection

2012 ERC

Authors

Reginald Brothers

Foundational Mission Assurance DoD S&T Thrusts Foundations of TrustEmerging Technologies Symposium02/21/2012 Page-13 DoD internal/external engagement Services and Agencies Industry and Academia • DoD Priority Steering • Key Elements of PSC S&T Committees Roadmap shapes: – Membership

Collection

2010 Public Policy Colloquium

Authors

Patrick Clemins

6.8% DOE Defense 5.0% EPA 4.7% USGS 4.3% DOE Science 3.8% NIH 3.1% VA 1.5% DOT 0.6% DOD -4.4% USDA -5.5% DHS -9.0% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% DOD "S&T" = DOD R&D in "6.1" through "6.3

Conference Session

Technical Session II

Collection

2018 FYEE Conference

Authors

Jenahvive K. Morgan, Michigan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Conference Sessions

. Matthews, and D. R. Kelly, “Grit: Perseverance andPassion for Long-Term Goals,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 92, no. 6, pp.1087-1101, 2007.[2] A. L. Duckworth and P. E. Quinn, “Development and Validation of the Short Grit Scale(Grit-S),” Journal of Personality Assessment, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 166-174, 2009.[3] A. L. Duckworth and D. S. Yeager, “Measurement Matters: Assessing Personal QualitiesOther Than Cognitive Ability for Educational Purposes,” Educational Researcher, vol. 44, no. 4,pp. 237-251, May 2015.[4] A. L. Duckworth, R. E. White, A. J. Matteucci, A. Shearer, and J. J. Gross, “A Stitch inTime: Strategic Self-Control in High School and College Students,” Journal of EducationalPsychology, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 329-341

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Julia N. Savoy; Mia K. Markey; H. Grady Rylander III

biomedicalthe groundwork for CFCs and meeting the assumptions laid science education needs a new philosophy,” mBio, vol. 8,out at the beginning: having a clear sense of one’s self, no. 6, pp. e01539-17, 2017. [5] H. Sauermann, and M. Roach, “Science PhD careeroverall goals, and several potential career options to discuss preferences: levels, changes, and advisorwith a supervisor. When asked what would increase the encouragement,” PloS One, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. e36307, 2012.likelihood of their using the TPT in the future, many [6] R. S. Clair, T. Hutto, C. MacBeth, W. Newstetter, N. A.(40.0

Conference Session

Service Learning Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tao Hong, Purdue University; William Oakes, Purdue University; Susan Maller, Purdue University; Carla Zoltowski, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

with maximum likelihood estimation was created as inputfor the analyses due to the fact that all the items are ordinal in nature. Demographicvariables (gender and major) served as covariates or the multiple causes individually to Page 12.400.6investigate latent mean differences and potential sources of item bias. The analyses in thisstudy were conducted in two major steps. First, CFAs were conducted to fit the one-factor theoretical models to the data. Parameters were estimated and several fit indiceswere used to examine the fit of the models: Satorra-Bentler’s (S-B) chi-square statistic(χ2) 14 , ratio of chi-square to degrees of freedom (χ2/df), Root

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ian Papautsky, University of Cincinnati; Ali Asgar Bhagat, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2007-2504: INTRODUCING MICROFLUIDICS TO ELECTRICALENGINEERS: AN INTEGRATED PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING EXPERIENCEIan Papautsky, University of Cincinnati IAN PAPAUTSKY received his Ph.D. in bioengineering from the University of Utah in 1999. He is currently a tenured Associate Professor of in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Cincinnati. His research and teaching interests include application of MEMS and microfluidics to biology and medicine.Ali Asgar Bhagat, University of Cincinnati ALI ASGAR S. BHAGAT received his M.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Cincinnati in 2006, and is currently pursuing his Ph.D. His research interests include

Conference Session

Experiences in Teaching Energy Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ilya Grinberg, Buffalo State College; Mohammed Safiuddin, University at Buffalo, SUNY

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

generation, transmission and deliveryare the focus of this paper.Electric energy has been used since the1890’s when the world entered the Age of Electricity.Since then the world has moved through a series of these ages: 1890’s – The “Age of Electricity” begins with the lighting of the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893, and completion of the first long distance transmission line moving hydro-electric power from the mighty Niagara Falls to Buffalo in November of 1896. 1930’s – The “Industrial Age” begins with electricity, power tools, and automation in factories, at the end of the Depression. Industrial productivity, measured in terms of output per unit of labor, makes major gains during this period. This results

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petru-Aurelian Simionescu, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

rb C t s O A x Fig. 1 The involute curve of a circle of radius rbBecause the string is inextensible, the length of the circular arch AB subintended by angle t isequal to length BC of the string: BC ? rb © t (1)Moreover, the center of curvature around point C of the involute is located right at the tangentpoint B between the string and the base circle, and

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratories

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oscar Ortiz, LeTourneau University; Paul Leiffer, LeTourneau University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

signal)5_ Power output amplification6_ Antenna and impedance matchingI am attaching the ck207.pdf file with the technical information about your transmitter.You need to research and study how the transistor(s) or diode(s) used perform the particular function of each stage.Perform a system functional analysis, and a mathematical input/ output gain analysis at each state, and then write aformal report and a prepare power point presentation.(Remember that for the report and Power point presentation you will need to describe how the transmitter work as awhole, and how the transistor(s) or diode(s) combined with other circuit elements perform the functions of eachstage.Study and research assignment for members of the Receiver groupThe following are

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kun-jung Hsu, Leader University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

beginning node of activity, and j represents as the ending node of activity. Onecan calculate the total float of an activity (LSi-ESi), we can determine the critical path(s). As anillustrative example, Figure 1 showed the network of an example facility project with tenactivities. Table 1 showed the normal time vs. crash time scenarios of all activities of theproject network, and their time and costs to complete the activities. Figure 1: Illustrative example of a building construction project networkFollowing the critical path method describes above, one can apply Excel to calculate the totalfloat of each activity, thus draw the critical paths of the normal and crash scenarios. Find ES,EF, LS, LF, FF, and TF for the arrow diagram in

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Osama Mohammed, Florida International University; Nagy Abed, Quanta Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

components) to be executed at different update rates, cycles can befreed up for executing the subsystem(s) that need to be updated faster.The real time multi-distributed modelling can involve different real time operating systems.Real time operating systems (RTOS) are those operating systems that guarantee that thesystem will respond in a predetermined amount of time. Real time operating system (e.g.QNX, Linux) reduces considerably the simulation time requirement.This paper describes a real time simulator for motor drives, and outlines its software andhardware subsystems. Examples and implementation of different motor control algorithmsusing this simulator are also discussed.System DescriptionThe software and hardware tools used in the development

Conference Session

Engineering in High Schools

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Oswald, Oklahoma State University; Charlie Huddleston, Oklahoma State University; Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Engineering Education AnnualConference & Exposition, (2004 ).2. "Office of Post Secondary Education."3. L. McAfee, and A. Kim, "Successful Pre-College Summer Programs," American Society for EngineeringEducation, (2007).4. D. Oppliger, S. Oppliger, M. Raber, and R. Warrington, "Engineering Enterprise Alliance A K-12,University and Industry Initiative to Create a Pathway to Engineering and Science Careers," American Society forEngineering Education, (2007).5. B. Matanin, T. Waller, J. Kampe, C. Brozina, and B. Watford, "A STEP in the Right Direction: StudentTransition to Engineering Program," American Society for Engineering Education, , (2007).6. C. Vallas, L. Richards, and A. Miodek, "SUMMER INTRODUCTION TO

Conference Session

Enhancing K12 Mathematics Education with Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Galen Turner, Louisiana Tech University; Don Schillinger, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

of mathemaatics, educatiion, andengineeriing faculty. The T goal is to t develop engineering and a science explorations e s and curricuulumfor impleementation innto participaant schools. During D thesee preparationns, connectioons betweennnational and a state con ntent standarrds and the mathematics m s and sciencee showcasedd in theworkshopps are identiified and disccussed. Figuure 2 describbes both topiics presentedd during theSummer Teacher Wo orkshops andd an

Collection

2008 GSW

Authors

James B. Farison; Zhuocheng Yang

terminology“multidisciplinary engineering programs” is defined as the set of engineering programs with oneof the following program titles (and a few slight variations): Engineering (including GeneralEngineering), Engineering Physics, and Engineering Science(s). An important characteristic thatthese programs have in common is that they do not have “program criteria” that supplement the“general criteria” that apply to the accreditation criteria for all other engineering programs. Thisnew role for ASEE means, among other things, that ASEE now has membership on the ABETEngineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) and is responsible for recruiting andrecommending Program Evaluators (PEVs) to ABET for accreditation visits for multidisciplinaryengineering

Collection

2008 GSW

Authors

Hassan Monghbeli; Khaled Ellithy; F. Koktot; Mahmundul Alam

transmission capacity ▪ Benefits due to released distribution substation capacity ▪ Benefits due to reduced voltage drops (voltage improvement) ▪ Benefits due to released feeder capacity ▪ Benefits due to reduced energy lossesTherefore the total benefits due to installation of capacitor banks can be summarized 4 asgiven in Eq. (1). Proceedings of the 2008 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference The University of New Mexico – Albuquerque Copyright © 2008, American Society for Engineering Education  $ = $ G +$T + $ S + $ F + $ ACE + $GBCE (1) Demand Energy Revenue

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Liao, Wayne State University; Chih-Ping Yeh, Wayne State University; James Sawyer, Macomb Community College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

assembles the simulator which serves as a hands-on experience unit formultidiscipline students enrolled in the HEV technology courses. The virtual HEV simulator notonly enhances the HEV training and education, but also increases students’ interest in the greenmovement of transportation.AcknowledgmentThis work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant number DUE-0501546.References1. Hirose, K., Abe, S., Killmann, G. “Overview of current and future hybrid technology,” Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) paper 2002-33-0016, 2002.2. Ronning, J. and Grant, G. “Global hybrid electric vehicle markets and missions,” SAE paper 1999-01-2946, 1999.3. http://www.macomb.edu/academics/CareerTechEd/HEV/default.asp4

Conference Session

Concluding Thoughts in Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harry Petersen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William Peterson, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

of the internet and supporting programs, many institutions of higher learning areexamining the possibility of offering at least some classes over the internet. Whilecorrespondence courses by mail have been offered for many decades, the immediate responseand information bandwidth of the internet offer the possibility of real-time remote interaction,electronic homework and exams, and instant streaming video and audio not available by mail.With proper support, web-based instruction computer programs such as Desire2Learn (D2L) 1, acommercial classroom management system (similar to Blackboard, etc.), allows remote studentsto password-access materials on their own schedule while requiring online discussions atspecified times, at the instructor‟s

Conference Session

Curriculum in Civil Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Chung-Suk Cho, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2009-1779: INTEGRATING GREEN ENGINEERING INTO AMULTIDISCIPLINARY SEMINAR COURSEDavid Cottrell, University of North Carolina, Charlotte DR. DAVID S. COTTRELL is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1978 and retired in 2000 after more than 22 years of service with the US Army Corps of Engineers. Studies at Texas A&M University resulted in an MS Degree in Civil Engineering in 1987 and a PhD in 1995. He is a registered Professional Engineer and has taught courses in statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, graphic communications, engineering economy, and

Conference Session

Assessment and Continuous Improvement in Electronics and Electrical ET Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; John Irwin, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, analogOutcome 12 and digital electronics, and microcomputers to the building, testing, operation and maintenance of electrical/electronic(s) systems. (ABET 8.a) The application of physics or chemistry to electrical/electronic(s) circuits in a rigorousOutcome 13 mathematical environment at or above the level of algebra and trigonometry. (ABET 8.b) The ability to analyze, design and implement control systems, instrumentation systems,Outcome 14 communication systems or power systems. (ABET 8.c)Outcome 15 The ability to apply project management techniques to electrical/electronic(s) systems. (ABET 8.d) The ability to utilize statistics/ probability, transform methods

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Susan L. Murray

, Page 1.82.1--- --- $&-:} 1996 ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings %,~!!.s~ .— - .... . and work design. Actual examples of successfully incorporated CL activities will be ‘presented and can be briefly grouped as follows: - Synthesize of material - students, either in small groups or the class as a whole, recall what was discussed in a previous lecture or in the assigned readings. “How does this tie-in with what we discussed last time?” - Direct questions - students are asked specific open-ended questions to encourage group discussion. “What are the advantages or disadvantages of this technique?” “How would you sell this to

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

T.R. Hsu; P. Reischl; P. Hsu; J.C. Wang; F. Barez; B.J. Furman; A. Tesfaye

andimplementation of five new courses and a new laboratory. The purpose of the new laboratory is to supportinstruction of two of the five new courses: ME 105 Fundamentals of Mechatronic Systems Engineering andME 190 Electromechanical Systems and Microprocessor Applications.INTRODUCTION “Mechatronics” is a melding of two English words Mechanical and Electronics. The terminology wasfirst used by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of the Japanese government in the early1970’s. The original notion of mechatronics involved the development of automated production of consumer lproducts such as the Canon SLR auto focus camera . The application of this technology was soon extended

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

W. Ernst Eder

exists, and novel designing without ---- s>AS that is outlined in figure 1,uses at least five mappings, the modeling levels shown in the second column. This should make designing morerational and controllable. Pugh’s of concept selection is essentially an evaluation method to compare several proposed solutionsamong each other (and possibly with an ideal solution). It is performed in a discussion-group (team) setting,and therefore allows participants to suggest improvements and alternatives whilst evaluating. Some aspects ofBrainstorming operate during the sessions. Nevertheless, I have indicated the method as an evaluation, placedbetween the horizontal lines