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Displaying results 5551 - 5580 of 23505 in total
Conference Session
Beyond the Capstone: Integrating Authentic Experiences that Promote Learning and Excitement
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jennifer Retherford P.E., The University of Tennessee at Knoxville; Beth Lin Hartmann, Iowa State University; Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo; George A Hunt P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
(BOK) which directly references the capstone experience as an integral part of thetraditional pathway to attain basic skills in (5) “outcomes”. The narrative developed hereinpresents a brief literature review for historic cataloguing of past capstone inventories, describesthe design of a survey inventorying civil engineering and related field senior design coursesacross the country, summarizes the survey responses received, and presents findings on thepreparedness of programs’ ability to formally assess learning aligned with ASCE’s BOKoutcomes.Literature ReviewSenior Design or “Capstone” classes are a culminating academic experience for students,typically, at the end of their academic program. These courses prepare students for workfollowing
Conference Session
Bridging Cultures, Advancing Justice: Fostering Inclusion and Sustainability in Engineering Education
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Minju Lee, University of Connecticut; Davis Chacon-Hurtado, University of Connecticut; Shareen Hertel, University of Connecticut; Sophia Fenn, University of Connecticut
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity
that equipsengineering students with core concepts and methodological tools necessary to analyze the roleof engineering in society, using a Human Rights framework. This paper explores learningoutcomes in an existing course within this curriculum (i.e., “Engineering for Human Rights”)by analyzing original exit survey data from enrolled students. Our survey instrument integratedNew Ecological Paradigm (NEP) statements to assess variation in perceptions of the usefulnessof the course content as it relates to sustainability. The findings of this study have implicationsand suggestions for designing interdisciplinary curricula that integrate engineering,sustainability, and human rights in engineering education.Keywords – Human Rights framework
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Lisa Lebduska; David DiBiasio
Engineering Education: An Integrated Writing andCommunication Program for Materials Engineers.” Journal of Engineering Education, 85:4:343-352.LISA LEBDUSKA is Director of the Center for Communication Across the Curriculum and an adjunct assistantprofessor of writing at WPI. She received her PhD in English from the University of Rhode Island. Her most recentarticle, “Peer Writing Tutors,” will be appear in Student-Assisted Teaching by Anker Publishing, and reflects herresearch in peer tutor training, writing in the disciplines, and technologies of writing.DAVID DIBIASIO is Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering and assessment coordinator for theInterdisciplinary and Global Studies Division at WPI. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from
Conference Session
Problem- and project-based learning in environmental engineering
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Cardenas, Harvey Mudd College; David Wayne Kelley, Department of Geography, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN; Warren Roberts
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
Page 23.642.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 GIS and Introductory Environmental Engineering: A Way to Fold GIS into An Already-Existing CourseThe use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was implemented in the upper-divisionundergraduate technical elective Introduction to Environmental Engineering at Harvey MuddCollege. Students integrated technical engineering skills, newly-learned geographicalinformation system (GIS) skills, and the engineering design process, all in the context of thedesign of a debris flow barrier for a wilderness land parcel acquired by a local conservancygroup.Junior and senior general engineering students, the majority of whom had no experience
Conference Session
Discipline Specific Topics and Techniques
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tasha Zephirin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Catherine G.P. Berdanier, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Suely M. Black, Norfolk State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
Integrated Graduate Research Team in a Complex Interdisciplinary Domain: Preliminary Findings. In: SEFI Annual Conference: Global Engineering Recognition, Sustainability and Mobility. Lisbon, Portugal; 2011:303–307.17. The Design-Based Research Collective. Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educ Res. 2003;32(1):5–8. Page 24.1087.1318. Roco M, Bainbridge W. Converging technologies for improving human performance: Integrating from the nanoscale. J Nanoparticle Res. 2002;4:281–295.19. Borrego M, Cutler S. Constructive alignment of interdisciplinary graduate curriculum in
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
George A. Bohlen; Donna C.S. Summers
course. A team taught course should be just that: team taught. An important lesson to learn is that professorsshould regularly attend each others classes or at the very least meet regularly to ensure course coordination.According to their evaluations, students felt professors must work diligently to integrate and coordinate theirlectures. As mentioned before, the professors could see distinct advantages to attending each others classes.Meeting outside of class to structure the syllabus is important but true integration can only occur if bothprofessors are in class to add insight to the topic under discussion. Of course this will require the mutualrespect of the faculty participants to ensure that no one faculty member becomes the dominant
Conference Session
Real-Time and Embedded Systems Education
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Henry Chaya
8051microprocessor in our curriculum. My recommendation to the curriculum committee is to placethe present course after the introductory microprocessor course. Then the course couldeffectively cover C programming for the 8051. This would better integrate the course into thecurriculum, and give students a marketable skill. However, if the course must remain where it is,then I would continue to use the OOPic.Further Information About the OOPicThe web site www.oopic.com offers complete documentation on the OOPic including tutorialsand sample projects.Henry ChayaHenry Chaya is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Manhattan College in RiverdaleNew York. His professional interests include robotics and automation, artificial
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Education and Workforce Development Challenges
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven D. Hart, U.S. Military Academy; Ledlie Klosky, U.S. Military Academy, West Point; Joseph P. Hanus, U.S. Military Academy; Karl F. Meyer, U.S. Military Academy; Jason Allen Toth; Morgan Reese, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
inthis paper) and geomatics. At that time, the infrastructure course was envisioned as includingwater and wastewater, solid waste and basic transportation, topics not covered elsewhere in thecurriculum due to our large and humanities-heavy core requirements. As part of this initial refit,it was thought that dynamics and electrical engineering would be covered in a consolidatedcourse, and we would work with the electrical engineering department to ensure that some powerand power distribution content, considered essential, would be included in the consolidatedcourse. By 2010, West Point’s Civil Engineering Program had undergone an ABET visit andconsiderable further work had been done on the curriculum reform, and the results of that workwere
Conference Session
Track 4: Technical Session 7: An exploration of the relationship between physical, social, and emotional resource access and the development of engineering identity and belonging
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Anne-Marie C.A. Zamor, Rowan University; Justin Charles Major, Rowan University
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
Paper ID #45136An exploration of the relationship between physical, social, and emotionalresource access and the development of engineering identity and belongingAnne-Marie C.A. Zamor, Rowan UniversityDr. Justin Charles Major, Rowan University Dr. Justin C. Major (they/them) is an Assistant Professor of Experiential Engineering Education at Rowan University where they leads ASPIRE Lab (Advancing Student Pathways through Inequality Research in Engineering). Justin’s research focuses on low-income students, engineering belonging and marginalization mechanisms, adverse childhood experiences, and feminist approaches to EER, and
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Wil Clouse; Terry Goodin
theschoolhouse on the first day is now gone. Students are taught discrete, integral conceptswith very little attachment to the learning style or framework of the learner. Therefore,most ideas are taught in an abstract way, with students trying to memorize enoughinformation to pass the six-weeks exam and the final exam at the end of the year. Rotememory is the order of the day.By the time the student reaches the university level, he or she has learned how to "workthe system." Courses quite often become more structured, focused upon a single domainor discipline, and so may be termed “uni-disciplinary.” For the sake of explanation, let’simagine four illustrious professors, Drs. Volt, Outerspace, Thermostat and Gene. Dr.Volt is an internationally known
Conference Session
Educating Graduates in Engineering for a Flat World
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Douglas Matson, Tufts University
Tagged Divisions
International
ability to apply previously learned theories to solve unanticipatedproblems14.Continuity is particularly important as it relates to engineering education. The National Academyof Engineering’s (NAE) recent report, The Engineer of 202015, suggests a necessary paradigmshift in engineering education, redirecting the focus to better prepare engineers for theanticipated challenges of the future; globalization, sustainability, complexity, and adaptability16.Incorporation of international service-learning projects into an engineering curriculum provides afeasible mechanism of accomplishing this goal. As a progressive form of experiential education,service-learning is based on Dewey’s model insofar as service-learning projects will inevitablytrigger new
Conference Session
Graduate Education Expectations, Preparation, and Pathways
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Maya Denton, University of Texas at Austin; Maura J. Borrego, University of Texas at Austin; Chi-Ning Chang, University of Kansas; Audrey Boklage, University of Texas at Austin; Raymundo Arroyave, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Ph.D. are from Stanford University, and her B.S. is from University of Wisconsin-Madison.Dr. Chi-Ning Chang, University of Kansas Chi-Ning Chang (Ph.D., Texas AM University) is an Assistant Research Professor at the Life Span In- stitute at the University of Kansas. His research work centers on engineering graduate education, STEM motivation and diversity, and quantitative methods. He was a graduate researcher in several STEM ed- ucation projects funded by the NRT (National Science Foundation Research Traineeship) program and NSF-AGEP (Alliances for Graduate Education and the Professoriate) program.Dr. Audrey Boklage, University of Texas at Austin Audrey Boklage is research assistant and director of the curriculum
Conference Session
Simulation and Programming
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Guanghsu A. Chang, Western Carolina University; Wesley L. Stone, Western Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
vision, simulation and off-line programming. Actually, robot hands-on experience plays a key role in engineeringeducation. It is an effective tool for student learning, as well as for encouraging participation inclass learning and in research outside the classroom. In general, industrial robot programmingsubject can be integrated with the MET curriculum in three different ways: (1) for manufacturingautomation class that is specifically designed to teach students how to program differentindustrial robots; (2) for Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) class that is designed toteach students how to integrate industrial robots into a production system; (3) for advanced levelprogramming classes or other specific topics such as robotic simulation
Conference Session
Student Division Technical Session 1: Student Experiences and Support
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katelyn Churakos, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Jayden Mitchell, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Jessica E S Swenson, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
Tagged Divisions
Student Division (STDT)
integration of aspects commonly found in English and socialscience classes that the OEMP introduces into the engineering curriculum, allowing students tointegrate free-response prompts into an engineering context. Furthermore, both students discusstheir reliance on research skills gained from English and social science courses while navigatingthe OEMP: Jayden: I would say in high school I learned a lot of researching skills, specifically in English class, but past that, the only other place I got to develop researching skills was in space mission design or during my internship. Katelyn: I’ve been developing research skills since high school. I took two AP English classes, where I was introduced to literature research
Collection
2000 Annual Conference
Authors
G Kohli; S P Maj; D Veal
approach to teaching computerand network technology fails to meet the expectations of students from a rangeof disciplines. Accordingly a new curriculum was designed to meet this demand.This paper presents details of this new curriculum and suggests that thisrepresents an opportunity for a closer cooperation in the development ofcomputer technology and multi-media education.1. IntroductionMulti-media is a term that has been in use for many years. It refers to thepresentation of information in two or more of formats: text, graphics, animation,video or audio 1. Digital technologies have facilitated major changes in multi-media presentations. Digital storage media now allow multi-media productions
Conference Session
Distance and Web-Based Learning in ET: Part I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sohail Anwar, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona College; Jane LeClair, Excelsior College; Arnie Peskin, Excelsior College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
]. Traditional and non-traditional colleges and universities are now using a variety ofinstruction tools to deliver on-line instruction to their students. WebCT is an on-line tool thatfacilitates the development of web-based educational environments. In the case of ExcelsiorCollege, delivery of instruction is achieved primarily through the use of WebCT distancelearning tool. The key features of WebCT are listed in [4] and [5].The curriculum for Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology (withconcentrations in electronics, power systems, and nanotechnology) being developed by Excelsior Page 15.420.4College is presented in Figure 1. This
Conference Session
Beyond the Capstone: Integrating Authentic Experiences that Promote Learning and Excitement
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Andrew C. Brown P.E., The University of Auckland; Hugh Watson Morris, University of Auckland, NZ
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
teaching and research interests in earthquake engineering and timber buildings. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020Development and Implementation of a Final Year Civil Engineering Capstone Project – Successes, Lessons Learned, and Path Forward1 Introduction and Overview of the Capstone ProjectThis paper covers the development and implementation of a final year Civil Engineering CapstoneProject at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The Capstone project is based on a CivilEngineering design office experience, and allows students to experience authentic involvementwith a real-world, open-ended project. Students integrate their technical knowledge by workingin teams to deliver an
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
Gregory L. Moss
Session 3548 An Advanced Digital Systems Course: ASICs and HCPLDs Gregory L. Moss Purdue University Abstract Industry analysts predict that application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) will be the primary mediumfor the design of electronic products by the turn of the century. We are in the midst of an ASIC revolution.Many basic product objectives may be unattainable without using ASICs. ASICs provide many system designbenefits including improvements in
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 3
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Andrew Wilkerson P.E., York College of Pennsylvania; Yargo Teixeira Gomes de Melo, York College of Pennsylvania; Alex Suarez, York College of Pennsylvania
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)
presents a selection of thestudent's pertinent research, while primarily chronicling the student's developmental journeyand evolution throughout the process.An integral part of this project was to discern, articulate, and measure the learning outcomesachieved by the student. Although the project was driven by an end goal, it expanded the scopeof what is traditionally encountered in an undergraduate engineering curriculum. The endeavorhighlighted that success hinged not solely on technical acumen but also on the ability tonavigate complex interpersonal dynamics and organizational challenges. The student emergedas a leader, addressing numerous unforeseen issues. Securing funding, acquiring specificmaterials, and garnering support from corporate
Conference Session
Engineering Leadership Skills Development Across the Undergraduate-to-Workforce Transition
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Dena Lang, Pennsylvania State University; Travis Gehr; Meg Handley, Pennsylvania State University; John Jongho Park, Pennsylvania State University; Andrew Michael Erdman, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Leadership Development
, President’s Club, Nittany Lion Club. He hasbeen honored with a LMC Leadership Award, GE Phillippe Award, PSEAS Outstanding service award,Jaycee International Senatorship, and an ESM Centennial Fellowship. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 An Evaluation of an Engineering Leadership Development Program Based on Alumni Job Placement & Career ProgressionAbstractThis is a ‘work-in-progress’ paper and is appropriate for the ‘Inform’ topic area. Leadershipdevelopment programs have become an integral part of the engineering curriculum in order tomeet the professional development needs of our graduates as well
Conference Session
Professional Development for Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julie Fogarty, California State University, Sacramento; Corinne Lardy, California State University, Sacramento
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
hold an undergraduate degree in a STEM field and may not even befamiliar with the acronym. This preliminary study evaluates the impact of an After SchoolSTEM service learning course on undergraduate preservice teachers (PSTs). This course wasdesigned with the broad goal to engage undergraduates who are thinking about becomingteachers (going on to a credential program after graduation) in a service learning course in whichthey engage in a pre-credential field experience. As part of this experience, undergraduates learnabout STEM integration in teaching and STEM based activities, and then teach those activities toelementary students in local after school programs. The main research questions for this studyinclude: A) How did the service learning
Collection
2010 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Dave Sly; Daniel Bumblauskas; Frank Peters
these positions included those in the followingindustries. • Consulting • Industrial Tooling, Machines, • Industrial/Agricultural Equipment Automation, Manufacturing (graders, tractors, etc) • Transportation • Systems Integrators • IT Services (Technology) • Industrial Chemicals and Supplies • Energy/Utilities • Contractors and HVAC Suppliers The Industrial Engineering committee reviewed the companies that were hiring COE graduates for sales and marketing positions. Prior ISU graduates at these companies, or companies in similar industries, were asked to participate on an engineering sales
Collection
2020 ASEE North Central Section conference
Authors
Deanna H Matthews, Carnegie Mellon University; Shuchen Cong, Carnegie Mellon University
and climate, and engineering education and policy. She received her B.S.E. in Civil Engineering from Duke University and her M.S. and Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University.Ms. Shuchen Cong, Carnegie Mellon University American c Society for Engineering Education, 2020 An Engineering Capstone Course From Multiple PerspectivesIntroductionAn engineering capstone course serves as the culminating experience of an engineering student’sundergraduate curriculum. The EPP Projects course, the capstone for the Engineering and PublicPolicy additional major program, has provided decades of students – both undergraduate anddoctoral
Collection
2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference
Authors
Harold R Underwood, Messiah College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Integrated Projects Curriculum. His on-going project interests include improving flight track- ing and messaging systems for small planes in remote locations and developing assistive communication technology for those with cognitive and behavioral challenges such as high-functioning autism or PTSD. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Telemetry Project For an Introductory Communications Systems Course Harold R. Underwood1 1 Associate Professor, Engineering Department at Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, PAAbstractAdvances in electronic communications technology require corresponding innovations in
Conference Session
Tech Session 3: Emerging Trends in Engineering Education: AI, Clean Energy, and Curriculum Design
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gonzalo Fagalde, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andres Bello; Elizabeth Ginette Garrido-Ramírez, Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello; Sebastián Lira Zúñiga, Andres Bello University, Chile. Center for Sustainability Research.; Genaro Zavala, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico; Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering & Sustainability Division (ENVIRON)
structured prerequisite enforcement and academicsupport programs. Introducing mandatory prerequisite sequences for mathematics and physicscourses could mitigate delays in student progression. Additionally, academic supportmechanisms such as targeted tutoring and summer-intensive courses for at-risk students mayenhance retention. Future curriculum updates should integrate these strategies to improve studentoutcomes and program efficiency. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of ProcessMining as an analytical tool for curriculum evaluation, offering insights that can inform data-driven educational policy decisions.ConclusionsThis analysis provides a comprehensive perspective on the challenges students face in theiracademic progression and
Conference Session
Reimagining Engineering Information Literacy: Novel Perspectives on Integration, Assessment, Competencies & Information Use
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Margaret Phillips, Saginaw Valley State University; Sarah Lucchesi, Michigan Technological University; Jennifer Sams, Michigan Technological University; Paul J. Van Susante, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
Science from the University of Illinois. She started at Michigan Technological University in the Fall of 2012 as an Instruction & Learning Librarian.Dr. Paul J. van Susante, Michigan Technological University Dr. van Susante received his BSc and MSc in Civil Engineering from Delft University of Technology. He was invited to do research at the Colorado School of Mines and received a MSc and PhD in Engineering Systems (Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering hybrid). He started at Michigan Technological University in Fall 2012 as a lecturer in Mechanical Engineering and has been focused on teaching junior and senior engineering design classes as well as educational and curriculum development. He is coordi- nator
Conference Session
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Engineering Alignment with Core Curriculum (Physics)
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Pamalee A. Brady, California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo; Jennifer H. Rushing, Central Coast New Tech High
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Physics & Physics, Pre-College Engineering Education Division
 Goldberg machine design ­ Team 2  Conclusions  The incorporation of notebooks in a physics high school classroom served to support the integration of engineering in the physics curriculum.  The notebooks provided evidence of the key indicators essential for successful implementation of engineering in a science classroom as  17​identified by Kersten​  – design process, STEM content, engineering thinking and engineering communication.  They served as an effective tool for guiding the engineering design process and for stimulating the self­directed learning and authentic assessments that are the goals of PBL curricula.    In contrast with the project results of the previous year during which engineering design notebooks were not
Collection
1997 Annual Conference
Authors
Mogens Henriksen
: each program must satisfy the applicable program criteria.As was the case with the “old criteria,” C2000 is designed to ensure the development of thestudents’ professional competencies. Design and problem solving skills remain criticalobjectives. Other required subject matter includes mathematics and basic sciences; however, thegeneral criteria do not prescribe specific mathematical topics, leaving such specifications in theprogram criteria. The criteria continue to stress communication skills, multidisciplinaryteamwork, ethics, and an understanding of engineering practice in the context of society. Finally,the curriculum should lay the foundation for lifelong learning
Conference Session
Enhancing Engineering Management
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Liana Bayatyan, Baruch College, City University of New York (CUNY); S. Jimmy Gandhi, California State University, Northridge
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
, itbecomes evident that it is pertinent for the organizations to adopt an organizational culture thatwill foster well-developed means of communication, strive for development as well as flexibilityin order to adapt well to the environmental trends. In both instances one could gain acomparative advantage in adaptation to environmental trends such as market trends competitors,technological developments, economic climate etc. that are crucial for the success of anorganization. The authors will use the above logic to explain to engineering managers the need toincorporate more psychological concepts into the EM curriculum so as to understand how tobetter the organization as an entity and to improve its organizational strength
Conference Session
Investigating Alternative-energy Concepts
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Peter Mark Jansson, Rowan University; Ulrich Schwabe, Rowan University; Kevin Bellomo - Whitten, Rowan University; Jonathan Bucca, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
, students were to determine (if existent) the efficiency gains of the newamorphous type modules in contrast to the mono-crystalline modules on the same roof.BackgroundThe New Jersey state school Rowan University’s College of Engineering (CoE) has made aname for itself in large part due to working hand in hand with industrial affiliates from aroundthe world. When the CoE was created thanks to a healthy endowment by an industry magnate,one of the most important aspects that the university wanted to integrate into its curriculum was alarge amount of practical experience for its students. Not only would this keep things interestingbut would also prepare them well for their future. The most important way this was done was byintroducing what is now