Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Joseph Balz, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Ashley Bernal, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; William A. Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Jessica Livingston, Rose-Hulman Institute of technology; Stephen Michael Misak, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

theprogram. In addition, an Advisory Board, consisting of a larger, diverse group of faculty andstudents who have participated in a previous MIH project, provides input on funding for eachproject and suggests professors to advise each project.Each quarter, an open forum is held for students to discuss the details of the projects that areavailable for the following quarter. In addition, a guest speaker is invited to help inspire thestudents by discussing the importance of helping others. After the open forum, students fill out anapplication form in which they rank their top project choices and write a paragraph stating thereasons they are motivated to work on the project. Faculty members on the advisory board rankthe students using these paragraphs

Conference Session

The Best of First-Year Programs Division

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Madeline Polmear, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nathan E. Canney, Seattle University; Chris Swan, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

study asked individuals to indicate the ethics topics thatthey taught in one or more of their courses (18 topics were identified, an additional “other” wasprovided with a space to write-in; “no topics” was also an option). For any individuals whoselected one or more topics), this was followed by a question where respondents indicated all ofthe types of courses where they taught these topics (9 options provided and “other”); results aresummarized in Table 2. Among the survey respondents, 71 only reported teaching these topics infirst-year courses (either first-year introductory course and/or a first-year design course) and noother types of courses. On average, four different ethics related topics were reported by eachinstructor of these first

Conference Session

Flipped, Blended, Online, Oh My

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Cora Martinez, Florida International University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Lili Steiner, Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Mathcad. 7. Discover the best techniques to perform curve fitting in Excel and Mathcad. 8. Efficiently use Excel for statistical analysis. 9. Solve nonlinear equations using iterative solution methods in Excel and Mathcad. 10. Solve optimization problems using Excel Solver and using Solve Blocks in Mathcad. 11. Identify the basic elements of programming and write user defined functions in Excel and simple codes in Mathcad. 12. Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of the software, Excel or Mathcad, in the solution of different engineering problems.Course Components:CGN 2420 - Computer Tools in Engineering- has two major units: ● Unit I: Excel Tool and Applications. This unit is divided in five modules distributed in

Conference Session

Research Methods

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Karen Hazel Washburn Washburn, Utah State University; Indhira María Hasbún, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

a search using the terms “culturally 1responsive” in peer-reviewed qualitative methodology journals such as Qualitative Inquiry andInternational Journal of Qualitative Methods. If a validation strategy related to culturalresponsiveness appeared in two or more articles, we discussed its application to Walther et al.’sframework and to engineering educational research in general. We then included it in our review.However, this review is not intended to be an exhaustive search or comprehensive systematicreview on validation strategies, and thus there may have been validation strategies that wemissed due to our limited search methods

Conference Session

Architectural Division Technical Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University; Ismail Megri; Sameer Hamoush P.E., North Carolina A&T State University; Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh P.E.

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering

their hands feel when they touch hot vs. cold items (such as stainless steel pot).  Have students draw or write about how their hands feel when in contact with a hot surface vs. in contact with a cold surface.  Discuss with students how the heat from a hot surface is transferred to their hands when their hands are in contact with such surface.  Explain how some materials let heat through more easily than others. These are called good ‘conductors’ of heat. The heat travels or ‘conducts’ through the material. The glass should have felt the hottest because it is the best conductor of heat. Insulation materials, such as polystyrene felt the coolest, because it is a poor conductor of heat.Convection

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Ethics Instruction

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn Bowers, Gonzaga University; Ellen M. Maccarone, Gonzaga University; George D. Ricco, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

 optimization for domain ranking improvement   ● A web app for supporting student peer evaluations of work within academic courses  ● A mobile app to reduce medical waste in hospitals by providing a mechanism to resale  unused medical devices among hospitals  ● A mobile app for a ski resort that allows users to track their vertical feet skied and other  skiing statistics, a leaderboard that ranks skiers on their statistics, a social share feature  (via Facebook) to post and comment on accomplishments, and a push­notification service  ● A novel distributed hash­table implementation for secure file sharing (designed to  support distributed certificate authorities)  ● A web app that monitors energy and water

Conference Session

Evaluation: Diversity in K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Baguio, University of Texas at Austin; Wallace T. Fowler P.E., University of Texas, Austin; Susana Ramirez, PSJA ISD; Judit Györgyey Ries, The University of Texas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

in Science" camps (survey respondents ranged from 8 to 32 per camp with median = 21); • 9 "Solar System Adventures" camps (survey respondents ranged from 13 to 25 per camp with median=19); • 7 "Engineering" camps (survey respondents ranged from 12 to 25 per camp with median =23); Page 26.9.7 • 1 "Robotics" camp (survey respondents were 15 girls); and • 7 "Rocketry" camps (survey respondents ranged from 9 to 28 per camp with median =21). NASA Theme Activities Students Identified As Their "Favorite”Camp Name Number writing a description Number of different Most popular

Conference Session

Design Pedagogy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elissa T. Morris, Texas A&M University; Daniel A. McAdams, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

observe 21. Students are told to write down their observations and share their thoughts withthe class. Because no wrong answer exists, all plausible observations are respected. However,students are encouraged to critique the observations of their peers and propose alternativesolutions based on the class discussion. The professor does not lecture on the topic. Instead, thestudents are the main contributors to learning while the professor gently guides the investigativeclass discussion following a prepared script. A lesson script example can be seen in 21. Asstudents begin to ask more questions, a more detailed analysis is achieved. While this particularexample is focused on biology, the inquiry-based learning module can be modified to address

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chaomin Luo, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

ideas with peers, instructors, and computer administrators. Students discover that this team-based project with training interpersonal skills provides students with more communication opportunities. There are plenty of team meetings, in which students discuss a variety of algorithm development, software design and system integration aspects of this project. Students realize that this student-centered, research-featured, team-interactive and instructor-facilitated learning atmosphere is remarkably helpful for engineering leaning experience of student research. Students recognize that this multi-stage project encourages their full involvement to conduct

Conference Session

Problem- Project- and Case-based Learning in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paula Ann Monaco, Texas Tech University; Maeghan Marie Brundrett, Texas Tech University; Dylan Christenson, Texas Tech University; Kevin A. Nguyen, Texas Tech University; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

students with deadlines allowing for development ofstudent project and time management skills. Peer and self evaluations were due at the end of thesemester providing students with the opportunity to assess how they perceived each groupmember performed throughout the course. Group evaluations focused on teamwork and groupcommunication during the semester.Project updates were given by student teams bimonthly, totaling six updates, throughout thesemester allowing students the opportunity to develop their oral skills. Project updates were fiveminute presentations covering the team’s progress and the next tasks the teams would addressregarding the proposed upgrades to the WWTP. Project updates were given to faculty membersin a conference room setting

Conference Session

Identity and Engineering: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gerhard Sonnert, Science Education Department, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics; Philip Michael Sadler, Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

DiscussionSignificant differences were found in male and female engineering students’ indicated out-of-school interests or experiences during grades 9-12 of high school (Table 2). More male studentsreported tinkering with mechanical or electrical devices, reading or watching science fiction,playing computer/video games, and writing computer programs or designing web pages. Morefemale students reported interacting with the natural world and participating in sciencegroups/clubs/camps. There were no significant differences by gender in engaging withchemistry, taking care of animals, participating in science/math competitions, reading orwatching non-fiction science, and talking with friends or family about science. Many math andscience competitions or programs

Conference Session

Measurement and Instrumentation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudia Elena Vergara, Michigan State University; Michael Cavanaugh, Michigan State University; Subashini Nagendran Sivakumar, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Thomas David Dionise, Michigan State University; Abdol-Hossein Esfahanian, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan Technological University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Algorithmic Thinking & Programming Appropriate documentation of the design and use of high level Use top-down design, and refinement to descriptions of the solution before writing code (e.g use of develop algorithms flowcharts). Selection of computational tools (e.g., Selection of the most appropriate computational tool to implement programming language, software the best solution. functions or features). Limitations of Information Technology Estimating of inputs and outputs Estimating of

Conference Session

Survey and Assessment Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Menold Menold, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Purdue Universities and a member of Tau Beta Pi.Dr. Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Paper ID #11853Matthew W. Ohland is Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University. He has degrees fromSwarthmore College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Florida. His research on thelongitudinal study of engineering students, team assignment, peer evaluation, and active and collaborativeteaching methods has been supported by over $14.5 million from the National Science Foundation andthe Sloan Foundation and his team received Best Paper awards from the

Conference Session

Software and Programming

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krista M. Hill, University of Hartford; Ying Yu, University of Hartford

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

involve small system design, signal processing, and intelligent instrumentation.Dr. Ying Yu, University of Hartford Dr. Ying Yu received her B.Eng. from Fudan University, Shanghai, China, in 2000. She received her M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Brown University, R.I., USA, in 2003 and 2007, respec- tively. Currently, she is teaching as an associate professor of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Hartford. Her current research interests are audio and speech signal processing, acoustic scene classification, speaker identification and verification, promoting diversity and inclusion in the academic environment, and teaching with new educational methods, including peer

Conference Session

Hands-on Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aurenice Menezes Oliveira, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

)Students pair with one designed as the explainer and the other as the questioner. The explainersoutline the assignment goal (solve case studies, complex problems, or interpret text) and thenbegin detailed descriptions of how they should work on the assignment. The questioners listenand can also ask questions. At a given point, the students reverse roles and the process continuesuntil the assignment is concluded.16 Page 26.1372.4ii. Think-Pair-ShareThe instructor poses a problem and has the students think about it individually for a short time.The thinking time can also be used to write the response. The students then form pairs and sharetheir

Conference Session

Pipeline and Performance in BME Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington; Lucy L. Pick, University of Washington; Alyssa Catherine Taylor, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

guest instructors duringlunch. As a culminating end-of-camp activity, students worked in teams to design solutions tocurrent problems in global health and presented their projects to peers and guests.Students provided both quantitative and qualitative assessment of the camp through pre- andpost-camp surveys. Student assessment data indicate that the camp was effective in increasingstudents’ self-assessed knowledge about science and engineering and the bioengineering field,and the camp increased the participants’ desire to attend college at the host institution in thefuture. Students enjoyed the team project of designing a solution to a problem in global health.As student assessment indicates that the camp was an enjoyable and effective

Conference Session

New Teaching Pedagogies: Methods and Assessments

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luz Adriana Amaya-Bower, Central State Connecticut University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

second part. This structure did not allow for an effective way ofcomparing the tools between Excel and Matlab. Currently, the class is taught by topics. Inaddition, the assignments were modified to follow the new structure. Problems are taken fromeach book and then combined so students can follow the same methodology as in the class. Thenext change was to modify the method of homework collection. Initially, homework wascollected via email and the student received feedback in writing. It was observed that in manycases that the student neither reviewed their errors nor the provided feedback. Now theassignments are revised by the instructor in each student’s computer which allows immediatefeedback. The final change was to modify the classroom

Conference Session

Civic Engagement and Volunteerism in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shoba Krishnan, Santa Clara University; Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

collaborative learning with peers and others through one or more of the following: working cooperatively with other students in class, observing and participating in the contemporary ramifications of various types of civic life or civic discourse, or working with civic organizations beyond the walls of the University.At most universities, the path to meet the civic engagement requirement is often found inservice-learning or community service programs organized in the social science or humanitiesdepartments. However, as a profession, engineering has incredible potential to promote andimprove the quality of life for both individuals and communities. Further, engineering projectsare required to meet codes, standards, and

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noah Salzman, Boise State University; Louis Nadelson, Utah State University; Rick Ubic, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

describing their project at a statewide conference onundergraduate research.Participants in the Materials for Energy and Sustainability REU/RET program interacted withother undergraduate student researchers via the university’s interdisciplinary summer researchcommunity that included three other REU programs along with summer research scholarshiprecipients. Activities sponsored by the summer research community included a seminar serieswhere participants had the opportunity to present their work to their peers, and general interestacademic workshops focused on topics like communication skills or preparing for the GRE andapplying to graduate school. The summer research community also sponsored a series of socialevents such as rafting trips or going to

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Faculty Perspectives and Training

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sam Spiegel, Colorado School of Mines; Stephanie Ann Claussen, Colorado School of Mines; Renee Falconer, Colorado School of Mines; Allison G. Caster, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Aurora, CO, where I found that my true passion was in explaining problem- solving skills and the workings of nature to those with varied interests. I joined the Teaching Faculty at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, CO in 2012, where I teach and write new lecture and lab curriculum for General Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Thermodynamics. There, I have been truly inspired by the bright and motivated students that fill our campus. Like many Coloradans, I enjoy as much hiking and camping in the beautiful Rocky Mountains as I can fit into my schedule, a little bit of skiing, as well as listening to and performing music. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016Insights into

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn W. Berne, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

explores the intersecting realms of emerging technologies, science, fiction and myth, and the links between the human and non-human worlds. Her academic research and writing span considerations of ethics in biotechnology, nanotechnol- ogy, and reproductive technology, with two academic books, numerous conference papers and journal articles published under her name. She has also written in the genre of science fiction, and published award-winning books in the body-mind-spirit genre about her encounters with horses. She has taught courses in Nanotechnology Ethics and Policy; Gender Issues and Ethics in the New Reproductive Tech- nologies; Religion and Technology; STS & Engineering Practice; The Engineer, Ethics, and

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emad W. Jassim, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Blake Everett Johnson, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Manufacturability course (ME 350)was moved to the sophomore year and renumbered as ME 270 to have a required hands-ondesign experience in all four years of the curriculum. Because of the longitudinal nature of thetask, the team also decided to address other identified opportunities in the curriculum, such asimproving technical writing instruction and team skills.As a result, students began to see common graphics for the design process for each course in thesequence. The team began their development of the curriculum by formulating a unified designprocess flowchart for use in all courses. While students in the formative courses may not beexpected to memorize the design process flowchart, by the time they have reached their capstonecourse, they will have

Conference Session

Student Approaches to Problem Solving

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jessica E. S. Swenson, University at Buffalo; Aaron W. Johnson, University of Colorado Boulder; Mary Rola, University at Buffalo; Hoda Koushyar

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

helpful in refining this specific OEMP assignment and developing generalguidelines for writing OEMPs on any topic. If multiple students are not making reasonable, well-justified assumptions, this suggests that the problem should be redesigned to provide morescaffolding that helps students make more realistic assumptions or more explicitly prompts themto write out their justifications. Second, having students metacognitively reflect on their ownassumptions is an important factor in their development of engineering judgment. Byunderstanding what assumptions students are making and the impact these have on design,instructors can highlight productive beginnings of engineering judgment and help studentsunderstand when they have made assumptions that

Conference Session

Information Literacy in First-year Courses and Co-curricular Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Evie Cordell, Northeastern University; Alissa P. Link Cilfone, Northeastern University; Susan F. Freeman, Northeastern University; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University; Brooke Davis Williams, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

Paper ID #29200A First Year Engineering Information Literacy Workshop to IncreaseStudent Awareness of Research DatabasesMs. Evie Cordell MSLIS, Northeastern University Evie Cordell is the First Year Experience and Undergraduate Engagement Librarian at Northeastern Uni- versity. She is the liaison to the Writing Program, General Studies Program, Explore Program, ContiNUe Program, NUi.n. and several other First Year Programs at Northeastern University. She also serves on the First Pages (Northeastern University’s common reads program) committee and is a member of the FUNL (First Generation, Undocumented, Low-Income) Network

Conference Session

ChE Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Krantz, National University of Singapore

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

whom English is not their first language. As such, many of these students are more reticentand less outgoing than typical U.S. students. Interestingly, components of effective publicspeaking such as maintaining good eye contact, lightening up a talk with humor, or ‘dressing forthe occasion’ can be difficult to implement for students from some cultures.In writing this paper the author had some difficulty in deciding in which voice to write the paper;that is, whether to consider the reader to be a student, who might be taking this Workshop, or aneducator, who might be faced with coordinating a similar workshop. The end result was acompromise between the choices. Hence, parts of this paper that deal with the creation of thewebsite for this

Conference Session

Cognitive and Motivational Issues in Student Performance II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Froyd, Texas A&M University; Larissa Pchenitchnaia, Texas A&M University; Debra Fowler, Texas A&M University; Nancy Simpson, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

understand how their students learn and how to help their students develop critical thinking skills.Nancy Simpson, Texas A&M University Dr. Nancy Simpson is Director of the Center for Teaching Excellence at Texas A&M University. She has over fifteen years of experience in teaching college mathematics and has worked in the field of faculty development since 1991. In addition to extensive experience in working with faculty at TAMU to improve teaching, Dr. Simpson has worked with national faculty development initiatives including the Wakonse Foundation's Conference on College Teaching and the Pew-Funded Peer Review of Teaching Project. Dr. Simpson is author of several journal articles

Conference Session

Curriculum Reform with Cooperative Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Cates, University of Cincinnati; Kettil Cedercreutz, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

peers. Still a university is producing college graduates everyyear as its primary product. Every year business and industry hires, or choosesnot to hire, those graduates.Yet in many colleges and universities today the external focus can be found onlyin the attempts to recruit new students with the conviction that the student is thecustomer. While this is true, the student is the customer / client but also theproduct. The student enters the university as one person and, assuming all goesas planned, leave as a changed individual who will now be employed by industry.Faculties are uncomfortable with the concept of “student as customer” or“employer as customer” but this is no different that the health care industry thatstruggles with the concept of

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogies 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Harry B Santoso, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

inthe improved group reported a significant improvement in planning, monitoring, and regulatingstrategies. On the other hand, those in the declined group showed a lower awareness of all SRLskills at the end of semester. Furthermore, the findings revealed an improvement in students’conceptual understanding. This article will also discuss the potential implications for electriccircuit concepts instruction.Keywords: Electric circuit concepts, enhanced guided notes (EGN), self-regulated learning(SRL)1. IntroductionA growing body of literature suggests that classroom activity generally does not stimulatestudents to actively engage in learning1, 2. Specifically in engineering education, manyinstructors focus on writing engineering formulas and

Conference Session

Training and Support for NEEs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vishwas Narayan Bedekar, University of Arkansas; John DUPE Lee, University of Arkansas; Douglas E. Spearot, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

) management in a very large class, (2)syllabus content and (3) balancing teaching and research responsibilities. In addition, Prof.Spearot worked with the Department of Mechanical Engineering staff to develop a formalevaluation survey for Mr. John Lee.In preparation for the fall 2012 semester, Prof. Spearot involved Mr. Lee in every decisionrelated to the management of the large course, including writing of the course syllabus, decisionsrelated to the weight provided to each assignment and exams in the course, week-by-weekplanning of course topics and homework problems, and determination of homework and examdates. Prof. Spearot and Mr. Lee developed a strategy to manage homework submission,homework distribution to the graders, and drill session

Conference Session

Diversity Redefined: Nontraditional Views in Traditional Environments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary W. Behm, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); Antonio Francisco Mondragon, Rochester Institute of Technology/CINVESTAV

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

multiple methods simultaneously (e.g., presenting PowerPoint slides while writing on the whiteboard) in an effort to be as thorough as possible and reach a wider range of learning styles. The utilization of multiple learning tools presented in concert means that the students are no longer focused exclusively on the teacher. Their visual attention is divided between all of the different sources of information. However, hearing students are still engaged with teachers through spoken language. This is problematic for deaf and hard-of-hearing students for numerous reasons as previously noted. o Different sources of information being presented are