Conference Session

Educating Graduates in Engineering for a Flat World

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Douglas Matson, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

International

evaluation of the educational benefits of service-learning projects byfocusing on one case study. The most recent endeavor of the Tufts University Engineers WithoutBorders (EWB) Chapter involved a Green Building Initiative in Ecuador. During the summer of2007, six students accompanied by a professor embarked on a month-long project in HaciendaPicalqui and El Cristal, Ecuador. During the project, students evaluated their own skill sets byfilling out Pre-Travel, Post Travel, and Post-Post Travel surveys and reflected daily on events,health and progress. Comparisons of the Pre and Post-Travel surveys verify substantialadvancement in leadership, teamwork, communication and problem solving skills; however, dueto the debatable reliability of self

Conference Session

Student Division Development of Professional Skills Technical Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marissa Capobianco, The College of New Jersey; Courtney June Faber, University of Tennessee

Tagged Divisions

Student

teachers, because it helpsteachers think through all the necessary pieces of teaching an exemplary lesson. Knowing howpreservice teachers write lesson plans will inform the support that teacher preparation programsprovide. For this study, data was collected from a group of junior level STEM educationpreservice teachers to understand their lesson plan writing process. Specifically, we wanted toknow where preservice teachers struggled in the process. To accomplish this goal, we collectedthe preservice teachers’ lesson plans, reflections, log of their steps, and screen capture video.Because the data collection was coupled with the preservice teachers’ class and we did not wantto interfere with the course, we were not able to collect a full set of

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Ann Shannon, Iowa State University; Sara Kaye Jones; Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

Electrical and Computer Engineering at Iowa State University. He has been working on better understanding of students’ learning and aspects of tech- nological and engineering philosophy and literacy. In particular how such literacy and competency are reflected in curricular and student activities. His interests also include Design and Engineering, the human side of engineering, new ways of teaching engineering in particular Electromagnetism and other classes that are mathematically driven. His research and activities also include on avenues to connect Product Design and Engineering Education in a synergetic way. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Designing a Multi-Cycle

Conference Session

FPD 10: Teamwork

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David W. Gatchell PhD, Northwestern University; Bruce Ankenman, Northwestern University; Penny L. Hirsch, Northwestern University; Adam Goodman; Koshonna Brown, Northwestern University Center for Leadership

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

which all engineering freshmen work on real design projects for real clients.Prof. Adam GoodmanMs. Koshonna Brown, Northwestern University Center for Leadership Koshonna Brown is a Life Science doctoral student at Northwestern University. As a fellow with North- western University’s Center for Leadership, she analyzes the date collected through the Center’s online assessment tools. Such assessments allow students and faculty to reflect and develop their own leadership and apply lessons and insights gained to current leadership challenges and positions. Page 24.1048.1 c American

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade for Teaching II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhiwei Guan, University of Washington; Steve Lappenbusch, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington; Jessica Yellin, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

created over time, toshow the changes and advancement of their writing skills. These two types of portfolios areconsidered to be the basis of the portfolios used in engineering discipline.Besides these two commonly used portfolio models, there are several other types of portfoliomodels being suggested and used in the practice. Cress and McCullouogh-Cress1 designed astudent portfolio as a collection of student goals for learning, works in progress, peer andinstructor feedback, and reflections on the work and processes. Gottlieb2 pointed out thatportfolio designs, contents, and purposes could take on many forms, all of which areeducationally defensible. In order to clarify the variety of portfolios, he proposed adevelopmental scheme, which includes

Conference Session

Tools of Teaching and Learning

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Elizabeth Davis; David Socha; Valentin Razmov

balance conflict with safety. Too much or the wrongtype of conflict can be detrimental to learning. The techniques we used, some of them borrowedfrom professional leadership training programs, had a positive impact on the students, asrevealed by their weekly reflective essays and by individual communication with them duringand after the course. Students, perhaps subconsciously, created conflicts that enabled them tolearn lessons they needed to learn.One aspect of safety is how to limit the damage of mistakes while encouraging learning frommistakes. To that end, we chose not to have a real-world customer whose dependence on theproject success would have increased the damage from a potential project failure. Our focus wason the learning – in the

Conference Session

Technical Session: Pedagogical Strategies and Classroom Techniques for Teaching Assistants

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Thomas John Wallin, Cornell University; Marc James Murphy; Amanda Michelle Lorts Harding, Norfolk State University; Rabia Hussain, Norfolk State University; Sonny James Penterman, Cornell University; Vanessa Nicole Peters, Norfolk State University; Thejaswi U. Tumkur, Rice University; Quincy Leon Williams, Norfolk State University; Suely M. Black, Norfolk State University

Tagged Divisions

Student

. The Integrative GraduateEducation Research and Traineeship on Magnetic and Nanostructured Materials (IGERT-MNM)is a collaboration between Purdue University, Cornell University, and Norfolk State Universityto train interdisciplinary science and engineering doctoral students for future roles as leaders inthe materials science and engineering fields. As part of this socialization into future careers,students proceed through a variety of modules. This paper specifically covers student learning ina pedagogy module, which introduces students to best practices in teaching and learning.Graduate student reflections on the development of high-school level student and teacher scienceand engineering activities were analyzed via thematic coding methods in

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Yukio Yoritomo, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Nicole Turnipseed, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign; Maxx Joseph Villotti, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Aric Tate, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Kelly Searsmith, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Matthias Grosse Perdekamp, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign; Paul Prior, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Julie L. Zilles, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

run of a faculty development program called WritingAcross Engineering (WAE). The program draws heavily on the Writing Across the Curriculum(WAC) and Writing in the Disciplines (WID) literature [2], [4]–[9], but differs in three key ways.First, WAE is grounded in a sustained interdisciplinary collaboration designed and led by a teamthat spans Physics, Engineering, and Writing Studies. Second, rather than the typical one-offintensive workshop model, WAE organized weekly meetings of a small cohort over a semester,similar to a faculty learning community. Meetings introduced technical faculty to best practicesfrom Writing Studies and promoted reflection and discussion about how those practices could beadapted most effectively for each faculty

Conference Session

Diversity and Inclusion: Concepts, Mental Models, and Interventions

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean M. Eddington, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rucha Joshi, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David Torres, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

reflect upon and assess diversity and inclusion efforts within ECE [2].To interrogate students’ perceptions of diversity and inclusion, we interviewed 13 current or pastundergraduate ECE students. With nearly 40 percent of the undergraduate ECE studentsidentifying as international students, such a significant international population posestremendous learning opportunities as well as challenges related to diversity and inclusion. Thus,formal efforts within ECE have been made to bridge cultural differences, develop interculturalcompetencies, and promote inclusion of internationally and domestically diverse ECE members.However, these efforts have met with mixed results. Our analysis of the interview data suggeststhat these efforts often were not

Conference Session

Measuring Learning in Statics & Dynamics

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meera NK Singh P.Eng, University of Calgary; Leszek Sudak P.Eng., University of Calgary; Philip Egberts P.Eng., University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

gender. The high numbers in Mechanical Engineering reflect the overall size, relativeto Chemical Engineering (second largest), and Civil Engineering. As can be seen from the bottomof Table 2, the average school wide GPA was 2.57. The average GPA in the programs follows thesame order as the aforementioned minimum entrance requirements by program. This result is tobe expected, as those who did the best in first year would be expected to continue to achieve highresults in their second year. On the other hand, the material in Dynamics is more aligned with theinterests and strengths of Mechanical and Civil Engineers than with Chemical Engineers. Thisalignment may indicate that students are not necessarily enrolled in the program that is bestaligned

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 3: Let's Get Thinking on Design

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Povinelli, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

number of studies also found that high school students who participatedin Project Lead the Way, robotics club, or STEM activity experiences had no significant impacton retention [4] - [8]. Due to the complex and multifaceted nature of education, researchers arestill exploring the correlations and causation between various pedagogies and their impacts onstudent retention rates. For senior high school students, cultural norms and other external factorscan influence their motivation and habits [9] - [11]. Research studies have demonstrated thatinterventions such as goal setting, self-reflection, and providing feedback are effective inenhancing student motivation and academic achievement. At the highest level, these factorsinclude the preparedness

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rebekah J. Hammack, Montana State University; Nick Lux, Montana State University; Paul Gannon, Montana State University; Brock J. LaMeres, Montana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

teachers and students. The diversity of the teacher workforce in the USA,however, does not reflect the diversity of the student population, resulting in most Americanstudents coming from different backgrounds than their teachers [1]. When teachers do notunderstand the different backgrounds of their students, learning can be inhibited. As Delpit [2]explains, “We educators set out to teach, but how can we reach the worlds of others when wedon't even know they exist?” (pg. 14).One way educators can learn more about the cultures of their students is through the use ofethnographic observation methods [3,4]. Through studying the communities and homes of theirstudents, teachers can identify local and familial funds of knowledge that students bring

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology: Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanon Marie Reckinger, Stanford University; Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

categorize students along the model’s active-reflectivedimension as reflective, active, or “in-between” (neutral) learners. Students were partneredthroughout the semester with a variety of partners with attention to mixing and matching theirpreferred learning styles to determine any effects of partnering.This study took place across three sections of a sophomore-level programming class in a mid-size, public university in the western United States. The sample included approximately 100primarily second-year mechanical engineering undergraduate students. The course is a requiredprogramming course using MATLAB. A weekly quiz was administered across each of thesections differently. This was done to test the relationship between strategy and

Conference Session

Teamwork and Assessment

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Heather Sheardown; Donald Woods

; is done in a defined situation and for apurpose; is done in the context of published goals, measurable criteria and agreed-upon forms of evidence; and is based on multiple forms of evidence.A rationale is given for why this skill is important. Self assessment is an importantskill because it provides an element of ownership of the learning, is needed inprofessional life, helps to develop self confidence and provides a way to give promptfeedback. Self assessment is a valued skill because it seems to be related to self imageand self confidence which, in turn, are related to exam anxiety, and propensity toprocrastinate.We used five components to develop and apply skill in self assessment: a 4 to 6 hourworkshop, resume writing, reflective journal

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danielle Amatore, Oregon State University; Edith Gummer, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

collection utilized the“think-aloud” technique. Twenty groups were assigned the project and three of those groupsparticipated in the “think-aloud.” The qualitative method entailed a detailed task analysis foreach group from which a task map was developed. Corresponding ratings for the quality of eachmajor task and the group’s tolerance for ambiguity during each session were assigned. Aqualitative analysis of the impact that social interactions had on key decision points wascompleted and the use of reflection tools was evaluated. Of the three groups, the highestperforming group demonstrated high quality ratings in each of the major experimental tasks:design, analysis and conclusions. They also exhibited an increasing tolerance for ambiguity asthe

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Experiential Learning

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Jack V. Matson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Darrell Velegol, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Page 24.75.3 be applied back to problems with reanalysis and resolutions. 2 6. Personal Reflection. A closing analysis of what has been learned from working with a problem and a discussion of the concepts and principles involved are both essential. 7. Self- and Peer Assessment. Self- and peer assessment should be carried out at the completion of each problem and at the end of every curricular unit. 8. Real-World Activities. The activities carried out in problem-based learning must be those valued in the real world. 9. Exams Measure PBL Progress. Student examinations must measure student progress towards the

Conference Session

ABET and Curriculum-Level Assessments

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karyn L. Biasca, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point; Steve Hill, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

: reflection papers andelectronic portfolios that document their internship work, specifically addressing how theirinternships helped them develop skills in several ABET Student Outcomes for the PSENprogram. The portfolios provide evidence that the faculty can use to assess the achievement levelfor outcomes associated with these internships.In this paper, we describe the assessment method in more detail, and the conference presentationwill include a demonstration of the technology. We also discuss the need for students to be ableto more clearly identify and articulate achievement of learning outcomes. A critical finding ofour initial study is that students often met learning outcomes without realizing they did, withoutunderstanding the importance of

Collection

2023 IL-IN Section Conference

Authors

Tom Lucas

is expandedin Appendix section 6.1.# Popular Culture Reference Demonstration Concept(s) to Introduce1 Jurassic Park movie, water ripples as a Sound-driven Surface Wave energy dinosaur takes a step Vibration conversion between various electrical and mechanical forms2 Nearby object sensing in modern self- Ultrasonic Distance Calculating object driving vehicles Measurement distance from reflection

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Diane L. Peters, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

, typically taken in the second half oftheir junior year or the first half of their senior year. Students in the course wrote an essay, as arequired assignment, in which they reflected on the links between their co-op work and thecourse, and were asked for permission to use those essays in the professor’s research on thistopic. Analysis of the essays shows that students typically did see connections; in many cases,these were connected to the course content. However, in other cases, students noted that they hadlearned problem-solving skills, time management, or other skills that were not directly connectedto the class content, which were also useful in their co-op assignments and future careers. Theresults of this work can be used to motivate students

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lisa Kaczmarczyk, Lisa Kaczmarczyk PhD Consulting, LLC; Daniel Pinedo, Lisa Kaczmarczyk PhD Consulting, LLC

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

acknowledging the importance of its personnel relationships, the project’s externalevaluation has gathered ongoing data about the communication between key faculty and staffstakeholders. The evaluation has focused on surfacing and making explicit targeted aspects ofpeer relationships that might otherwise have been taken for granted: levels of connectedness,trust and common understanding. Findings about the strengths and weaknesses of individualrelationships were used to engage the PIs in formative reflections about how those relationshipswere impacting the momentum and success of their project.As Patton has pointed out, a defining characteristic of evaluation is “the systematic collection ofinformation about the activities, characteristics, and

Collection

2021 ASEE St. Lawrence Section Conference

Authors

Paul Benjamin Crilly, United States Coast Guard Academy

will demonstrate this phenomenon using signals ofopportunity such as NIST’s 5 and 10 MHz time/frequency broadcasts. We also discussed howthe D-layer absorbs signals below 8 MHz and thus inhibits long distance transcontinental sky-wave radio propagation during the daylight hours.IntroductionRadio waves, like light waves normally travel in a straight lines. However, they can traverse theearth’s curve by means of diffraction, reflection, refraction or reflection. Signals that propagatebelow 10 km from the earth’s surface, are referred to as ground-waves, and those that propagatevia refraction or reflection off the ionosphere are referred to as sky-waves. These two means areillustrated in Figure 1. Ground wave propagation occurs over relatively

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diana A. Chen, University of San Diego; Mark R. Peters, University of San Diego; Gordon D. Hoople, University of San Diego; Joel Alejandro Mejia, University of San Diego; Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

choices they will make upon graduation.We present a brief introduction to the literature on vocation and reflection in higher education,discuss our approach to teaching this material in our first-year User-Centered Design course, andexamine the impact of the activity on students through preliminary analysis of survey data. Wefind that students value discussion of these topics, but more work needs to be done to connect theconcepts of vocation and engineering.IntroductionWe have seen students on our campus operate with a split identity: they are engineers-in-trainingon campus, but may think of themselves as musicians, surfers, or political activists outside of theclassroom. The disconnect between engineering curricula and personal experiences can

Collection

2008 GSW

Authors

Maurice Thompson

tuition assistance, this program had various components that assured every scholar hadthe adequate academic support and professional development opportunities to succeed in their fieldof study. Data that reflects the impact of this program on student success in STEM fields at UNMwill be revisited through this presentation. Although the program ended nationwide in September2007, NTP at UNM left a great legacy among students, faculty and staff at UNM. Many studentshave gone on to professions with private industry, state and federal agencies. Proceedings of the 2008 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference The University of New Mexico – Albuquerque Copyright © 2008, American Society

Conference Session

Active and Out There: Labs and Active Learning

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veera Gnaneswar Gude P.E., Mississippi State University; Benjamin S. Magbanua Jr., Mississippi State University; James L. Martin P.E., Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

students’experiences and suggestions for high-impact learning activities and strategies. 260 students in acivil engineering program (with sophomore, junior and senior standing) were asked to completea three-part survey designed (i) to understand and compare their high-impact learningexperiences at different levels of the civil engineering program, (ii) to study their understandingand preference of high-impact teaching strategies, and (iii) to identify effective strategies toimprove the learning and teaching environment. A few examples of high-impact learningactivities and teaching strategies were included in the survey to help students reflect and respondto the questions. In addition, students were asked to identify learning strategies they consideredleast

Conference Session

Team Facilitation and Effectiveness

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Iowa State University; Diane T. Rover, Iowa State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University; Phillip H. Jones III, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the ASEE ECE Division, served as an as- sociate editor for the ASEE Journal of Engineering Education, and served on the IEEE Committee on Engineering Accreditation Activities, the IEEE Education Society Board of Governors, the ABET EAC (2009-2014), and EAC Executive Committee (2015-2018). Dr. Rover is a Fellow of the IEEE and of ASEE.Dr. Mani Mina, Iowa State University Mani Mina is with the department of Industrial Design and Electrical and Computer Engineering at Iowa State University. He has been working on better understanding of students’ learning and aspects of tech- nological and engineering philosophy and literacy. In particular how such literacy and competency are reflected in curricular and student

Conference Session

Teaching Methods for Engineering Mechanics Courses

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carisa H. Ramming, Oklahoma State University; Rachel Mosier P.E., Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

reflects the responses to each of the eleven questions with 5=strongly agree,4=agree, 3=neutral, 2=disagree, and 1=strongly disagree. Figures 1-11 chart the responses to theindividual questions but show the relationships between exam average and average timeremaining in the exam. These averages, exam and time, are of the three midterm exams. Strongly Strongly Student Perceptions of Timed Total Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Disagree Exams Responses (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) Q1. Timed exams are difficult. 250 9% 41% 35% 13

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Parris C. Neal; Donna E. Peterson; Cindy L. Lynch; Cameron Wright

we as professors seek to improve the learning process of our students, it is helpful to havesome sort of model for cognitive development to which we can refer. There is no shortage ofmodels in the literature from which to choose; Bloom, Dewey, Perry, and others have allproposed various models to describe the process of learning.4-7 Given our emphasis ondeveloping our students’ ability to frame and resolve ill-defined problems, the authors find themost suitable model for our efforts in this context to be the reflective judgment model of adultcognitive development.8-12 The skills required to frame and resolve ill-defined problems areimbedded in the reflective judgment model, which has been validated by over 20 years of cross-sectional and

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Rush Leeker, University of Colorado Boulder; Marlene Sulema Palomar, University of Colorado Boulder; Lyndsay Rose Ruane, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

; Urban Design, CU Boulder d. Engineering Management Department, CU Boulder INTRODUCTION PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3 Action Research (AR): CONCLUSION Involves a systematic process of acting, observing, reflecting, and re- PALAR is a valuable framework for engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Rush Leeker, University of Colorado Boulder; Lyndsay Rose Ruane, University of Colorado Boulder; Marlene Sulema Palomar, University of Colorado Boulder; Hannah Sanders, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

doing' approach where actions are taken first, Each PALAR component was adapted to fit the engineering Exploring the innovative application of the Participatory Action This project spans multiple institutions and disciplines, engaging followed by reflection. This cycle enhances problem-solving skills and context, focusing on structured yet adaptable processes suitable Learning and Action Research (PALAR) framework in undergraduate, graduate, and faculty participants in a collaborative research practical application in real-world settings. for complex educational environments. engineering education, this research addresses complex effort. Communication

Conference Session

Mechanics, Machine Design & Mechanisms

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Nashwan Younis

of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Educationdiscussed in this paper. This is accomplished by utilizing the experimental method of caustics.The determination of SCF is beyond the scope of this paper.Optical method of causticsThe method of caustics is relatively new as it was developed in the last 30 years. The methods oftransmitted and reflected caustics in various investigations have proven to be a powerful methodto measure stress intensity factor at a crack tip in static and dynamic fracture mechanicsproblems9,10. In 1991, the use of the method by undergraduate students was suggested to extractmode I stress