Collection

2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Arun K. Datta; Jacqueline Caesar; Daphne Rainey; Stephen Cammer; Julie Schuman; Oswald Crasta

448Figure 1. Relationships between the knowledge worker at the center of the CI with high-performancecomputers and Teragrid, middleware, VO (virtual organizations), data management and knowledgediscovery, and visualization services. The objective of CIBRED is to educate and bring awareness of CI(Courtesy of S. Wang12; courtesy of Stan Watowich13).from computational technologies, enables individuals, groups, and organizations to advanceresearch and education in ways that revolutionizes the practice of participation. Once again, a newworkforce empowered with the knowledge and skills to design, deploy, adapt and apply CI, areneeded to sustain this revolution across all areas of science and engineering. The OCI CI-TEAMprogram supports educational

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 5: Development of a measure of intersectional socioeconomic inequality that extends beyond income

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Justin Charles Major, Rowan University; Allison Godwin, Cornell University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

influenced by. Like individual socioeconomics,these characteristics reflect hierarchical social and economic ranking amongst people. Importantly,they reflect Keynes (1936) argument that socioeconomics are group mentalities that organizepeople’s positions amongst society. Keynes (1936) illustrated that individuals with similar incomeslive together (household) or near one another (neighborhood/school) and likely have a similaroccupation. Given these features, we consider the following relational socioeconomic factors:1. Family/household income, occupation, and education are representations of the total, combinatory income(s), prestige, or educational status of the household. Household socioeconomic status has also been inferred based on what

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela Lottero-Perdue, Towson University; Jamie Mikeska

Paper ID #37136Simulated Engineering Teaching Experiences: PreserviceTeachers Learning to Facilitate Discussions to Help StudentsBecome Informed Designers (RTP)Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue (Professor of Science & Engineering Education) Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue, Ph.D., is Professor of Science and Engineering Education in the Department of Physics, Astronomy & Geosciences at Towson University. She has integrated engineering into courses for PreK-8 teacher candidates, developed and directed a graduate STEM program for PreK-6 teachers, and partnered with teachers to implement PreK-8 science-integrated engineering

Conference Session

Design Cognition III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David R. Wright, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Xishuang Dong, Prairie View A&M University; Xavier Alexander Dukes; Joshua Littleton, Prairie View A&M University; Tri'Heem Neville; Christopher Rollerson; Arthur L Quinney

Tagged Topics

Diversity

ConclusionThis paper presents preliminary work of the implementation of object detection on Raspberry Pi for asenior design project. We run a mobile deep learning model, SSD-MobileNet, on Raspberry Pi todetect various objects. Preliminary valudation results demonstrate the effectiveness of thisimplementation. Moreover, the on-going work is to improve weapon detection. Future work will focuson completing comprehensive and systematical validation on weapon detection in different testingscenarios. References1. Dave, E. (2011). How the next evolution of the internet is changing everything. The Internet of Things.2. Islam, S. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, M. H., Hossain, M., and Kwak, K. S. (2015). The internet

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Olubunmi Gregory Adekanmbi, Prairie View A&M University

discussed.Below are the basics of the Gravitational N-Body Problem for the sake of this experiment. Findingpositions and movements of bodies in space subject to gravitational forces from other bodies usingNewton’s laws of motion.Gravitational force F between two bodies of masses ma and mb as seen in Figure 1 is: (1) Figure 1: Gravitational N-Body ProblemG is the gravitational constant (6.673 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2) and r the distance between the bodies. (2)For a system of N particles, the sum of the forces is

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Carol E Akpan, Prairie View A&M University ; Lealon L Martin; Kendall Lemons

Tagged Topics

Diversity

particular, researchers performanalyses of the environments associated with a microgreens market using a PESTLE framework –which identifies the political (P), economic (E), sociocultural (S), technological (T), legal (L), andenvironmental (E) forces influencing a market. The political environment (P) is favorable towardsincreased microgreen production. For example, the Farm Bill of 2018 provided the USDA’s NationalInstitute of Food and Agriculture with up to $10 million of annual funding toward a competitive grantprogram supporting the development of urban, indoor, and emerging agriculture practices (USDA)2.The economic environment (E) is perceived to be favorable for a microgreens market. Microgreenstrade at a premium when compared to other

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Kazi Meharajul Kabir, Prairie View A&M University; shuza Binzaid; John Okyere Attia P.E., Prairie View A&M University

, fabricated, and tested successfully at the PVAMU's SMART Center for bike laneapplications. The EGP is composed of seven layers of compound materials. A 3-feet-long integratedPZT strip of 18 thin-film PZT cells was placed in the middle of the EGP. The prototype of the EGPwas tested using an output load of 7.5 kΩ. A bicycle with a rider weighing a total of about 142pounds served as the mechanical pressure source for the test. The tested PZT cells produced anaverage of 68 VDC, and the energy of the DCPR was 616.53 mW/s for the rider riding the bike onthe EGP. IntroductionGlobal energy demand is increasing due to technological advances and consumer patterns that haveled to increased energy demand [1-2

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Ruaa Al Mezrakchi, Tarleton State University; Ahmed Al-Ramthan, Tarleton State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

of the 2022 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX Copyright © 2022, American Society for Engineering Education 7 References1. Sumarni, S., 2016, "Think Pair Share effect of understanding the concept and achievement," in Proceeding of the International Conference on teacher Training and Education, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 783-787.2. Deshpande, A. and Salman, B., 2016, "Think-pair-share: application of an active learning technique in engineering and construction management classes," in Associate Schools of Construction, 52nd

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Aniket Patel, Texas A&M University; Seth Polsley, Texas A&M University; Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University

slightly betterresults. Our next steps include building on existing sketch recognition research andincorporating more features such as tilt and pressure measurements in hopes of building areliably accurate application to access children’s fine motor skills. References 1. Grissmer, D., Grimm, K.J., Aiyer, S.M., Murrah, W.M., Steele, J.S.: Fine motor skills and early comprehension of the world: two new school readiness indicators. Develop-mental psychology 46(5), 1008 (2010). 2. Anthony, L., Brown, Q., Nias, J., Tate, B., Mohan, S.: Interaction and recognition challenges in interpreting children’s touch and gesture input on mobile devices. In:Proceedings of the 2012 ACM

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division (FDD) Technical Session 4

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gabriella Coloyan Fleming, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division (FDD)

) further narrowing the list down to a “short list” for an on-site, in-personinterview, 5) deciding which candidate(s) will receive an offer, and 6) negotiation. In somecases, steps three and four are skipped, and only one round of interviews is completed. The faculty hiring process is fraught with bias, including racial bias [1], gender bias inletters of recommendation [2], and search committee members seeking to hire people whoseresearch areas are most similar to their own [3]. Hiring people similar to oneself extends beyondresearch areas. Many search committees look for candidates who would be a good “fit”(generally, scientifically, programmatically) [4, 5]. However, “fit” is highly subjective and opento the evaluator’s personal biases

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chithra Adams, VentureWell; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University; Phil Weilerstein, Broadening Impacts; Hope Liu

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.References 1. SE. Zappe, SL. Cutler, & L. Gase. 2023. A Systematic Review of the Impacts of Entrepreneurial Support Programs in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Fields. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 6(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/25151274211040422 2. F. Hasson, S. Keeney, and H. McKenna. 2000. Research guidelines for the Delphi survey. Journal of Advance Nursing, vol. 32, pp. 1008-1015. 3. F. Hasson, and S. Keeney, “Enhancing rigour in the Delphi technique research,” 2011, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, vol. 78, pp. 1695-1704. 4. P. Wainwright, A. Gallagher, H. Tompsett, & C. Atkins. 2010. The use of vignettes within a

Conference Session

Will This Be on the Mechanics Test? Concept Inventories and Understanding Exams

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna K. T. Howard, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; Azadeh Dashti Cole, North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

engineering computer applications. Proceedings of the 2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Minneapolis, MN. https://peer.asee.org/413492 Moore, J. P., & Ranalli, J. (2015, June), A Mastery Learning Approach to Engineering Homework Assignments. Proceedings of the 2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, Washington. 10.18260/p.234053 R. Averill, S. Roccabianca, and G. Recktenwald, A Multi-Instructor Study of Assessment Techniques in Engineering Mechanics Courses. Proceedings of the 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Jun. 2019. https://peer.asee.org/a-multi-instructor-study-of-assessment-techniques-in-engineering-mechanics- courses4 Sangelkar, S., & Ashour, O. M., &

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 4

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Masta, Purdue University, West Lafayette ; Janelle Grant, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Cara Margherio, University of Washington; Darryl Dickerson, Florida International University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette ; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmen Cioc, The University of Toledo; Sorin Cioc; Noela A. Haughton, The University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

develop a better understanding of the technical content, societal andeconomic impact of the proposed solution, while supporting the students’ preparedness andreadiness for the workforce.IntroductionThere are numerous recent scholarly works examined the way in which the Kern EntrepreneurialEngineering Network (KEEN)’s mindset is enhancing the students’ engagement and skills invarious engineering courses, like Material Science [1], or Mechanical Design or StructuralAnalysis [2, 3, 4], or Fluid Mechanics [5, 6, 7, 8] or across engineering curriculum [9, 10, 11, 12,13].In all instances, the authors found that the inclusion of an entrepreneurship education, aspromoted by KEEN, and further support the engineering students’ readiness for the

Collection

2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference

Authors

Scott Duplicate Streiner, University of Pittsburgh; Qin Zhu, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

. Review of General Psychology, 19(4), 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr00000536. Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the Moral Domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00218477. Clancy, R. F. (2021). The Relations between Ethical Reasoning and Moral Intuitions among Engineering Students in China. 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content, July 2021.8. Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00151419. Graham, J., Meindl, P., Beall, E., Johnson, K. M., & Zhang, L

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saharnaz Baghdadchi, University of California, San Diego; Alex Phan, University of California, San Diego; Carolyn Sandoval, University of California, San Diego; Huihui Qi, University of California, San Diego; Marko Lubarda, University of California, San Diego; Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego

five potential answers ranging from “to a great extent” to “not at all”and two free response questions were utilized in this study. The Likert scale questions used inthis study were: ● Did the oral exam(s) contribute positively to your learning in the course? ● Do you feel that the oral exam(s) helped improve your technical speaking skills? ● Did the oral exam(s) increase your motivation to learn? ● Do you feel the oral exam(s) contributed positively to academic integrity in the course? ● Did the oral exams cause you undue stress?The two free response questions asked about the best aspects of the oral exams and their areas ofimprovement. To run ANOVA on ranks tests and find the correlation between different factors,scores of 5

Conference Session

Case Studies

Collection

2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

Yuri R. Rodrigues, Seattle Pacific University

Tagged Topics

Conference Submission, Diversity

-thematic in the design and decision-making process [14]. Moreover, the proposed holisticengineering design education prevailing over the restricted use of key technical macro-thematicfactors, allow for the design of equitable and inclusive solutions through the consideration of thediverse influences associated with the project. This is an especially critical feature given that keytechnical macro-thematic factors used for traditional engineering design may be developed basedon specific group(s) of our society. Therefore, not accounting for the uniqueness and diversity thatlocal-thematic may impose, and even demand, from the respective solution, e.g., Smart Gridprojects for a high- and low- income regions significantly differ on its design features

Conference Session

Disability, Neurodivergence, and Sense of Belonging in STEM: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

D. C. Beardmore, University of Colorado Boulder; Robyn Sandekian, University of Colorado Boulder; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder

remains a dominantideology in public opinion, professional practice, academic policy, and law in the U. S. today [1].The legal definition of disability in the U. S. exemplifies the medical model. Section 3 of theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and its 2008 amendment defines disability, with respectto an individual, as “(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more ofthe major life activities of such individual; (B) a record of such an impairment; or (C) beingregarded as having such an impairment” [34]. The second model, called the social model ofdisability, emerged in the late 20th century [15] and has quickly become a widespreadepistemology in disability studies [35]. The social model posits disability as a

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Secil Akinci-Ceylan, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Rocio Chavela Guerra, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University

+ courses in the analysis and broaden our study toother platforms beyond Coursera, as well as examining webinars and workshops on related topics.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon Non-Academic Research Internship supported by the National ScienceFoundation under Grant No. 1712195/2013144 and work supported by the National ScienceFoundation under Grant No. EEC-1748499. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions orrecommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarilyreflect the views of the National Science Foundation.References[1] Dyer, J., Townsend, A., Kanani, S., Matthews, P., Palermo, A., Farley, S., & Thorley, C. (2019). Exploring the workplace for LGBT+ Physical Scientists.[2] Cech, E. A

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farzad Ferdowsi, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Heather Stone, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; G. H. Massiha, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Terrence Chambers, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Mehdi Mokhtari, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; Afef Fekih, University of Louisiana at Lafayette

an Evidence-based Practice. The research describes the current status of theaffirmative sustainable support for scholars in energy technologies (ASSSET) program andexplores its potential impact on the graduate and retention of engineering students. This NSF S-STEM funded project provides scholarships and educational support to low-income,academically talented students entering and pursuing engineering studies at the University ofLouisiana at Lafayette. Its main objective is to increase the retention and graduation in fieldsrelated to energy technology. It supports students in the chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical,industrial technology and petroleum engineering. The ASSSET program was developed with theplan of incorporating evidenced

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

H. Ronald Clements III, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Brianna McIntyre, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Jacqueline Rohde, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Heather Perkins, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Sherry Chen; Andrea Castillo, University of California, Irvine; Joana Marques Melo, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

’ narratives toprovide resources for both students and faculty (https://engineering.purdue.edu/STORIES/).AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported through funding by the National Science Foundation CAREER GrantNo. 1554057. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation. The authors wish to thank Dina Verdín and the members of the STRIDEteam for all the current and previous work they have done to make this paper a possibility. Theauthors would also like to thank John and the other interview participants for sharing their storieswith us over the previous 4 years.References[1] N. M. Carter and H. M. Wagner, “The bottom

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vicki May, Dartmouth College; Samuel Streeter, Dartmouth College; Sara Vannah, Dartmouth College

Paper ID #36826Feast or Famine Terrarium Project (Resource Exchange)Vicki V. May (Professor) Professor of Engineering at Dartmouth.Samuel S Streeter (Graduate Student)Sara Vannah © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Feast or Famine Terrarium Project (Resource Exchange) Overview Learning Objectives Vicki May1, PhD, Roger Sloboda2,Program Description: Through a project PhD, Michele

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 7: Library Collaboration

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Wiley, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

. (i.e., see Table 1 and Table 2).Table 1: Faculty and Researcher DemographicFaculty affiliated with MSU range from Assistant, Associate and Full Professor. Otherrepresents a respondent who identified themselves with their administrative title and note(assistant, associate, or full professor). F a cu l t y/ R es e a r ch er s 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Assistant Professor Associate Professor Professor Other Table 2: Department Representation Survey Responses MSU faculty rated their skills at finding information as effective. Faculty also indicated the library has been effective in meeting their research, teaching, and learning needs. Respondents were also asked about additional services

Collection

14th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience (FYEE) Conference

Authors

Howard L Richards, School of Engineering, University of Central Oklahoma

-scored-higher-on-a-medical-quiz-than-a-real-human-doctor (accessed Jun. 02, 2023).[3] D. C. Weiss, “Latest version of ChatGPT aces bar exam with score nearing 90th percentile,”ABA Journal, Mar. 16, 2023. https://www.abajournal.com/web/article/latest-version-of-chatgpt-aces-the-bar-exam-with-score-in-90th-percentile[4] J. Narayan, K. Hu, M. Coulter, and S. Mukherjee, “Elon Musk and others urge AI pause,citing ‘risks to society,’” Reuters, Mar. 29, 2023. Available:https://www.reuters.com/technology/musk-experts-urge-pause-training-ai-systems-that-can-outperform-gpt-4-2023-03-29/[5] F. Candelon, R. C. di Carlo, M. D. Bondt, and T. Evgeniou, “AI Regulation Is Coming,”Harvard Business Review, Sep. 01, 2021. https://hbr.org/2021/09/ai-regulation-is

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krishna Pakala, Boise State University; Diana Bairaktarova, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Maeve Bakic, Boise State University; Devshikha Bose, Boise State University

measures the degreeto which a lesson integrates technology and helps students reach the learning goal(s). Theframework is based on three main components: (1) Engagement in learning goals (2)Enhancement of learning goals, and (3) Extension of learning goals. The key concept of thisframework which is relevant to this study is its emphasis on the importance of the instructionalstrategy, which goes hand-in-hand with the use of any technology for learning.In this project, the Triple E Evaluation framework will be utilized as a lens to assess whether thetechnology choices made for teaching and learning leads to student engagement in learninggoals, enhancement of learning goals, and whether technology use helps the learners extend theiracademic learning

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanfen Li, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Adam St. Jean, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Chiara Ghezzi; Laura Punnett, University of Massachusetts Lowell

stakeholder representatives. Thesequestions are not those included in the questionnaires but are rather the guiding questions for thebackwards design process.Table 1 SET Content Areas Content Area Essential Questions Stakeholders To what extent did the students learn the content contained in the A Faculty, Student learning objectives? B To what extent did the course meet ABET student outcomes? Faculty, Administrator Was the way(s) the course was taught effective at helping students C Faculty, Administrator, Student learn the

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Maltese, Indiana University-Bloomington; Barbara Yarza; Kelli Paul, Indiana University-Bloomington; David Oyler

Attendees Challenge n (approximate s ) completed Introduction: Scavenger 12 9 Algorithms and Deaf Deaf in hunt 1 people in STEM STEM Blocks: Inputs, LEDs, Icons, String, Pause, Show Engineering Icon design, 12 8 Blocks, Loops and Design Handwashing2

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mayank Kejriwal, University of Southern California

the local context, onewill likely be able to use data, at least in aggregate, such as students’ course and instructorevaluations for such understanding.References[1] S. Chandrasekaran, A. Stojcevski, G. Littlefair, and M. Joordens, “Learning through projects in engineering education,” in SEFI 2012: engineering education 2020: meet the future: proceedings of the 40th SEFI annual conference 2012. European Society for Engineering Education (SEFI), 2012.[2] C. S. Johnson and S. Delawsky, “Project-based learning and student engagement,” Academic research international, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 560, 2013.[3] C. Duhigg, “What google learned from its quest to build the perfect team,” The New York Times Magazine, vol. 26, no. 2016, p. 2016, 2016

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliott Clement, Oregon State University; Sarah Oman; James L. Huff, Harding University; Shane A. Brown, P.E., Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Perspectives,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 398–430, 2017, doi: 10.1002/jee.20170.[5] C. J. Atman, J. R. Chimka, K. M. Bursic, and H. L. Nachtmann, “A comparison of freshman and senior engineering design processes,” Des. Stud., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 131–152, Mar. 1999, doi: 10.1016/S0142-694X(98)00031-3.[6] S. R. Daly, R. S. Adams, and G. M. Bodner, “What Does it Mean to Design? A Qualitative Investigation of Design Professionals’ Experiences,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 187–219, 2012, doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb00048.x.[7] J. S. Gero, “Fixation and Commitment While Designing and its Measurement,” J. Creat. Behav., vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 108–115, 2011, doi: 10.1002/j.2162-6057.2011.tb01090.x.[8] V. L. Vignoles