Conference Session

Building Blocks for Public Policy in Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Fayerweather, University of Toledo; Sorin Cioc, University of Toledo; Douglas Oliver, University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, Page 11.1001.2 environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, and manufacturability. (www.ABET.org)This project also satisfies the ABET criteria (3)(j) which reads: Engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain knowledge of contemporary issues. (www.ABET.org)This was accomplished by having the students examine advancements in technology thathave improved the efficiency of different power plants and by having them investigatenewer and possibly less known forms of power generation

Conference Session

FPD3 -- Professional Issues for First-Year Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John-David Yoder, Ohio Northern University; David Sawyers, Ohio Northern University; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; Laurie Laird, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

onesentence, rather than as part of a complete document, these were primarily used to makesure students understood the concepts, rather than to see if they could really proofread adocument.The major assignment in the proofreading area was that students were asked to discuss acase study related to ethical decision-making in engineering6. Students had the option ofselecting from a variety of cases. Most of the papers written were two to three pages inlength. When the students brought their papers with them on the due date, they were toldto exchange papers with another student. That student was to proofread the paper, notingerrors and possible corrections. When completed, the proofreader would return the paper

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Mueller, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

have a. an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering b. an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data c. an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs d. an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams e. an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems f. an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility g. an ability to communicate effectively h. the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context i. a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning j. a knowledge of contemporary issues k. an ability to

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum & non-Technical Skills

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

JoDell Steuver, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Themuseum needs to be able to show records of acquisition decisions. Acquisitions are frequentlytraded with other museums if there is an opportunity to acquire a better period piece.Prioritization of new acquisitions is also a database and planning need for the museum.It is important that ethical decisions are made in the acquisition of objects. The museum haslimited funds for acquisitions, and it certainly wants to authenticate items’ origins and values.Acquisition and disposal policies need to be part of the overall system planning. Typically theexecutive director makes recommendations to the board in collaboration with a collectionscommittee or another professional’s opinion. The museum’s ability to conserve an item mightalso be part of this

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmet Zeytinci, University of the District of Columbia; Philip Brach, University of the District of Columbia

ofengineering is extensive. Does that make us a learned profession? No! The skill with whichknowledge is applied to the solution of society’s problems is an essential part of a learnedprofession. Is skill in the application of the knowledge of engineering required? Most certainlyyes! Is this sufficient to qualify as a learned profession? We don’t think so.The Knowledge, Skills and Aptitude (KSA’s) necessary to master the practice of a profession, itsskillful application with the understanding of its impact on society, with integrity (ethics) isessential to be considered a learned profession. The practice of engineering can meet this test.We think it has been weak in fully complying with these requirements. Yes, engineering is alearned profession. If it

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology; Anthony Gaddini, Illinois Institute of Technology; Nishi Gupta, Illinois Institute of Technology; Daniel Ferguson, Illinois Institute of Technology

some excellent guidelines on incorporating teamwork into existing courses[2]. Another approach to developing teamwork skills is the Interprofessional Projects Program(IPRO®) at our university. The IPRO program aims to build ethical, teamwork/communicationand project management skills in undergraduate students that enhances their performance inproject based real-world work settings. Even when promising strategies have been identified, theother major challenge is to develop ways of measuring whether the intended learning goals arebeing met. An important guide to developing self-report instruments to measure the professionaloutcomes specified by the ABET criterion 3 has been provided by Immekus, Tracy, Yoo, Maller,French, & Oakes [3]. They

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann Saterbak, Rice University; Ka-yiu San, Rice University; Larry McIntire, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

two texts: Biotechnology - Science, Engineering and Ethical Challenges for the Twenty-First Century [Joseph Henry Press (NAS), 1996] and Frontiers in Tissue Engineering [Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd., 1998]. Page 11.474.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Development of Educational Materials for a Bioengineering Fundamentals CourseAbstractA significant effort has been made to develop educational materials for sophomore-levelbioengineering and biomedical engineering students. The materials focus on the conservationlaws and include: a textbook, a problem-based learning

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosamond Parkhurst, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Gary Downey, Virginia Tech; Juan Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Thomas Bigley, Virginia Tech; Sharon Ruff, Virginia Tech

), he is Principal Investigator of the NSF-funded project Enhancing Engineering Education through Humanitarian Ethics, which is developing a graduate curriculum in humanitarian engineering at CSM.Thomas Bigley, Virginia Tech Thomas Bigley (tbigley@vt.edu ), a Ph.D. candidate in Science and Technology Studies at Virginia Tech, is currently researching technology, identity, and Occidentalism in East/West relations. He teaches courses in Science and Technology Studies, including Engineering Cultures. He received B.S./B.L.A./B.E.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota, M.B.A. from Fordham University, J.D. from the William Mitchell College of Law, M.Eng. in Civil and Environmental

Conference Session

Successful Grant Proposals

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Kuyath, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Deborah Sharer, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

today, it must increase the number and qualityof persons with technical expertise and the diversity of the STEM (Science, Technology,Engineering and Mathematics) workforce1. The business community not only wishes to increasethe diversity of their workforce as an ethical responsibility, but has also come to understand thevalue of employing a diverse workforce and is embracing the concept as a business necessity.Diverse groups are known to combine their unique perspectives to devise exceptionally creativesolutions to the problems they encounter7. The different perspectives and frames of reference ofa diverse team offers competitive advantages in teamwork, service, product quality and workoutput because a workforce that mirrors a company’s

Conference Session

Manufacturing Laboratory Experience

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Landon Gray, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

as the integration of theory with practice.‚ Inquiry methodology, which includes hypothesis forming, experimental design and methodology and evaluation of results.‚ Vocational aims, which include awareness of current practice and the inculcation of professional ethics.‚ Development of personal skills, such as communications, report writing and teamwork skills.Unfortunately, educational institutions often lack the resources needed to help students tobecome proficient with equipment. For example, a Manufacturing Automation and Roboticscourse typically uses programmable logic controllers, sensors, robots, and machine visionsystems in teaching automated manufacturing system design. However, students’ learning ishindered by obstacles

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Wesner, Carnegie Mellon University; Richard Hoff, Carnegie MellonUniversity; Cristina Amon, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

on their projects, student team members learn and then put into practice Teaming, Project Management, Product Realization, Ethics, and other skills practiced by product developers in industry. A typical team may have three engineers from different departments (perhaps two undergraduates and a graduate student), an undergraduate industrial design student, and a graduate student in the English Department’s Professional Writing program. We have also had architecture students, art students, Human-Computer Interaction Institute students, and business majors in the class. Students from all fields have had exciting experiences working together, applying all of their varied skills and experiences to address the many aspects of

Conference Session

A Serving Profession: Service Learning in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Gartner, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John TIng, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Oguz Gunes, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Xiaoqi Zhang, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

function on multi-disciplinary teams • an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility • the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context • a knowledge of contemporary issues [2].Service-learning team projects have the potential to ensure students learn and demonstrate thesequalities in addition to the ability of applying engineering to the design of systems and Page 11.1358.2experiments. However, how to fit more material into an already packed curriculum is acontinuing challenge to engineering educators and students. Service-learning offers a

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Epolito, U.S. Military Academy; Michael Butkus, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Toxins Microbially Catalyzed Pollution (e.g. Acid Mine Drainage) Extreme Environments Microbes in Agriculture = in-depth coverage of topic and = general overview of topic Page 11.467.6 Many of the critical thinking skills described in Blooms taxonomy can be accomplishedvia laboratory experiences.8,9 And, ABET accredited programs are required to include labexperiences. The objectives of lab experiences include:8,10 instrumentation, experiment, dataanalysis, design, learning from failure, creativity, communications, teamwork, and ethics. Table4 presents laboratory exercises that could be used to support topics in each of

Conference Session

Improving ME education: Broad Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim Shollenberger, California Polytechnic State University; James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

indicates that Mechanical Engineering students have unprecedented accessto textbook solutions manuals, and possibly a large percentage of students regularly refer to thesemanuals when working graded homework assignments. Many faculty voice concerns regardingthe ethics of this behavior and its affect on student learning; however, the prevalence of thesolutions manual usage and its effects on learning are not well documented. To better understandhow students use solutions manuals, a survey was submitted to undergraduate students andfaculty of the Mechanical Engineering Department at California Polytechnic State University,San Luis Obispo, as part of a larger study on the effects of solution manual access on studentlearning. The methodology emulates

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Best Paper Finalists

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Dina Verdín, Arizona State University; Jessica Mary Smith, Colorado School of Mines; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering ethics. Professor Smith holds a PhD in Anthropology and a certificate in Women’s Studies from the University of Michigan and bachelor’s degrees in International Studies, Anthropology and Latin American Studies from Macalester College.Dr. Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines Juan Lucena is Professor and Director of Humanitarian Engineering Undergraduate Programs and Out- reach at the Engineering, Design & Society Division of the Colorado School of Mines (CSM). Juan obtained a Ph.D. in Science and Technology Studies (STS) from Virginia Tech and a MS in STS and BS in Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). His books include Defending the Nation: U.S

Conference Session

Web-Based Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Rutkowski, University of Minnesota-Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-Req X X Lab II Report Stu-Req X X Capstone Design Project Stu-Req X X Multidisciplinary Team Project Stu-Req X X Ethics Project Stu-Req X X Heat and Mass Transfer Project Stu-Opt X Fluid Mechanics Project Stu-Opt X Reactor Design Project Stu-Opt X Separations Project Stu-Opt

Conference Session

ETD Freshmen Students

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hossein Rahemi, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology; Shouling He, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology; Margaret Ducharme, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

basedon the observations and comments they received.2.5 Friday’s Workshop SessionFor Friday’s industry and workshop session, guest speakers were invited to discuss and conductworkshops related to a real-world engineering system. The following is a list of the topics andworkshops that were discussed in detail during Friday’s sessionOn June 3, a Vaughn alumni and a Ph.D. student at City College (CUNY) addressed students inthe SEE program about educational determination, willingness, and ethics as prerequisites foracademic success.On June 10, an outstanding senior student in the Mechatronic Engineering program and Co-Founder & VP of Union Crate talked about his start-up company.On June 17, a Vaughn alumni and a Control Systems Engineer at

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Tuesday Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Desen Sevi Özkan, Virginia Tech, Department of Engineering Education; Diana Bairaktarova, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

[7].Emotion has been taken out of engineering education, which in part drives the need to “re-humanize” engineering through multiple perspectives and diverse thought [8]. Dym et al., (2003)expand further by identifying the importance of reframing problems in engineering design. Byfocusing on the non-technical complexity of the problem, students learn not to oversimplifyproblems, but to design with social, ethical, and multi-disciplinary concerns in mind [8].Encouraging students to flex their creative skill within their respective classes, rather than solelythrough sparse elective requirements is vital to enhance their approach problems such that itincludes a multitude of perspectives. Framing a problem can often be the most difficult part

Conference Session

The Care and Keeping of Graduate Students - GSD Tech Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine G.P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, New Engineering Educators

challenges students may experience during the transition to graduate school and getting started in coursework and research activities  Communication strategies for working with colleagues from different backgrounds, experiences and disciplines  Balancing academic, research and personal responsibilities  Research ethics and responsible research practices for the mentor’s discipline4. ConclusionThrough the proposed activities which are grounded in best practices as well as multiple theories,participants will come out of this interactive panel discussion with draft versions of researchgroup charters, plans to enact mentorship contracts, and knowledge gained from other earlycareer faculty through case studies and group

Conference Session

Engineering Literacy: Champions of Engineering in General Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian P Kirkmeyer, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

students. Streaming anddownloading, whether legally or illegally, is the go-to format for the current generation of musicconsumers. Physical copies of music are largely not in demand, with the exception of certaingenres of music like heavy metal. It is thus helpful for students to learn where their currentforms of music enjoyment came from, and how they have evolved to where they are today. Thecourse has thus expanded the music acquisition topics to include the impacts of the internet onmusicians, record labels, and consumers, as well as ethical and legal arguments that have arisen.In a similar way, music creation has also been changed forever by the online technologies thatnow exist. In order to make a recording of music, musicians of the past

Conference Session

Developing New Engineering Educators

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clint Armani PhD, Unites States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

 Clear Communication  Application of Engineering Methods  Warrior Ethos as Airmen and Citizens  Ethics and Respect for Human Dignity  The Human Condition, Cultures, and Societies  Scientific Reasoning and the Principles of Science  Leadership, Teamwork, and Organizational Management  National Security of the American Republic in a Complex Global EnvironmentWhile two of these outcomes are specific to the military culture, the others are universal, andmany university and colleges have similar outcomes. Making sure new faculty understand theinstitutional outcomes is a critical element of any orientation program. This Faculty LearningOutcome on effective teaching practices included a session on outcome based lesson

Conference Session

The Best of the Computers in Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J.w. Bruce, Mississippi State University; Ryan A. Taylor, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

expected. However, the workloads were judged to be heavy as the studentswere required to not only become familiar with the idea of a real-time operating system, but werealso being asked (some for the first time) to implement a complex hardware system on a shorttimetable. The students during this term dealt with high stress levels as they moved deeper intothe material. For some students, the high stress situations led to a stronger work ethic and anincreased sense of team responsibility. For others, it deepened the divide between members oftheir team who seemed more ahead of the curve and members who seemed to be lagging behindor not pulling their weight. This had an obvious impact on the final product that was eventuallydelivered. During

Conference Session

Action on Diversity - Institutional Change & Perspectives on Diversity

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Karlin, University of Southern Maine; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Ronald R Ulseth, Itasca Community College; Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee

Paper ID #17699Managing Transformation to Crack Open Engineering EducationDr. Jennifer Karlin, University of Southern Maine Jennifer Karlin spent the first half of her career at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, where she was a professor of industrial engineering and held the Pietz professorship for entrepreneurship and economic development. She is now at the University of Southern Maine where she is a research professor of engineering and the curriculum specialist for the Maine Regulatory Training and Ethics Center.Dr. Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington Dr. Allendoerfer is a Research Scientist

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramanitharan Kandiah P.E., Central State University; Subramania Iyer Sritharan, Central State University; Gorgui S. Ndao, Central State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

in May.Recruitment and RetentionEvery year, while this institute helps to recruit 1-2 students from the pool of 25-30 participantsfor the engineering and science programs, it also helps to support the few undergraduate studentsas mentoring counselors in summer as a form of retention and to improve their leadership,management and communication skills, and work ethics. The impact of instructing engineeringphysics at early stages on performance in the college is strong and could be systematized withexpanding such instruction to include additional engineering physics.Available details on the demographic statistics of STI from 2008 to 2016 are given below(except for 2010 for which year data is unavailable) in Table 1.Table 1: Demographic

Conference Session

Architectural Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Purdy, SmithGroupJJR; Paul Urbanek FAIA, NCARB, LEED AP, SmithGroupJJR

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

engineering departments themselves remain pri-marily concerned with how design directly impacts their teaching and interactions with students.As architects, engineers, and planners for more than a dozen collegiate engineering-departmentbuildings in the past decade, SmithGroupJJR has helped develop a series of best practices re-lated to facility design in this new era. While not the only firm to explore them, SmithGroupJJRhas organized these new best practices into five distinct trends that encourage active participa-tion, collaboration, and even spontaneity, reflecting an underlying ethic of student engagementfrom the freshman level up. We present them here, provide real-world examples from Smith-GroupJJR’s portfolio, and also propose methods of

Conference Session

Tips and Tricks for Assessing Student Performance

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Paper ID #19411Self-Assessment to Improve Learning and EvaluationDr. Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University Dr. Gehringer is an associate professor in the Departments of Computer Science, and Electrical & Computer Engineering. His research interests include computerized assessment systems, and the use of natural-language processing to improve the quality of reviewing. He teaches courses in the area of programming, computer architecture, object-oriented design, and ethics in computing. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Self-Assessment to Improve Learning and

Conference Session

Experiential Learning Initiatives

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiahui Song, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Gloria Guohua Ma, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

project at the end. This paper presents our study with differentlab delivery formats, including preparation, implementation, survey data, observations, andfindings.Course BackgroundIntroduction to Engineering in our institution is a 3 credit course. The course includes one 1-hourlecture, and two 2-hour labs/week. In the lecture, students develop the skills needed during theirstudy of engineering. Topics include task/time management, effective use of notes, engineeringresearch, oral and written communications, problem-solving techniques, ethics and professionalresponsibility and institute resources. In the laboratory, students work in teams to complete avariety of engineering tasks.Each class is set to 85 students maximum. The lecture is held at a

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seyed Mousavinezhad, Idaho State University; Cheryl Xu, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Systems” wherehe presents IT tools examples and has a discussion of pedagogy. Our DSP senior-level course has four (4) studentoutcomes: (a). an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering; (c). an ability to design asystem, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental,social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability; (e). an ability to identify, formulate,and solve engineering problems; and (k). an ability to use techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessaryfor engineering practice. A recommended companion text for the course includes Matlab-based problem solvingapproach [8]. The authors of the text use innovative

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2: Curriculum and the Classroom

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra L. Furterer, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, SunMicrosystems, Google, Microsoft, Heineken, Hyundai, Twitter, Cargill, Facebook, Linkedin,Boston Consulting Group, Bain and Company, TATA.The following topics were topics that the students selected to cover in their case studies:  Motivation, job engagement  Job characteristics, employee involvement, rewards & recognition  Team building, group decision making  Team work, hiring team players, team processes  Communication,  Leadership, trust mentoring  Organizational structure  Organizational culture, climate, socialization, ethical organizational culture, spirituality  Hiring, selection, training, development, performance evaluation  Organizational change, stress management, organizational

Conference Session

Pre-College: Techniques and Programs for Promoting Engineering Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Tamara J. Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Kristina Maruyama Tank, Iowa State University; Elizabeth Gajdzik, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

, NY: Cambridge UniversityPress.[4] Tank, K. M., Moore, T. J., Dorie, B. L., Gajdzik, E., Sanger, M. T., Rynearson A. M.,Mann, E. F. (in press). Engineering in early elementary classrooms through the integration ofhigh-quality literature, design, and STEM+C content.[5] Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. ​QualitativeResearch Journal​, 9(2), 27-40.[6] Derry, S. J., Pea, R. D., Barron, B., Engle, R. A., Erickson, F., Goldman, R., ... & Sherin,B. L. (2010). Conducting video research in the learning sciences: Guidance on selection,analysis, technology, and ethics. ​The Journal of the Learning Sciences​, ​19​(1), 3-53.[7] Creswell, J. W. (2008). ​Research design: Qualitative, quantitative