Conference Session

Computer Tools for Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines; Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Rob Reed, Hewlett-Packard Corporation; Jim Vanides, Hewlett-Packard

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2007-1122: TRANSFORMING TEACHING AND LEARNING USING TABLETPCS ? A PANEL DISCUSSION USING TABLET PCSFrank Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines Frank Kowalski is Professor of Physics at Colorado School of Mines. Interested in improving classroom communication, he spearheaded efforts to introduce the use of clickers in CSM's introductory level physics classes. He currently uses InkSurvey to enhance his teaching of a junior/senior level electricity and magnetism course.Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Julia Williams is executive director of the Office of Institutional Research, Planning and Assessment and a professor of English at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. She has

Conference Session

Meeting ABET Requirements

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karinna Vernaza, Gannon University; Mahesh Aggarwal, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

theeffectiveness of the ME program. The assessment tools include university course evaluations,ME web-based course exit surveys, senior exit surveys, Engineering Advisory Council meetings,Review Board meetings, alumni surveys, and ME faculty meetings, amongst others. Anassessment process is in place to provide feedback based on the above evaluations for continuousimprovement in the program. The following six steps summarize the current assessmentpractice: 1. Assessment process done employing several evaluation tools. 2. Results of assessment are fed back to the ME faculty, Engineering Advisory Board and/or the Industrial Review Board, depending on the issues. 3. Action plan is developed. These action items drive the changes

Conference Session

Design for the Environment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dong Young Jang, Seoul National University of Technology; Heewon Lee, Seoul National University of Technology; Sitae Won, Seoul National University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

results from the capstone design education of SeoulNational University of Technology and its effects on design education in Korea.1. IntroductionMechanical system design is a process of devising parameters and working conditions thatare needed in developing and manufacturing of a planned product. Being a comprehensiveprocess in product development, it is a major factor in determining the competitiveness of aproduct. For this reason, design should not be considered as a method of imitating of pastproducts and accumulating of the data, but as a database warehouse which creativelyintegrates all major areas of manufacturing know-hows in the product developing process.Design today includes not only the functional design, but also sensitive design

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russel Jones, World Expertise LLC

Tagged Divisions

International

concrete action plan for the world to reverse the grinding poverty,hunger and disease affecting billions of people. Headed by Professor Jeffrey Sachs, theMillennium Project is an independent advisory body and presented its finalrecommendations, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the MillenniumDevelopment Goals to the Secretary-General in January 2005. The Millennium Projecthas been asked to continue operating in an advisory capacity through the end of 2006.”“Investing in Development proposes straightforward solutions for meeting theMillennium Development Goals by the 2015 deadline. The world already has thetechnology and know-how to solve most of the problems faced in the poor countries. Todate, however, these solutions have not

Conference Session

BME Courses & Curricular Content

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hatice Ozturk, North Carolina State University; Lianne Cartee, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

integration opportunities; and they contributed significantly to the perennialcomplaint of BME students everywhere: “how is this relevant?” Biomedical Engineeringstudents at our university are quite vocal about their undergraduate education. About 80% ofundergraduates have plans to attend graduate school or medical school. Below is a sampling ofstudent comments from Linear Systems for Biomedical Engineers end of semester evaluations:“[this course] was very tough to comprehend and had little to do with actual BMEapplications.”“Course was very abstract and frustrating; did not seem to fit into biomechanics.”“More examples or a more diverse group of examples would be beneficial. The textbook was notas clear as it could be.”“I still don’t really

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cauligi Raghavendra, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

International

andfurther multi-cultural enrichment of students. Students formed groups to take educationaltours of the neighborhood surrounding the university. The program culminated with abrief presentation on research projects from each team. The work accomplished by eachteam was quite substantial and garnered more acknowledgement of the value of theexperience. In 2008, we plan to host 14 students from India, 12 students from China, andabout 20 domestic students. We are also planning to send 12 students form USC VSoEto Tsinghua University in China.Selection of Students Program announcements are sent to our partner institutions in late fall, requestingthat students apply with their academic dean by January 15. Faculty interested in taking asummer intern

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norb Delatte, Cleveland State University; Paul Bosela, Cleveland State University; Rosemary Sutton, Cleveland State University; Joshua Bagaka's, Cleveland State University; William Beasley, Cleveland State University

-long learning, andcontemporary issues. The latter two outcomes may be addressed by discussing recent collapses,such as the Pittsburgh Convention Center or the Minneapolis I-35W Bridge. Further discussionof how failure case studies can address civil engineering program and Body of Knowledge(BOK) criteria is presented an another paper at the 2008 ASEE annual meeting4.Conducting the Surveys and Focus Groups Student learning has been assessed through surveys as well as focus groups, led byresearchers from the Cleveland State University College of Education and Human Services. Thecase studies were pilot tested in the spring of 2007 in two courses, Strength of Materials(sophomore, engineering mechanics, ESC 211) and Construction Planning and

Conference Session

Intellectual Property and Entrepreneurship

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Farris, Grand Valley State University; Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University; Shabbir Choudhuri, Grand Valley State University; Christopher Pung, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the university IP committee.One of the three projects involved automotive speed bumps. Speed bumps are designed to manage trafficpatterns by encouraging drivers to slow down and avoid jarring their cars. These are commonly made using amound of paving material laid across a roadway. Although simple in concept they have a number oflimitations. The use of paving materials requires special planning and labor to install and substantially morelabor to remove. The performance is highly dependent on geometry, but this can be hard to control. Evenslow drivers must endure the full motion of the bump, albeit at a slower pace. An alternate method forconstructing speed bumps was devised that would use a non-Newtonian fluid housed inside a rubber

Conference Session

Professional Engineering Management Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Merino, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

AC 2008-585: ASEM EM BOKDonald Merino, Stevens Institute of Technology Donald N. Merino is a tenured full professor and the Alexander Crombie Humphreys Chaired Professor of Economics of Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology. He teaches Engineering Economy, Decision Analysis, Total Quality Management, and Strategic Planning. He is Founder Emeritus of the undergraduate Bachelor of Engineering in Engineering Management (BEEM) and the Executive Master in Technology Management (EMTM) Program at Stevens. He won the Morton Distinguished Teaching Award for full professors at Stevens. John Wiley published his book, “The Selection Process for Capital Projects”. Dr. Merino received two

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ray Miller, University of Cincinnati; Max Rabiee, University of Cincinnati; Elvin Stepp, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

power, certificate programs,conferences and workshops will be offered.Introduction:Over the past three decades the utility industry has gone through the toughest times in the historyof large scale centralized power production. The 1973 Clean Air Act required power companiesto provide remedies for thermal pollution, air pollution, ground water contamination and soilcontamination. This added significantly to the costs of traditional fossil fueled power plants andhelped stimulate the growth in interest in building a large number of nuclear power plants.In 1979 the accident at Three Mile Island halted the construction of every nuclear plant beingbuilt in the US as well as forcing utilities to scrap any plans to seek licensing to start buildingnew

Conference Session

Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Engstrom, ITEA/Cal U

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

on student learning is shown by the pre-test/ post-test results and Page 13.811.7examples of student work. Students scored higher on post-tests than pre-test indicating theirunderstanding of unit content. In addition, the project director has numerous and varied examplesof student work that demonstrates students’ understanding and application of the EngineeringDesign Process. This work supports teacher perceptions that the students did learn skills such asusing the Engineering Design Process, thinking skills, problem solving, planning skills, use ofmaterials, vocabulary, and sketching ideas. Numerous examples of student use of these skillswere

Conference Session

Mechanics and the Internet

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Holdhusen, University of Wisconsin - Marathon County; Christa James-Byrnes, University of Wisconsin - Barboo/Sauk County; Luis Rodriguez, University of Wisconsin - Waukesha

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

manageable component in which to concentrate their teaching. In planning the lesson,teachers start by determining the learning goals they want students to achieve. From these goals,learning objectives are formed and then the student exercises or activities are developed to attainthe objectives. The lesson plan consists of the instructor methodology and techniques forinstruction as well as the expected reaction of the students. The lesson is developed with studentlearning as the focal point, including how students will interpret the information and thedifficulties they may have in reaching the learning goals.The overarching goal of a lesson study is to improve teaching. This goal is achieved by threespecific objectives. The first objective of a

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Engy Serag, San Diego State University; Amr Oloufa, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Construction

sponsored bycontractors’ organizations, where statistical model used to quantify the impact of the changeorders on the project cost was based on data supplied by the contractors; a situation that lead toowner-contractor disagreements related to the quantification method used. Also, resulting changeorder models didn’t rely on the actual plans, specs, daily productivity and changes of the project;rather they relied on the reply of the contractor filling survey.The study addresses the need for a statistical model to quantify the increase of the contract pricedue to change orders from verifiable site data such as owner’s daily reports, change orders,drawing, and specifications. A model is developed and validated to quantify the percent increasein the

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Delivery Modes in Nuclear Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erich Schneider

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

Nuclear Fuel Recycling Program Plan,” 20066“Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative Comparison Report,” 2003 and 20047,8“Comprehensive” Systems Analyses“Generation IV Roadmap: Report of the Fuel Cycle Crosscut Group,” DOE Report,20029“Accelerator Driven Systems and Fast Reactors in Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycles,”OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, NEA-3109-ADS, 200210“The Future of Nuclear Power,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Study, 200311Resource SustainabilitySchneider, “Long Term Uranium Supply Estimates,” 200712MacDonald, “Uranium: Sustainable Resource or Limit to Growth?” 200313Neff, “Insights Into the Future: Uranium Prices and Formation 1947-2004,” 200414International Atomic Energy Agency, “Analysis of Uranium Supply to 2050,” 200115Disposal

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosemarie Guzman, University of the Pacific; Michael Golanbari, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

design project course, and plans tocontinue to suggest the project to students in future offerings of the course. Page 13.548.2IntroductionThe purpose of the project is to design an annunciator system for one of the units of the HarveyO. Banks Pumping Plant, a facility of the Department of Water Resources (a State of Californiaagency). The requirements call for the annunciator system to be installed in Unit 3 of the plant.There are eleven units total. Unit 3 is one of the older existing and fully functional units in thepumping plant, and a less modern annunciator system is already installed and fully functional.Therefore, the design needs to

Conference Session

Cooperative Education and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline El-Sayed, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

needed leadership, the engineer promotes shared vision to individuals, teams, and organizations and empowers them to achieve their individual and collective goals. Professional Roles Holistic Professional Behaviors Self-Grower Motivated for lifelong success, the engineer plans, self-assesses, and achieves necessary personal growth in knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Achiever When given an assignment, the engineer demonstrates initiative, focus, and flexibility to deliver quality results in a timely manner. Practitioner Driven by personal and professional values, the engineer demonstrates integrity

Conference Session

Manufacturing Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University; Jay Porter, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

product variation. Figure 1. Improving the quality of product by reducing the variation The Six Sigma process consists of five stages: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve,and Control (DMAIC)2. The purpose, scope and goals of the project are specified in theDefine stage. The process being studied is also identified in this stage. In the Measurestage, a data collection plan is created, and measurement system assessment is conducted.Process, data, and potential root causes are analyzed in the Analyze stage. Solutions arethen analyzed, tried out and implemented in the Improve stage. The results are validatedand the improved process is standardized in the Control stage. Six Sigma provides a systematic methodology for solving engineering

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marilyn Smith, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Funding priorities are determinedthrough an interactive process, and the PIs of this project work with the financial aid office onweekly basis.Program RequirementsTo make the most effective use of resources with the best impact, we developed a requirementthat awardees meet with their assigned mentors at least twice a semester to discuss their progressand plans. They must also choose and attend two seminars presented by visitors to Georgia Tech,generally on technical content. They have to then write a paper of one to two pages summarizingwhat they learned – a requirement that encourages not only attentive listening, but also follow-updiscussions with the presenters, technical writing skills, and interactions with their mentors. Aparticular format

Conference Session

IE Program Design II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Matson, Tennessee Technological University; Jacqueline Mozrall, Rochester Institute of Technology; Diane Schaub, University of Florida; Patrick Patterson, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

. Selected Examples from EMC-BOKTM Domain Knowledge Area Market research, technology updates, Business research & forecasting tools, and environmental scanning risk analysis, trend analysis Planning and adjusting business System design and life cycle engineering, financial strategies risk management strategies & models Developing products, services, and Manufacturability, product/process creation (product processes or service specifications) Engineering operations and change Resource planning, project management techniques

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Riha, Iowa State University; Diane Rover, Iowa State University; Julia Apple-Smith, Iowa State University; James Melsa, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

cognizance within the United States has gonelargely unmet. Study and work abroad programs are driven by the priorities and plans of aneducational institution, and when there is cooperation among universities, it is usually only adhoc at best.There is, however, a growing realization of the inadequacy of the United States’ approach. Inthis paper, we present how publications such as ABET’s Engineering Criteria 2000 and theNational Academy of Engineering’s The Engineer of 2020 are bringing attention to globalizationin engineering. Additionally, we offer the results of a recent non-scientific survey performed tohelp characterize how universities are attempting to increase their numbers of engineeringstudents studying abroad.2 Globalization in

Conference Session

Potpourri Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Titus-Becker, North Carolina State University; Sarah Rajala, Mississippi State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Dianne Raubenheimer, North Carolina State University; Jo-Ann Cohen, North Carolina State University; Kala Bullett, North Carolina State University; Susan Grant, North Carolina State University; Fay Cobb Payton, North Carolina State University; Adrianna Kirkman, North Carolina State University; Barbara Kirby, North Carolina State University; Wendy Krause, North Carolina State University; Carrie Thomas, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

paper will present an update on the WISE Village, a review of the program’s goals, in termsof assessment results from the first three years, and a discussion of the evolving plans of theVillage, including the implementation of a sophomore track within the program.IntroductionWomen only account for 24% of all science and engineering workers, although they comprise46% of all workers (Graham & Smith, 2005).1 Moreover, women and minorities continue to beunderrepresented in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) at both theundergraduate and graduate levels. For example only 20% of engineering baccalaureate degreesare awarded to women (NSF, 2004).2Interest in science and engineering majors by female freshmen has not changed

Conference Session

Engineering Student Involvement in K-12 Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda Zarske, University of Colorado at Boulder; Janet Yowell, University of Colorado at Boulder; Jacquelyn Sullivan, University of Colorado at Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado at Boulder; Diana Wiant, Centaurus High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-12 community, we formed the “Centaurus TEAMS Posse” to send former PEAstudents back into their community to teach engineering. To that end, several former Centaurusstudents now attending CU’s College of Engineering enthusiastically participate in the TEAMSPosse. Their responsibilities include planning, organizing and delivering hands-on engineeringactivities for the before- or after-school TEAMS Clubs — an academically-enriching hour inwhich engineering comes to life for young, impressionable girls and boys.The integration of these current undergraduate engineering students as TEAMS Posse membersin their former elementary schools has its challenges, but appears to be a success. Teachersreport that the undergraduate TEAMS students bring a

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Asa, North Dakota State University; Zhili (Jerry) Gao

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Page 12.470.4 assurance that students will be exposed to what they are required to learn during internships; • some students may not be lucky enough to have the right internship at the right time;Course DesignCourse design involves the planning and structuring of a specific course of study to attain thedesired/requisite academic, institutional and program accreditation goals, in the context of aBloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. Generally course planning/design is considered asthe process of identifying the contents of a course and defining measurable objectives3 .Particular attention must be paid to the design process since courses are normally tailored andrequired to serve a very specific purpose in the entire

Conference Session

Effective Learning Innovations in Civil Engineering Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Blake Tullis, Utah State University; Steven Barfuss, Utah Stat University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2007-2259: SOME KEY ELEMENTS TO A SUCCESSFUL DESIGN-BASEDCOURSEBlake Tullis, Utah State UniversitySteven Barfuss, Utah Stat University Page 12.1289.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Some Key Elements to a Successful Design-Based CourseAbstractDesign-based courses often afford instructors more latitude in teaching styles andcurriculum (inductive teaching/learning), relative to the more traditional courses(deductive teaching/learning). With some effort and planning, design-based classes canbe developed into a successful alternative learning environment. Three key principles,which have been found to enhance learning, are discussed. These principles

Conference Session

Women & New Faculty Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth DeBartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology; Cory Hoffman, Rochester Institute of Technology; Melissa Zaczek, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Page 11.1160.3beneficial to more students. Over the years, Dr. DeBartolo has become familiar with myinvolvement in extra-curriculars at RIT, likes and dislikes of co-ops, and plans for the future.Knowing about my involvement in outreach activities and desire to teach, she informed me of agrant received in sponsorship of a senior design project. After hearing the project description,designing activities to educate students about engineering and concepts involving energy and theenvironment, I was hooked. What a great way to tie all of my unique experiences into a capstoneproject. I am currently the project manager.Just as Dr. DeBartolo has been able to provide great recommendations to me, I definitelyrecommend this partnership to other students

Conference Session

Topics in Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Lou Dunzik-Gougar, Idaho State University; Michael Lineberry, Idaho State University; Karen Leibert, Idaho State University; Anne Mollberg, Idaho National Laboratory

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

State University. He served as lead for the Idaho-based team that organized and ran the WNU Summer Institute.Karen Leibert, Idaho State University Dr. Leibert is the Program Coordinator for the Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering at Idaho State University. She acted as main logistics organizer and jack-of-all-trades for the Summer Institute.Anne Mollberg, Idaho National Laboratory Ms. Mollberg is the Educational Programs Group Lead at the Idaho National Laboratory. She lead a team of INL employees to offer many types of support and services for planning and running the Summer Institute

Conference Session

New Trends in Engineering Graduate Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Farrar, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Michael Todd, University of California-San Diego; Phillip Cornwell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

willing to pay to learn abouttechnology developed through the EI demonstrates the relevance of the EI’s research work.Finally, the EI will continue to seek traditional academic metrics of peer review such as refereedjournal publications, presentations at national and international technical conferences, andparticipation in various professional society activities.Future Plans.Future plans for the EI fall into four areas of 1) personnel, 2) education, 3) research, and 4)facilities.Personnel. Personnel plans for the next four years include adding 1) one additional full-timeTSM, 2) three half-time staff members, 3) five, rotating, two-year staff positions, 4) two post-docpositions, 5) five additional fellowships for full-time UCSD graduate students

Conference Session

Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gul Kremer, Pennsylvania State University; Madara Ogot, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

.” The model quadrants in illustrated in Figure 1 are:A: Expose (Dissection) – Typically included in first and second year courses to familiarize students with physical artifacts in a structured environment. Structure overcomes anxiety students may have with engineering. It increases learning of engineering terminology and vocabulary, and generally only requires high school level of mathematics, physics and chemistry.B: Inspire (Dissection) – Typically found in first and second year courses where it is used to introduce design, graphics, or ground within students the fundamentals from foundation engineering courses such as statics and mechanics of materials. The format is less structured with students planning

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K Krishnamurthy, University of Missouri-Rolla (ENG); Keith Stanek, University of Missouri-Rolla; Vittal Rao, University of Missouri-Rolla

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

studentsfrom different disciplines or with different expertise, the authors made their best effort to assignstudents to one of their top three projects.Students were given only a brief description because part of their assignment was to develop aStatement of Work. This assignment was seen as an invaluable part of the program as itprovided the students with experience in synthesizing the problem statement, identifying theapproach, and planning and scheduling the tasks. The projects identified under this programwere such that they could be completed over an eight-week period or those that could becompleted over two summers by two different teams. It was strongly felt that the studentsshould be able to have a working prototype by the end of the summer

Conference Session

Who Should Teach the BOK

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Maccariella, Urban Engineers, Inc. / Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

need to develop leadership and management skills toeffectively communicate with clients and colleagues, and technical skills to produce constructioncost estimates, design plans, and project specifications. Often, graduate engineers do not possessthese skills.The author believes that adjunct instructors can supplement faculty members by providingpractical experience and an industry perspective to address these apparent shortcomings.Need for AdjunctsThere are many reasons for employing adjunct faculty. As pointed out by Gosink and Streveler4variability of student enrollment, start-up of new programs, the need for specific expertise, andthe replacement of sabbatical or on-leave faculty are factors which necessitate temporaryarrangements to ensure