Conference Session

Biomedical Division Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cristi L. Bell-Huff, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kali Lynn Morgan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Joseph M. LeDoux, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

 Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech is currently infusing entrepreneurial minded learning and critical reflection throughout the undergraduate curriculum. One unique aspect of this effort is the creation of student­faculty partnerships that are focused on developing more entrepreneurially minded and reflective pedagogy within specific core courses. In this pilot effort, eight biomedical engineering students were recruited based on previous course experience, academic performance, and expressed interest in entrepreneurially minded learning and course development. These student partners formed a core team of course implementation assistants (CIA) that were overseen and supported by one faculty member serving as team leader. Six

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yen-Lin Han, Seattle University; Kathleen E. Cook, Seattle University; Teodora Rutar Shuman, Seattle University; Gregory Mason P.E., Seattle University; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

controls system and the use of technology to enhance engineering education. Dr. Mason is a member of the Amer- ican Society of Engineering Education and the Society of Manufacturing Engineers. He is a licensed professional engineer.Dr. Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington Jennifer Turns is a Professor in the Department of Human Centered Design & Engineering at the Univer- sity of Washington. She is interested in all aspects of engineering education, including how to support c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Paper ID #22165engineering students in reflecting on experience, how to

Conference Session

AEC Education: Instructional Strategies and Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cowan, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

AC 2008-1739: A CLIENT-BASED ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR SERVICELEARNING PROJECTSDavid Cowan, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis Page 13.14.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 A Client-Based Assessment Tool for Architectural Technology Service Learning ProjectsAbstractService learning is a natural fit for the study of architecture1,2 as the practice ofarchitecture engages communities all over the world in order to solve problems inthe built environment. Much of this civic engagement is often directed towardsstudent learning in the form of reflection papers or exit surveys, and the literatureon service learning attests to this2.There is

Conference Session

Computed Simulation and Animation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Jacquot, University of Wyoming; Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Robert Kubichek, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

required. A typical problem for the application of the lossless transmission linesimulator is given in Appendix A. The software is not intended as a substitute for theunderstanding gained early in the process by solution of problems using a hand calculator. Theconcepts of load and source impedance matching, wave reflection, and standing wave ratio canbe explored experimentally by students in the setting of the computer keyboard.The concept of using MATLAB for the animation of lumped parameter dynamic systems wasdemonstrated by Watkins et al.2 Recently there have been a number of papers describing thegraphical interpretation of partial differential equations. The transport of pollutants ingroundwater has been described using web-based graphics3 and

Conference Session

Experiences of Underrepresented Students in Engineering

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nayda G. Santiago, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Manuel A. Jimenez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Luisa Guillemard, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Sustainable Infrastructure (RISE-UP). Both projects are funded by NSF. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Work In Progress: Combining Strategies for Leadership Development of Engineering StudentsAbstractThis work in progress reports an intervention to develop leadership skills in engineeringundergraduate students. A methodology based on a cognitive apprentice framework wasimplemented, where coaching, Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL), cooperative learning,reflection, and self-assessment are combined to train peer leaders from different engineeringprograms. Students in the PLTL Peer Leaders initiative are low-income academically talentedstudents (LIATS) from a Hispanic

Conference Session

Designing Opportunities for Youth Engagement in STEM

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Mary Anna LaFratta, Western Carolina University; Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University; Lane Graves Perry III, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

opportunities for the engineering and artstudents to learn to apply their discipline knowledge in real-world applications, practicecollaboration, develop mentoring skills, critically reflect upon their learning, and integrate sound,technology and visual graphics into interactive two-dimensional compositions. For the FSFclients, it is an opportunity for them to work directly with university students on the universitycampus and to engage in experiential learning by making and designing a two-dimensionalcomposition that extends the boundaries of traditional design and imagination. The initiation ofthis idea started more than two years ago and has been shaped by many discussions between theauthors and one author’s participation in the WCU Faculty Institute

Conference Session

Statics and Dynamics in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Maria J. Gerschutz, Trine University; David A. Evenhouse, Purdue University; Nimit Patel, National Science Foundation; Edward J. Berger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Nick Stites, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Craig Zywicki, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David B. Nelson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Charles Morton Krousgrill, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jeffrey F. Rhoads, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the Freeform environment (e.g., in-class active learning).However, the comprehensive implementation of Freeform Dynamics in the Fall 2015 courseconstituted a major change in her instructional practice. To navigate and document thistransformation process, the instructor implemented what shall be referred to here as reflectiveteaching practice, both on an individual basis and in concert with the research team.Reflective Teaching and LearningLiterature regarding the dissemination of educational innovations has previously made direct tiesbetween the dissemination of ideas and the development of reflective teaching practice16.Reflective teaching practice encourages a heightened awareness of the teaching and learningexperience, with an eye towards

Conference Session

Global and Intercultural Competency

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Rutz, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

and of the study abroad trips are presented along with reflections ofstudent learning.Course DescriptionSeveral factors contributed to the decision to address the need for developing globalcompetencies. Like many universities, the University of Cincinnati (UC) has made a concertedeffort to increase its global interactions and colleges and units are encouraged to contribute tothis global strategy. Many of the businesses that hire our graduates are global companies andthey are seeking employees who are comfortable working in this global context. Finally,students are requesting these opportunities at a greater rate than they had in the past.The College sought to provide content and experiences that met the global engineering skill setdefined by

Conference Session

Integrating Experiential Learning into the Curriculum

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martha M. Snyder, Nova Southeastern University; Manuel Salinas, Nova Southeastern University; Molly J. Scanlon, Nova Southeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

practices soccer and tennis.Dr. Molly J. Scanlon, Nova Southeastern University Molly J. Scanlon, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Department of Writing and Communication in the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences (CAHSS) at Nova Southeastern University. She teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in first year experience, composition, writing studies, and visual rhetoric. Research interests include visual rhetoric, identity construction, and experiential learning pedagogy, with publications in Composition Studies, Reflections, and ImageText; and presentations at Frontiers in Education, Conference on College Composition and Communication, National Council of Teachers of English, Florida Distance

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ekwaro-Osire, Texas Tech University; Peter Orono, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

with ateam of students) is a pedagogical approach to creative engineering design education establishinga close relationship with and within design teams of students. The role of the pan-mentor consistsof: helping students to effectively tap into their creativity as individuals and as teams; guidingthem through the design process at both the individual and team level; and encouraging self-reflection and assessment. This paper develops and discusses an assessment regime for the threeelements of pan-mentoring in creative engineering design. In the regime, student assessment,course assessment, and pan-mentor assessment are utilized. In this paper, the only data discussedis from a questionnaire (course assessment) completed by freshmen students

Conference Session

New EET Course Development

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Habibur Rahman; Beshara Sholy

maintenance of such systems at frequencies above 1 GHz. At Parks College of Engineeringand Aviation, a lecture course and accompanying laboratory are designed to give avionicsstudents an introduction to Radar systems in which microwave measurements and techniquesare a major portion of the exercise.This lecture/laboratory combination provides our students with the opportunity to demonstratethe basic theory of transmission, reflection and attenuation measurements of microwave signalsat frequencies up to 12GHz. This is explored in a variety of laboratory experiments designed togive an understanding of microwave signal measurement, characteristics of microwave devices

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Betsy Chesnutt, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

use in K-12classrooms. A new course model was created that utilized a hybrid community of practice wherestudents learned about engineering education and worked together to support local K-12 schoolsby engaging in service learning. This project explored the ways in which participation in thiscourse impacted pre-service teachers’ perceptions of engineering and engineering teaching self-efficacy. We first administered a survey designed to measure engineering teaching self-efficacyto pre-service teachers at the beginning and end of the course. In addition, pre-service teachersalso completed reflective journals throughout the course in which they were asked to reflect onhow specific aspects of the course impacted their understanding of the nature

Conference Session

Assessing Teaching and Learning

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Khalid El Gaidi; Diane H. Soderholm; Doris Brodeur; Dava Newman

uses aninstitutional design portfolio to evaluate the design experiences in its curriculum. 4 Theportfolio states the department's philosophy of design education as a developmentalprocess, and documents, using selected design experiences, how that philosophy is putinto practice. This portfolio differs from others in that instructors, not students, compile it.It is similar to what we at MIT call reflective memos, i.e., opportunities for instructors toreflect on course learning objectives and how students have met them. Another example ofportfolio use for specific learning experiences is found in Introduction to AerospaceEngineering at MIT, where each student creates a design portfolio to document progressand achievement as a part of a group

Conference Session

Web Education: Delivery and Evaluation

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Sérgio Franco; Marco Silveira; Luciano Costa; Guillermo Creus

havepriority, as the knowledge evolution is very fast. Students must be trained into self learning, toassure constant evolution. They should learn how to transform information into knowledge. According to constructivism, the main emphasis should be given to the process, i.e., tothe knowledge evolution obtained in the learning activities. The knowledge is built up like arising spiral by a iterative reconstruction. Of main importance are the relations established duringthe process. In a learning process designed with the constructivist approach, the student activeparticipation is the main key to success. This participation should not be limited to thinkingabout the learning subject. The student must also reflect about the way knowledge is

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Caitlin Grady, The George Washington University

developingengineers who are aware of and engaged with the ethical dimensions of their work, educatorscontribute to the creation of a workforce that values and serves societal interests. Our goal ofpresenting our project as a work in progress to this conference is to garner discussion and feedbackon our design prior to project implementation furthering iterative research design andstrengthening our approach to student learning.This project brings coupled ethical-epistemic analysis from the field of philosophy and reflectivepractice from the field of cognitive design theory to the field of engineering education. This early-stage, exploratory project will study the effectiveness of leveraging adapted existing pedagogies(reflective practice) alongside new

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shannon D. Barker, University of Virginia; Kenya Crosson, University of Dayton; Victoria E Goodrich, University of Notre Dame; Jordan Jarrett, P.E., Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

beenpreviously documented in ASEE Prism [1], which is quoted below. “ASEE President Sheryl Sorby’s speech at the 2020 Annual Conference outlined a vision for both the organization and engineering education that reflects more diversity and equity. In light of this vision, as well as the societal momentum toward dismantling White supremacy and racism, ASEE has launched a Year of Impact on Racial Equity. Many aspects of engineering culture have origins and practices that center Whiteness and exclusivity. However, we are all caretakers of this culture and can either protect exclusionary traditions or strategically design models that better meet the diverse challenges and needs of our society. In order to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Pearl Chen, California State University, Los Angeles; Anthony Hernandez, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

students to reflect on their own learningstrategies and performance. The redesigned course was offered in Spring 2014, and significantimprovement in term project performance was observed. To analyze the impact of thepedagogical revision, a mixed methods research was used to collect both quantitative andqualitative data including pre- and post- survey, informal and formal interviews, and participantobservation. The interview was conducted multiple times throughout the quarter to track thechange of student motivation and participation in the class projects. The paper includes detaileddata analysis to reveal how students with different academic and cultural backgrounds respondedto the revised CPBL and discusses why these changes helped to promote

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Assessment in the First Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Abigail T. Stephan, Clemson University; Elizabeth Anne Stephan, Clemson University; Laurel Whisler, Clemson University; Andrew I. Neptune, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

to become familiar with a number of personal and professional strategies for successwithin the structure of the learning strategies course. The goal of the peer sharing presentations isto provide students with the opportunity to explore evidence-based practices and share theirfindings with peers. The peer sharing presentation process includes students selecting a strategy,learning about the selected strategy, creating a set of informative and engaging slides, presentingtheir findings to peers, and reflecting on their peers’ presentations. Through this process, the peersharing presentations are an innovative way for students to engage as active learners in thecollaborative construction of new knowledge.The effectiveness of peer sharing

Conference Session

Design: Content and Context

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mieke Schuurman, Pennsylvania State University; Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University; Peggy Van Meter, Pennsylvania State University; Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, for example byhaving them document and reflect on their learning experiences. Increasingly, electronicportfolios (e-portfolios) are gaining attention as a solid assessment tool as well as a pedagogicaltool. As a pedagogical tool, e-portfolios serve to communicate high expectations and supportlearner-centered instruction. We hypothesize that documentation of engineering design learningin an e-portfolio will enhance students’ learning.The empirical literature supports the belief that active learning supports student outcomes 3, 4. Page 13.537.2Students who are engaged in active learning are more likely to progress through stages ofacademic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ikseon Choi, University of Georgia; Yi-Chun Hong, National Central University; David K. Gattie, University of Georgia; Nadia N. Kellam, University of Georgia; Melissa G. Gay, University of Georgia; Lucas John Jensen, University of Georgia; Hyojin Park, University of Georgia; YounSeok Lee, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

the Graduate Institute of Network Learning Technology at National Central University in Taiwan. Her research interests include reflective thinking, learning envi- ronments design, engineering design problems, ill-structured problem solving, and game-based learning in formal education.Dr. David K. Gattie, University of GeorgiaDr. Nadia N. Kellam, University of Georgia Nadia Kellam is an Assistant Professor and engineering educational researcher in the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at the University of Georgia. She is Co-director of the CLUSTER research group with faculty members from engineering, art, and educational psychology. Her research interests include interdisciplinarity, creativity

Conference Session

Innovative College-Industry Partnerships for the Future

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen F. Gygi, University of Washington; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

engineering education, including how to support engineering students in reflecting on experience, how to help engineering educators make effective teaching decisions, and the application of ideas from complexity science to the challenges of engineering education. Page 22.1720.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 “I just thought I did insignificant tasks”: Using E-portfolios to Understand Co-op and Undergraduate Research ExperiencesAbstractThis paper discusses initial work with having engineering students in optional

Conference Session

Innovative Pedagogical Strategies I

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Lucas, Purdue University; Bhavana Kotla, Purdue Polytechnic Graduate Programs; Katey Shirey, EduKatey; Lisa Bosman, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

todevelop and employ innovative pedagogies to address the impediments to learning in an onlineenvironment. This proceeding describes the motivational impact on students from participatingin a semester-long asynchronous project to create a nature-inspired and entrepreneurially mindedpodcast in an online Engineering Technology course. The project's duration was intentionally anentire semester to encourage students to remain engaged in the overall course content. Thematicanalysis of student reflections indicates that participants were motivated in areas correspondingto Alderfer’s proposed categories of basic human needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Theresults are presented and discussed concerning the motivational framework. Additionally

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 1: Evolving First Year Programs

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaylla Cantilina, Tufts University; Ethan E. Danahy, Tufts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

: Exploring Engineering Students’ Changing Perception of Racism in Automation during a First-Year Computation CourseAbstractThis Complete Evidence-based Practice paper describes first-year engineering students’perceptions, and specifically their shifts in those perspectives, towards the role of automation anddata science in society as well as the racial implications of how those human-made systems areimplemented and deployed. As part of a larger curricular change being made to a first-yearengineering course in computation, this paper specifically examines two reflection assignmentswhere students wrote, at different points in the semester (week 2 and week 12), regarding theirpersonal questions and understandings related

Conference Session

Preparing for Practice

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Corey T Schimpf, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Rubrics that will be used to judge the quality of the presentations by guest speakers as well as students and to guide the reflections written on guest speakers and student presentations to help students learn to identify and judge entrepreneurial competencies. 4. A description and guidelines for playing and for writing reflections for the individual student online business game-which were transferred from the prior course. 5. A description and guidelines for participating as a team in the’$5.00 create a business game’ which is intended to help students integrate the content of the entire Principles course as well as focus on achieving the enduring understandings

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

assessment practices, or describe orillustrate actual or potential student learning activities are provided in appendices. The attachedappendices include these artifacts: 1. The prior course syllabus revised for the new course design. 2. An example of a guest speaker biography ( used in the prior course for the Tuesday night 9:00 pm free pizza talk). Page 23.379.5 3. Rubrics that will be used to judge the quality of the presentations by guest speakers as well as students and to guide the reflections written on guest speakers and student presentations to help students learn to identify and

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Kim, Bucknell University; Joe Tranquillo, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

,and Role Model are associated with the entrepreneurial mindset. These divisions, however, becomeblurred at the level of educational objectives. K-WIDE educational objectives are listed in Table1 and are mapped to the relevant roles. Some of the objectives map only to roles related to theentrepreneurial mindset or engineering design. For example, progress in reflection and the growthmindset are typically associated with the entrepreneurial mindset. Many of the objectives, however,map to roles related to both the entrepreneurial mindset and engineering design.In this remainder of this section, we give short descriptions of how particular objectives capturethis synthesis by considering the objectives from multiple perspectives. This will clarify

Conference Session

Self-Regulation and Learning

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sakhi Aggrawal, Purdue University; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

self-regulatedlearning skills.Purpose: The study was designed to gather insights into the students’ experience with theresearch course and understand what self-regulated learning skills they developed as part of thislearning experience. Specifically, the study examines “What are students' perceptions of the roleof self-regulated learning and project management skills in the context of their researchproject?”Methods: The study was conducted in a senior-level undergraduate course offered at a large mid-western university. The course focused on project management, research skills, and mentorshipin the context of a research project. Data were collected through guided student reflections at theend of the semester and analyzed thematically according

Conference Session

Improving the BME Classroom on the Ground and Virtually

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rucha Joshi, University of California, Davis; Jennifer H. Choi, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

facts rather thanunderstanding key concepts and ideas) without realizing that they may need to adopt a differentapproach as the learning outcomes may have changed. To make the problem worse, studentsdon’t even realize that anything might be wrong with their approach, so even after a poorperformance in midterm examinations, they may relentlessly redouble their previous efforts, onlyto find in the final examination that more of the same strategy does not help.Metacognition, “the process of reflecting on and directing one’s own thinking” [2] can helpstudents become self - directed learners, where students must learn to assess the demands of thetask, evaluate their own knowledge and skills, plan their approach, monitor their progress, andadjust

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sharon Miller, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis; Steven Higbee, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

learning and development as researchers: (1) social science researchin design education, (2) mixed methods research, and (3) evidence-based teaching. To that end,we strategically invited engineering education research mentors to our team, deliberatelystructured our mentor conversations with literature readings to foster growth, and purposefullydocumented this process by continually responding to reflection questions in a professionaldevelopment journal. Our approach to include our own professional development in ourResearch Initiation in Engineering Formation grant has proven instrumental in collecting dataand in connecting us with the engineering education community.Choosing Mentors and Developing a Mentoring PlanOur engineering education

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Pulford, Center for Engineering Learning and Teaching (CELT); Alyssa Catherine Taylor, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

students’ development of effectivecommunication skills along with technical skill development. The senior capstone report oftenplays an instrumental role in this development, since it comprises both the final assessment ofstudent communication performance and also students’ most significant opportunity for activelearning of in-discipline communication skills. Peer review has been proposed as an ideal meansto provide students with much-needed feedback toward this communication learning. Peerreview also has the potential to increase students’ interpersonal communication skills andmetacognition, provided that the review activity is structured to encourage constructivecontributions and reflection[1]. The goal of this work-in-progress project is to