Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Courses II

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Christopher Carroll

utilize the technical knowledge available to themeffectively, but they also must understand foundations of the social settings in which they wish toapply that technology. Engineering, by its nature, is a multidisciplinary endeavor requiring skillsand knowledge from a variety of backgrounds.In a recent accreditation review of engineering programs at the University of Minnesota Duluth(UMD), the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) visitors suggested that away be found to instill in students a more complete appreciation for this “ProfessionalComponent” of engineering. According to ABET criteria, students should understand howengineering relates to activities in • Economics, • Environment

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

R. Barat; G. DiBenedetto; T. Boland

A New Freshmen Engineering Design Experience in Chemical Engineering at NJIT R. Barat, G. DiBenedetto, and T. Boland Otto York Department of Chemical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ 07102IntroductionThere is a general recognition of the need to give their students considerable training beyond the standardknowledge of a particular engineering fieldi. Students must now have the ability to think critically andcommunicate effectively, to work in multidisciplinary teams and have good interpersonal skills, and toexhibit a broader professional and ethical

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amitava 'Babi' Mitra, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Timothy Kassis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Yuan Lai, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Justin A. Lavallee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Gregory L. Long PhD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Alice Nasto, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; M. Mehdi Salek, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Rea Lavi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Rebecca Shepardson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education

Paper ID #33461Pivot to Remote Teaching of an Undergraduate InterdisciplinaryProject-Based Program: Spring–Fall 2020Dr. Amitava ’Babi’ Mitra, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Amitava ’Babi’ Mitra linkedin.com/in/babimitra|+1-617-324-8131 | babi@mit.edu Dr. Amitava ’Babi’ Mitra is the founding Executive Director of the New Engineering Education Trans- formation (NEET) program at MIT. His expertise and interest are in setting up and leading innovative ’start-up’ educational initiatives; he has over twenty-five years’ experience in institution building, higher education, corporate e-learning, and distance education

Conference Session

Joint Technical Session: Engineering Leadership Development Division and Engineering Management Division

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John R. Donald, P.E., University of Guelph, Canada; Marnie V. Jamieson, University of Alberta, Canada

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD), Engineering Management Division (EMD)

learning. The outcomes-based approach requires ashift from a teacher centered pedagogical approach to a student-centered approach. Evenso, this slow adoption of active learning is apparent despite a dramatic increase in ourcapabilities and capacity to leverage instructional technologies, and that as project-baseddesign education has become common in engineering programs. Active learningpedagogies challenge the more traditional teacher-centered pedagogies such as lectures,which are the dominant form of delivery. This slow adoption is apparent notwithstandingthe large body of evidence demonstrating the efficacy of student-centered approaches.This resistance to active learning can also be noted in both engineering educators andengineering students

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 9

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Choi Ausman, Virginia Tech; Qin Zhu, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Paper ID #38717Mixed in Engineering: Introducing Critical Multiracial Theory toEngineering Education ResearchMs. Michelle Choi Ausman, Virginia Tech Michelle Choi Ausman is a first-year PhD student in Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. She received a BS in Liberal Arts and Engineering Studies from Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, and an MS in Science and Technology Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Her research focuses on exploring relation- ships between Asian American identity, multiracial identity, and belonging in engineering. Her research interests include engineering identity, diversity, equity, and

Conference Session

Engineering Practice for a Moral World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Moriarty, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

whether or Page 11.1288.10not these products will contribute to “the good.” What we or they mean by the good is anotherother conversation which must remain on-going. 9Bibliography1 Gene Moriarty, “Three Kinds of Ethics for Three kinds of Engineering,” IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Fall 2001.2 Gene Moriarty, “What, More Assessment?," ASEE Conference (June 2001) in Albuquerque, NM.3 Martin Heidegger, “The Thing,” an essay in the book Poetry, Language, Thought, translated by Albert Hofstadter. Harper & Row: New York, 1971, p. 165

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Pitts, Northeastern University; Steve McGonagle, Northeastern University; Steven W Klosterman, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

of Powertrain Planning and then Product Development Operations for all Ford, Jaguar, Land Rover, Mazda and Volvo brands globally. Prior to joining Northeastern, Pitts served as director of the Ford-MIT Research Alliance.Steve McGonagle,Mr. Steven W Klosterman, Northeastern University Director of Engineering Leadership Steven Klosterman works in the Gordon Engineering Leadership Pro- gram. Klosterman is also a professor of the practice in Engineering Leadership at Northeastern University. Klosterman teaches leadership, product development and systems engineering. He has over 25 years of experience in the high technology and renewable energy industries. Following roles in computer archi- tecture and design at the

Conference Session

Towards a Participatory Action, Retention of Black Students, and Exploring Black Engineering Student Success

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida; Erica D. McCray, University of Florida; Gretchen Dietz, University of Florida; Randy Dorian Brown, University of Florida; Paul Richardson

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

, she served as a special educator for students with behavioral and learning disabilities in Title I elementary and middle schoolGretchen Dietz, University of Florida Gretchen A. Dietz is an Assistant Professor of Teaching in the Department of Engineering Technology and Construction Management at UNC Charlotte. Her research interests include diversity in engineering and qualitative methodologies.Randy Dorian Brown, University of FloridaPaul G Richardson ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Engineering Firms as Racialized Organizations: The Experiences of Black Male EngineersAbstractRecent studies have shown the barriers that African Americans

Conference Session

Student Success and Interactions

Collection

2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

M. Javed Khan, Tuskegee University; Chadia A. Aji, Tuskegee University

Tagged Topics

Conference Submission

Paper ID #35895Intellectual Mental Models of Engineering and Non-EngineeringUndergraduate StudentsDr. M. Javed Khan, Tuskegee University Dr. M. Javed Khan is Professor and Head of Aerospace Science Engineering Department at Tuskegee University. He received his Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering from Texas A&M University, M.S. in Aero- nautical Engineering from the US Air Force Institute of Technology, and B.E. in Aerospace Engineer- ing from the PAF College of Aeronautical Engineering. He also has served as Professor and Head of Aerospace Engineering Department at the National University of Science and Technology

Conference Session

Women, Minorities and the New Engineering Educator

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annette Mallory Donawa; Clifton Martin, Morgan State University; Carl White, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

AC 2007-3115: RE-ENGINEERING ENGINEERING: TEACHING STUDENTSHOW TO THINK CRITICALLYAnnette Donawa, Morgan State University/CAMRA Prior to pursuing a doctorate degree in Higher Education at Morgan State University, Annette Mallory Donawa served as the Deputy Director for the Center for Advanced Microwave Research and Applications (CAMRA), a $6 M NASA-sponsored research grant. She received her BS in Mass Communications, along with a minor in English from Towson University, Towson, Maryland in 1987. Mrs. Donawa earned her Master’s Degree in Instructional Technology from Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois in 1994. Mrs. Donawa has more than 20 years of experience working for

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Approaches

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Dunn; John Brauer

engineering programs have recognized this paradigm shift and have begun to offer agraduate level degree taught jointly with their business schools. At the undergraduate educationlevel, fewer programs have been developed. MIT is offering an undergraduate engineeringschool-wide elective course called Management in Engineering2. Topics covered includefinancial principles, management of innovation, technical strategy, engineering project planningand control, human factors, sales and legal issues, and career planning. The University of Illinoisat Champaign is piloting an innovative program in Technology and Management which bringstogether undergraduate students from the college of engineering and commerce and businessadministration3. The students enter

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Vincent R. Canino; John D. Gassert

team, scheduled formal and informaloral reports, a formal feasibility study, and the students’ continuous use of an engineeringlogbook to perform this assessment. The fourth group of students is completing this designsequence in May of 1999. The resulting senior engineering design projects have been highlysuccessful because of the continual assessment of the teams’ performance by their individualfaculty advisor and the BE program faculty.Introduction Biomedical Engineering began at MSOE in 1972 as a Bio-Environmental EngineeringTechnology program. Soon after, it became a Biomedical Engineering Technology program andwas accredited by the Technology Accreditation Commission of ABET. This program became aBiomedical Engineering program and

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Ashraf Ghaly

roadmap for the civil engineering profession, ASCE defines civil engineers as individualsentrusted by society to create a sustainable world and enhance the global quality of life1. Also,in its Vision 2025 for the profession, ASCE stipulates that civil engineers serve competently,collaboratively, and ethically as master:  Planners, designers, constructors, and operators of society’s economic and social engine—the built environment;  Stewards of the natural environment and its resources;  Innovators and integrators of ideas and technology across the public, private, and academic sectors;  Managers of risk and uncertainty caused by natural events, accidents, and other threats; and  Leaders in

Collection

2011 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Sean K. Turner

The Case for Sustainable Engineering in Undergraduate Engineering Education Sean K. Turner, Rowan University, New JerseyAbstractPrivate sector and government programs represent investments of billions of dollars in therenewable energy field, which is experiencing unprecedented demand. There are many reasonsfor this demand including that it is a constant growing field due to the need for alternativegeneration means to address peak loads and to meet carbon reduction goals, among others.Renewable energy technologies are important on a global basis due to pressures on conventionalfossil-fuel energy resources used to power the majority of today’s societal needs. This

Collection

2009 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Josh Wyrick; Catherine Booth

quality of life and modernize our technology in a more sustainablemanner. Sustainable engineering, commonly referred to as “green engineering”, has quicklybecome a critical societal issue, an issue that the engineers of today and tomorrow will play adramatic role in solving. Many universities are incorporating green engineering concepts intotheir core curriculum. In fact, the Board of Directors for the American Society of EngineeringEducation (ASEE) considers it a priority that all engineering programs prepare their graduatesfor a profession that uses sustainable engineering techniques and methods1. These techniquesinclude alternative solutions to the consumption of non-renewable energy sources, such as oil.As the new presidential administration

Collection

2009 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Josh Wyrick; Catherine Booth

quality of life and modernize our technology in a more sustainablemanner. Sustainable engineering, commonly referred to as “green engineering”, has quicklybecome a critical societal issue, an issue that the engineers of today and tomorrow will play adramatic role in solving. Many universities are incorporating green engineering concepts intotheir core curriculum. In fact, the Board of Directors for the American Society of EngineeringEducation (ASEE) considers it a priority that all engineering programs prepare their graduatesfor a profession that uses sustainable engineering techniques and methods1. These techniquesinclude alternative solutions to the consumption of non-renewable energy sources, such as oil.As the new presidential administration

Conference Session

Mechanics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey C. Hayen, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Paper ID #25728An Alternative Form of Euler’s Equation for the Rotational Dynamics of aRigid Body Confined to Planar (2-D) MotionDr. Jeffrey C. Hayen, Oregon Institute of Technology Jeffrey Hayen joined the faculty in the MMET Department at the Oregon Institute of Technology (OIT) in 2011. Before arriving at OIT, Jeffrey served as a Professor of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physics at Southwestern Oregon Community College for 16 years. Prior to that experience, he worked in the aerospace industry as a thermodynamicist and propellant analyst for high-performance upper-stage rock- ets at the Space Systems Division of the

Conference Session

Stories, Communication, and Convergence in Engineering Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna G Burchfield, University of South Florida; April A. Kedrowicz, North Carolina State University, Raleigh

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

Paper ID #38205Engineering Is Personal: Interpersonal Communication for the21st-Century EngineerDr. Joanna G Burchfield, University of South FloridaApril A. Kedrowicz, North Carolina State University, Raleigh ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Engineering is Personal: Interpersonal Communication for the 21st Century EngineerAbstractIn 1996, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) adopted EngineeringCriteria 2000 (EC2000). EC2000 was revolutionary for its time and its implications forengineering education paradigms rocked engineering programs around the United

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul C. Lynch, Penn State University Erie, The Behrend College; Joseph Wilck, United States Air Force Academy; Omar Ashour, Pennsylvania State University Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

. Ashour received the B.S. degree in Industrial Engineering/Manufacturing Engi- neering and the M.S. degree in Industrial Engineering from Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) in 2005 and 2007, respectively. He received his M.Eng. degree in Industrial Engineering/Human Factors and Ergonomics and the Ph.D. degree in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research from Pennsylvania State University (PSU) in 2010 and 2012, respectively. Dr. Ashour’s research areas include applied decision making and simulation. He contributed to research directed to improve engineering education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Engineering Economy: The Crossroads of Business

Conference Session

Undergraduate Recruitment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Shapcott, Arizona State University; Katherine G. Nelson, Arizona State University; Jenefer Husman, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Technology (QESST) at ASU. In this role, she is focusing her attentions on development of both effective and affective curricular tools to aid post-secondary students’ learning in solar energy/photovoltaics engineering.Dr. Jenefer Husman, Arizona State University Page 25.303.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Changing the Face of Engineering: Can Photovoltaic Engineering Lead the Charge? Susan Shapcott, Katherine Nelson & Jenefer Husman Arizona State University

Conference Session

Professional Identity

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific University; Caitlin Hawkinson, Seattle Pacific University; Jennifer J. VanAntwerp, Calvin College; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Crystal Bruxvoort, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

from the Georgia Institute of Technology, both in Electrical Engineering. She also holds an M.Ed. from the University of Washington (2008). Her research interests cover major threads in engineering education as well as (chem- ical and biological) sensors research which cross-over into her work in community based partnerships and community outreach. Her international work in study-abroad programs, run through the University of Washington Exploration Seminars, bridge her sensors and education interests.Crystal Bruxvoort, Calvin College CRYSTAL N. BRUXVOORT is an Assistant Professor of Science Education in the Chemistry & Bio- chemistry Department at Calvin College. She received a Ph.D. in Curriculum &

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON) Technical Session 2 - Engineering for One Planet (EOP)

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Matthew, Broadening Impacts; Andrew Schulz, Georgia Institute of Technology; Reese Emily Simancek; Emma Telepo, Michigan State University; Jo Machesky, Yale University; Hadley Willman, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Abdulmalik Bamidele Ismail, The University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON)

Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in Mechanical Engineering in 2022 and his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics from Oklahoma State University in 2018.Reese Emily Simancek Reese Simancek is a Mechanical Engineering major at the University of Miami who is looking to help the world through more sustainable technology.Emma Telepo, Michigan State University Emma Telepo is a junior at Michigan State University studying mechanical engineering, with minors in business and environmental & sustainability studies. Emma is committed to advancing modern technology and innovation, and aims to integrate the principles of sustainability into her work.Jo Machesky, Yale University Jo Machesky recently

Conference Session

Innovative Lower Division Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Wosczyna-Birch, CT College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

2006-857: CT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY'S NSF ATE REGIONAL CENTERFOR NEXT GENERATION MANUFACTURINGKaren Wosczyna-Birch, CT College of Technology Karen Wosczyna-Birch has been a champion of engineering and technology education for the past 25 years. She has been the state director of the CT College of technology where through her leadership she has been instrumental in creating a nationally recognized seamless pathway between all 12 two year colleges in CT with six university and college technology and engineering programs. She has received numerous awards and grants and has been recognized for her accomplishments as a professor and for her passion for increasing the diversity of the engineering and

Conference Session

Materials Experiments, Labs, Demos, and Hands-On Activities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Spencer Seung-hyun Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2011-447: DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY MODULE IN HY-BRID BIODEGRADABLE CORNSTARCH MATERIALSSpencer Seung-hyun Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) Dr. Spencer Seung-hyun Kim is Associate Professor in Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Tech- nology/Packaging Science (MMETPS) Department at Rochester Institute of Technology. He works as Associate Director in American Packaging Corp. (APC) Center for Packaging Innovation at RIT. Dr. Kim’s research interests are in advanced materials synthesis and characterization. His research area fo- cuses on packaging science and technology. Dr. S. Kim graduated with B.S. in Ceramics Engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea (1979) and obtained M.S. (1989) and

Conference Session

Computer Gaming and Virtual Reality for Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katrina Neville, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology; Peter Burton, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology; Ian Burnett, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2010-685: A SECOND LIFE VIRTUAL STUDIO AS AN ONLINE TEACHINGENVIRONMENTKatrina Neville, Royal Melbourne Institute of TechnologyPeter Burton, Royal Melbourne Institute of TechnologyIan Burnett, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Page 15.86.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 A Second Life Virtual Studio as an Online Teaching EnvironmentAbstractIn this paper the development of a virtual learning environment in Second Life is detailed. Thelearning environment described is in the form of a virtual television studio for use in multimediaengineering courses, with an example implementation described for RMIT University’s offshorecampus.This paper

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Erika A. Mosyjowski, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Lisa R. Lattuca, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

broadly. A nationallyrepresentative study of engineering instructors and administrators showed that both programchairs and instructors reported their programs and courses gave only slight to moderate emphasison understanding how engineering solutions could be shaped by social, environmental, political,and cultural contexts or considerations, despite acknowledging the importance of such emphases[12]. Relatedly, in a longitudinal study of undergraduate engineering students, Cech [13], [14]found that students’ beliefs in the importance of professional and ethical responsibilities,awareness of the consequences of technology, understanding of how people use machines, andtheir social consciousness all declined over the course of their degree program

Conference Session

Introduction to Engineering: The Present State

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Katie Torrey; James Hertel; Douglas Oppliger; Gretchen Hein; Glen Archer; Jason Keith

Session 1653 Integrating Engineering Disciplines into a Common First Year Engineering Program Gretchen Hein1, Katie Torrey1, James Hertel1, Douglas Oppliger1, Jason M. Keith2, Glen Archer3 Department of Engineering Fundamentals1/Department of Chemical Engineering2/ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering3 Michigan Technological UniversityAbstractIn the fall of 2000, Michigan Technological University started a common first year program for allengineering students. One of the goals of this program was to introduce

Conference Session

Track 5: Technical Session 2: Adoption of an Advocates and Allies Program to a Predominantly STEM Campus

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Adrienne Robyn Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Sonia Goltz, Michigan Tech; andrew storer, Michigan Technological University; Patricia Sotirin, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

Paper ID #40801Adoption of an Advocates and Allies Program to a Predominantly STEMCampusDr. Adrienne Robyn Minerick, Michigan Technological University Adrienne Minerick is a Professor of Chemical Engineering and Director of ADVANCE at Michigan Tech- nological University. She earned her B.S. from Michigan Tech and her M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Notre Dame. Her administrative experience has included Associate Dean for Research and Innovation in the College of Engineering, Assistant to the Provost for Faculty Development, Dean of the School of Technology, founding Dean of the College of Computing, and Interim

Conference Session

Great Ideas for Projects that Teach Instrumentation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

El-Sayed Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Zengqian Wang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sven K. Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2011-2796: DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULARIZED ARCHITECTUREFOR REMOTE-ACCESS LABORATORIESEl-Sayed Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology Dr. El-Sayed Aziz holds a faculty position as assistant professor in the Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department at Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt. Currently, he is working as research scientist at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Mansoura University, Egypt, in 1991 and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology in 2003. His research interests include knowledge-based engineering systems, computer-integrated design and manufacturing

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

William Bambrick

Session 1339 Computer Tools for Integrating Engineering Design and Engineering Economics By William L. Bambrick PDM Division of Inso Corporation1Abstract“World-class” manufacturing companies have recognized the economic importance of thedecisions made during the engineering design phase of the life of a product. 75% to 95%of a product’s cost is committed before manufacturing beginsi. Initiatives such asconcurrent engineering, target costing, and quality function deployment are a result of thisrecognition of the impact the design process has on product cost.Major