Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hoe, The University of Texas at Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

practice and constructive feedback in four activities: (a) reading oftechnical articles for form and content, (b) weekly group meetings where students give shortpresentations on their progress, (c) the formal presentation of a poster at the end of the semester,and (d) writing a technical paper for potential submission to a conference. The writing of thetechnical paper is what the author dubbed a “stretch goal” – something that is a desired goal butis dependent on the progress of the research. Page 24.1023.3The students also were required to keep a laboratory notebook to help them acquire skills inrecording their results and to encourage them to

Conference Session

Construction Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph O. Arumala, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Construction

making building blocks. This project can be readily be used as an IndependentStudy/Research for students in construction related projects.MaterialsThe kenaf fibers used in this project are shown in Figure 2. They were obtained from a kenafprocessing plant in Texas, USA. The plant manufactures kenaf products including Kenaf decks. (a) Core Fibers (b) Bast Fibers Figure 2 Kenaf FibersMagnesium Oxychloride Cement Mix DesignThe Magnesium Oxychloride Cement is the bonding agent in this work [3,4,5]. With the right mixproportions, the Magnesium Oxychloride cement binds the fibers into a lightweight solid masswith high compressive strength. The Magnesium Oxychloride Cement mix

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Butler Velegol, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Quiz 1 and Quiz 2 were similar in technical topic anddirectly related the question to the design. Quiz #1 Assume that the limestone and AMD-impacted, CO2-enriched st water are reacting in a CSTR. What volume is required for a 1 order decay rate constant of 5 sec-1 if the flow rate is 100 gpm, the concentration of dissolved CO2 entering the reactor is 5000 ppm and the concentration of CO2 exiting the reactor is 10 ppb? a. 0.17 million gallons b. 10 million gallons c. 0.33 gallons d. 20 gallons Quiz #2 Assume you have a CSTR

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences with Mechanical, Materials and Fluid Systems

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Annual Conference & Exposition, Session 2526.5. Abdulwahed, M. and Nagy, Z. K., Applying Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle for Laboratory Education, Journal of Engineering Education, July 2009, pp. 283-294.6. Wyrick, D. A. and Hilsen, L., “Using Kolb’s Cycle to Round Out Learning,” 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, June 17-19, 2002. Session 2739.7. Harding, T. S., Lai, H.-Y., Tuttle, B. L., and White, C. V., “Integrating Manufacturing, Design and Teamwork into a Materials and Processes Selection Course,” 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, June 17-19, 2002

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Faisal Z. Miqdadi; Abdulla F. ALMomani; Mohammad T. Shadid Masharqa; Nabil M. Elmousel

procrastinate.when it comes to university students because it will boost their Eventually, the student’s Grade Point Average (GPA) willgrades and enhance their productivity. However, most of the start to decrease the more he puts off the work. However,time students face problems like task aversion and uncertainty, when he keeps delaying his work, stress will rise up and moreso they start to procrastinate because they lack organizational pressure will be on the student, which will lead him to lateskills. As a result, students will not be able to organize duties submission and his grades will decrease [1].according to their priorities, so they get distracted easily,ending up procrastinating. As we can see, time management is B

Conference Session

Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

settings.AcknowledgementsThese projects are being funded by the Tennessee Tech University-Office of Research andURECA! (Undergraduate REsearch and Creative Activity) Program. The support provided byelectrical engineering graduate student (Kenan Hatipoglu) and engineering technologyundergraduate student (Kendal Lewis) is greatly appreciated. Page 24.780.9Bibliography[1] B. M. Oliver, J. R. Wagner, Renewable Energy Education at Clemson University - A Certification Program with Solar, Wind & Electrical Grid Classes, 2013 ASEE Conferences, Paper Number 6257, June 23-26, 2013.[2] R. Belu, D. Korain, Development of An E-Learning System and A Virtual

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Rahmi Allamadani; Feng Chen

numerous The amount of charge stored in the caps will vary dependingengineers for decades now, only recently has it become more on the amount of weight that is trying to be launched. Attachedrealizable with advances in technology. The goal of this project is in between the capacitors and coil is a 4 layered PNPN SCRto use electromagnetic forces to propel a payload down a track at (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) which is triggered by a lowera desired velocity for launch. An electromagnetic launch system voltage of 1.7V. When the lower voltage is applied at the gateis one that the harnesses the power of using a large electric of the SCR the current from the capacitors passes through thecurrent to generate a

Conference Session

The Interdisciplinary Nature of Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Chong, University of Toronto; Lydia Wilkinson, University of Toronto; Deborah Tihanyi, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering

isequivalent to one 50 minute lecture period or a 30 minute lab) shared between all complementarystudies. Our accreditation board acknowledges the need for interpretation and judgement whiledistributing these units across the range of topics covered by this category, noting: While considerable latitude is provided in the choice of suitable content for the complementary studies component of the curriculum, some areas of study are essential in the education of an engineer. Accordingly, the curriculum must include studies in the following: a. Engineering economics b. The impact of technology on society c. Subject matter that deals with central issues, methodologies, and thought

Conference Session

Nanotechnology

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elena Nicolescu Veety, North Carolina State University; Mehmet C. Ozturk, North Carolina State University; Michael Escuti; John Muth; Veena Misra, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

nano-science and technology? 50%% of Participants 40% Pre-Survey Post-Survey 30% 20% 10% 0% Very Unlikely Somewhat Undecided Somewhat Likely Very Likely Unlikely Unlikely Likely (b) How likely are you to pursue a graduate degree in nano-science and

Conference Session

Computer Programming and Simulation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin James Gucwa, University of California, Davis; Harry H. Cheng, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

completeprogram, as shown in Program 1, is written which moves the robot forward.#include CLinkbotI r o b o t ;double d i s t a n c e = 5 , r a d i u s = 1 . 7 5 ;robot . connect ( ) ;r o b o t . moveDistance ( d i s t a n c e , r a d i u s ) ; Program 1: Single robot control code.Only five lines of code are necessary to connect to the robot and move it forward. The firstline is C++ syntax to allow the code to know about all of the functions available to controlthe robot. The second line creates the robot within the code so that the functions can Page 24.1058.10interact with the correct robot. Variables are created to store

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eli M. Silk, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Meisha Nicole Berg, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

but each design problemincludes some bounds and structure that helps clarify the problem. Based on our personalexperiences with formulating design problems in our research and in our teaching, we havefound that well-formed design problems include at a minimum the following three components:(a) brief context about for whom and for what purpose a solution is needed, (b) a statement ofthe need that specifies the functional requirements and constraints on acceptable solutions, and(c) a description of the goal, including the general instructions and criteria to use in evaluatingideas. Although the three components may not be the only way to organize design problemstatements, we have found them to be consistent with design texts,28,29 as well as

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Williams, ESTBarreiro, Setubal Polytechnic Institute; Phillip C. Wankat, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Pedro Neto P.E., Polytechnic Institute of Setubal ; Carlos Alexandre Tiago, ESTBarreiro, IPS

Tagged Divisions

International

40 7 Besterfield-Sacre, M. US 37 8 Bandura, A US 36 9 Shuman, L US 34 10 Eccles, J US 32 11 Olds, B. US 32 12 Terenzini TP US 31 13 Latucca, L US 31 14 Miller, R US 30 15 NSF US 30 16

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Moussa Souare; Frank Merat; Christos Papachristou

dial. lower. The algorithm was simulated in Matlab but could be implemented on a dedicated microprocessor as a future work.H. Data collection In order to evaluate the energy usage, the angles REFERENCESrepresented by the dial indicators must be calculated. Thecentroids of the dials indicated in red in Fig. 12, were [1] S. Zhao, B. Li, J. Yuan, G. Cui “Research on Remote Meter Automaticautomatically calculated using an algorithm written in Matlab. Reading Based on Computer Vision,” 2005 IEEE/PES Transmission and

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Tech.); Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Materials

extraction of raw materials to their return to the ecosphere as “waste”-from birth todeath. Figure 1a is a schematic of the start of an inventory analysis – an example of theidentification of the main resources and emissions for a washing machine. (a) (b)Figure 1. (a) The material life cycle and the principal resource emissions associated with thelifecycle of a washing machine (b) Rational approaches to the eco-design of products start withan analysis of the phase of life to be targeted.11, 12Figure 1b above suggests how the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) strategy can be implemented. Ifmaterial production is the dominant phase, then the logical way forward is to choose materialswith low

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Salamahn Mill; Dafe Ukaivbe; Weiwei Zhu

from Satellite Imagery”, computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 25(2), 252-256, 1984. We need to search for a tsunami event in the history whose [6] B. Chanda and D. Majumder, “An Iterative Algorithm for Removing theLandsat TM image on the spot is covered by clouds or cloud Effects of Thin Cloud Cover from Landsat Imagery”, Mathematical Geology, 23(6), pp. 853-860, 1991.shadows. Due to the fact that infrared satellite system has a [7] J. Cihlar and J. Howarth, “Detection and Removal of Cloudshort

Conference Session

Improvements in ECE Signals and Systems

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mario Simoni, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Farrah Fayyaz, Purdue University; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Digital II 2.4 A B C D F W Performance Level in Corresponding Course Number of Students 300 Number of Students in Group 250 200 CTSS 150

Conference Session

Innovations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ron J. Pieper, University of Texas, Tyler; Wudyalew T. Wondmagegn, Frostburg State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

λ= (14) 2 ziwhen the data from the computer experiment is substituted into (25) the predicted spacing∆xi = 5.04 cm which is in agreement with the null to null spacing shown on Figure 4.Section 4 B Example: Fourier Application Plane waves of a Sound Field for Acoustic-Optic Page 24.804.8ApplicationsTechnically any device for which an electrical signal is used to modify or modulate an opticalsignal is an electro-optic device. Nonetheless many optical engineers would reserve the termonly for those devices for which the electric

Conference Session

K-12 Outreach and Out-of-School Time Engineering Programming and Research

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen J. Krapcho, University of Utah; Cynthia Furse, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 24.861.10 Bibliography1 House, W. (2012) Engage to Excel.2 http://prosperity2020.com/the-vision/3 Lighty, J., C. Barnhart, C. Whitaker, and J. Coleman, 2004. University of Utah College of Engineering Hi-GEAR:Girls’ Engineering Abilities Realized. Proceedings of the 2004 WEPAN Conference, Albuquerque, NM.4 Sinkele, CM 2011, 'The Effectiveness of Engineering Workshops in Attracting Females into Engineering Fields: AReview of the Literature', Clearing House, 84, 1, pp. 37-42, Professional Development Collection, EBSCOhost,viewed 11 March 2014.5 Zurn-Birkhimer, S., & B. Holloway (2008), A summer camp program to introduce girls to opportunities inengineering. Women in Engineering

Conference Session

BOK2 - Influencing Changes to the ABET Civil Engineering Program Criteria and Civil Engineering Curricula

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John V. Tocco JD, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

firm or a constructioncompany, when commencing a project, to create a project charter as set forth in PMBOK5.Ignoring this component likely will not affect the development of a project management plan.II. Overview of CE ManagementA. Course DescriptionAn overview of ECE4243 Civil Engineering Management Practices (CE Management) is acomponent of the Course Purpose Document9 (see Appendix B): The purpose of ECE4243 is to provide an overview of the concepts and standards of project management practices in the construction industry. The course introduces students to the five project management process groups: initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and controlling, and closing. Students analyze and evaluate various

Conference Session

K-12 and Precollege Engineering Curriculum and Programming Resources, Part 2 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon Gregory Morton, Drexel University ; Youngmoo Kim, Drexel University; Matthew Nester VanKouwenberg; Chris Lehmann, Science Leadership Academy; Jessica S. Ward, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, and the Graduate ResearchFellowship.Bibliography1. S. C. Douglas, “The INFINITY Project: Digital Signal Processing and Digital Music in High School Engineering Education,” in IEEE Workshop on the Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, New Paltz, NY, 2001.2. A. M. Batula, B. G. Morton, R. Migneco, M. Prockup, E. M. Schmidt, D. K. Grunberg, Y. E. Kim and A. K. Fontecchio, "Music Technology as an Introduction to STEM" in Proceedings of the 2012 ASEE Annual Conference, June 2012.3. Y. E. Kim, A. M. Batula, R. Migneco, P. Richardson, B. Dolhansky, D. Grunberg, B. G. Morton, M. Prockup, E. M. Schmidt, and J. Scott, “Teaching STEM Concepts Through Music Technology and DSP,” in Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Digital

Conference Session

Applications of Online Computing

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jess W. Everett, Rowan University; Kaitlin Engle Mallouk, Rowan University; Joseph Francis Stanzione III, Rowan University; Jenahvive K. Morgan, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

students each in Fall 2013. The course is interdisciplinary, with chemical,civil and environmental, electrical and computer, and mechanical engineering majors in each 2section. The course met twice a week during the 15 week semester: a 50 minute “lecture” and a160 minute laboratory session. The purpose of the course was three-fold: (a) help students makea good transition to college; (b) introduce students to engineering; and (c) prepare students forthe engineering curriculum by teaching them basic skills.The online portion of the course was implemented using PathFinder, an active website created atthe University using html, asp.net, c#, JavaScript, and pathML, a PathFinder specific markuplanguage

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Shepard, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

asking the audience questions  present a complex example problem utilizing some of the concepts just discussed  give students some time to work the problem  quickly go over problem solutionSome examples of shorter problems presented by students during the review include thefollowing: Assume that there is a wind blowing at 8 m/s and a Hummer is traveling at 32 m/s. a) How much power is used to oppose the drag force when driving with the wind? b) How much power is used to oppose the drag force when driving against the wind? Your dog sticks his head out of your car window when you are driving 35 mph. What is the maximum pressure on his nose? (assume STP conditions)Some examples of longer problems

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Ryan Kondracki; Courtney Collins; Khalid Habbab; Bijan Karimi

powered charging station.. The team’s research indicated abenefit to the campus for such a structure and also room forimprovement on other existing charging stations. The otherstations the team found to exist were quite costly to build. Aswell, rapidly advancing solar innovations and designs couldlend themselves to creating a more efficient charging station. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks to University of New Haven Professor Bijan Karimifor showing great support, encouragement, and guidance inthis project. REFERENCES [1] PORTIS JR., M. (2013). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PATENT NO. 8,497,656. [2] PULIAS, B. (2013, JULY 2). NEWS. RETRIEVED FROM GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY: HTTP

Conference Session

Active Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John W. Dyer, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma; David Sandmann MSEE, University of Oklahoma; Chad Eric Davis P.E., University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

an effort to morethoroughly and accurately assess whether, from the student perspective, the course is meeting itsstated goals.IX. Bibliography1. S. Gupta, A. Khatkhate, A. Ray, E. Keller, “Identification of statistical patterns in complex systems via symbolic time series analysis,” ISA Transactions, vol. 45, issue 4, pp 477-490, October 2006.2. H. Djikpesse, P. Armstrong, R. Rufino, A. Hawthorn, “Reducing uncertainty with seismic measurements while drilling,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 59, issue 1, pp 4-14, January 2010.3. W. Mei, B. Xu, “The application of automatic test equipment in designing spare parts,” AUTOTESTCON IEEE, pp 267-274, Salt Lake City, UT, September 2008.4. S. Jiusto, D. DiBiasio

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Susan Bobbitt Nolen, University of Washington; Debra M. Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Erno Lehtinen, University of Turku; Marja Vauras, Centre for Learning Research, University of Turku; Gavin Tierney, University of Washington; Simone E. Volet, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

kind of interaction with people and objectslikely to result in deep learning of STEM concepts and practices. Engagement is productive tothe extent that conceptual or practical progress on a problem is made over time. Finally,engagement is disciplinary when students use the discourse and practices of a specific STEMdiscipline in their work together.If Engle and Conant’s conjecture is accurate, the STEM learning environments that we describein this paper should foster productive disciplinary engagement by supporting “(a) problematizingsubject matter, (b) giving students authority to address such problems, (c) holding studentsaccountable to others and to shared disciplinary norms, and (d) providing students with relevantresources.”6 The pull of

Conference Session

Construction Safety and Risk Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jing Du, University of Texas at San Antonio; Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, University of Texas at San Antonio; Rui Liu, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction

…… Generation m Sim1&2 OH2 Sim1&2&3 OH3 Sim1&…&m OHm (A) Proposed interactive probabilistic risk simulation process Parameterization Generation Sim 1 OH1 Sim 2 OH2 … Sim n OHn (B) Traditional Monte Carlo simulation process Fig. 1 Interactive Monte Carlo simulation versus traditional Monte Carlo simulationFor each parameterized variable, n random numbers (n=number of simulation trials) are generatedtogether at one time, which becomes a random number tuple (RNT) for sub-simulations (whiletraditional method generates only one random number at one time). The time needed for eachsub-simulation

Conference Session

Improving Introductory Experiences in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard L. Zollars, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

and correct. The solutionspresented during the second study session were not as complete and contained more areas whereeither the groups could not find a solution or had an error in their solution. The resultingdiscussions were much richer and involved more of the students. Page 24.1135.5In order to make it possible to implement SBL asynchronously and online, we have integratedChemProV with OSBLE, an online learning management environment developed in priorresearch.15 OSBLE supports three user interfaces: (a) student; (b) instructor; and (c) moderator.Students can submit problem solutions (using ChemProV) to be reviewed through the

Conference Session

K-12 Computer Science and Computational Thinking Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Eguchi, Bloomfield College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

(figure 9), which represents a scaled-down simulated disaster scenario, tofind and rescue victims. The main structure of the arena is pre-defined but its internalstructure, position of victims and other aspects are unknowm before each rescue run. Thisleague has three sub-leagues, RCJ Rescue A and RCJ Rescue B briefly introduced next, andRCJ CoSpace Rescue introduced later on. Page 24.852.8RCJ Rescue A is organized in primary and secondary age categories (table 2) and thetechnical challenge is based on line-following strategies to navigate through the respectivearena where debris and obstacles are scattered, possibly blocking the line. In 2013, a

Conference Session

Changing the Classroom Environment in Mathematics Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Bourn, Tribeca Flashpoint Media Arts Academy; Sarah C. Baxter, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

, Carmen M. Math Wars A Guide for Parents and Teachers, Rowen and Littlefield Education, 2005.[4] Pierce, C. E., Gassman, S.L., Huffman, J.T. “Environments for fostering effective critical thinking ingeotechnical engineering education (Geo-EFFECTs)” European Journal of Engineering Education, 3(3), 281–299,2013.[5] Wiggins, G. and McTighe, J. Understanding by Design 2nd Edition. Association for Supervision and CurriculumDevelopment.[6] Anderson, L.W., Krathwohl, D. R., Eds. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision ofBloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Longman, N.Y., 2001. [7] Caicedo, J.M., Pierce, C.E., Flora, J.R.V., Timmerman, B., Nichols, A.P., Graf, W. and Ray, “EngagingStudents in Critical Thinking: An

Conference Session

Renewable Energy in Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy L. Marbach, California State University Sacramento

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

of the points for each exam focused on qualitative aspects and the other half on quantitative.The following percentages were used for student grading. !"#$% % % % &'(% #)*+%,-./)01$% % &'(% 23456547*8%,-)$)31*15.3% &'(% 9:*+$%;&?@)"-1%#&$%4')"3%3"/-"#-'1%3$4'+3,$A%-1,)+/-12%#&$%,&"3",#$3-B"#-'1%'0%4')"3%3"/-"#-'1A%#&$% 7.6 1.5."3-'+4%"12)$4A%/"#"%,'))$,#-'1%"1/%+4$=>?@)"-1%&'(%#&$%."3-'+4%#*@$4%'0%4')"3%#&$3;")%,'))$,#'34A%#&$-3%0$"#+3$4A%"1/%-/$1#-0*%#&$-3