Conference Session

Teaching Engineering Students and Library Staff: New Ideas and Best Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Janssen, California Maritime Academy; William W. Tsai, California State University, Maritime Academy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

image on the board(Appendix A). At the end of the session, each team had an image and associated citation to use intheir upcoming presentation. Three weeks after the session, the students delivered theirpresentation on the topic.Quantitative data was extracted from the students’ presentation slides through two differentmethods. The first method assessed the presentation overall for a given team. The presentationswere assessed with a rubric designed to measure the use of citations for images and the use ofimages not violating copyright law (Appendix B). Scores were assigned to each presentation. Inaddition, presentations were broken down to where the individual images were examined. Thesources of the images used for the theory portion of the

Conference Session

Curricular Advancements in ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Penn State Harrisburg; Shashi S. Marikunte, Penn State Harrisburg; Ma'moun Abu-Ayyad, Penn State Harrisburg; AB Shafaye, Penn State Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Criterion 3: a-k to Criterion 3: 1-7 is available at the ABET web site[13]. A quick look at the table shows that (a) and (b) are embodied in (1) while (f), (h), and (j)are embodied in (4). There are similarities between (b) and (6), (c) and (2), (d) and (5), (g) and(3), (i) and (7), while (k) is implied in (1), (2), and (6).This paper focuses on the new EAC general criteria by providing an overview of the changes andpresenting an assessment approach to ensure a successful implementation.Basics of ABET Accreditation with a Focus on Recent changesThis section summarizes the new EAC criteria and provides brief comments.Students (Criterion 1) – Students are the major focus of accreditation and everything revolvesaround them. This criterion involves a

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education in the Formal Classroom

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shramana Ghosh, NYU’s Tandon School of Engineering; Sheila Borges Rajguru, NYU’s Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

-teachers who worked on planning and implementing lessonscollaboratively. Both co-teachers participated in the summer PD. This class met with the teachersevery school day of the week.Classroom B: 6th grade ProgrammingClassroom B with 21 students (12 male and 9 female) was an ICT class. It was allotted a doubleperiod (90 minutes) and was taught by a lead teacher who participated in the summer PD. He wasassisted by a co-teacher during the second half of the class. As the class was primarily roboticsbased, the lead teacher planed and implemented the lessons while the co-teacher assisted inmaintaining discipline and providing students with one-on-one support. This was also an Englishas Second Language (ESL) classroom, and all written instructions were

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn T. Wrate P.E., Northern Michigan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

resistances are found: a. High-voltage winding to low-voltage winding and to ground b. High-voltage winding to ground c. Low-voltage winding to high-voltage winding and to ground d. Low-voltage winding to ground e. High-voltage winding to low-voltage windingThe test connections are shown in Figure 4. a. High-voltage winding to low-voltage b. High-voltage winding to ground c. Low-voltage winding to high-voltage winding and to ground winding and to ground d. Low-voltage winding to ground e. High-voltage winding to low-voltage

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 7: Learning and Research in Makerspaces

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Colin Dixon, Concord Consortium; Lee Michael Martin, University of California, Davis

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

each day.Participants & the Class Portrait ProjectFifteen students, ages 14 to 16, at a public high school participated in the maker club – 7 boys, 7girls, and 1 gender non-binary. The club demographics reflected those of the school as a whole –5 African-American, 3 Latinx, 3 White, and 4 multiracial. Most students were from low tomiddle income families. In this paper, we focus on the work of one group, in which there werethree young women -- Casey, Deonne and B -- and one young man -- B’s brother Isaiah.Three members of the group – Casey, Deonne, and Bi – shared a homeroom, and decided tocreate a light-up Class Portrait. The portrait as initially envisioned would include a photo of allstudents in the class and use LEDs embedded in the

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Elaine Cooney; Scott Deal; Andrew McNeely; Harry Chaubey

adjustments are required in the product. The team used development boards toconstruct three prototypes of their effects box. The systems were tested according to themeasurement plan and the highest performing system was selected.DesignThe design phase focuses on the development of both high level and low-level designs. Witheach modification to the selected design, the team had to repeat the analysis phase to ensure itmet or exceeded the original specifications. The team designed a customer survey to conductusability testing on the user interfaces. The user’s tested two displays (Display A and Display B)and compared them based on four criterion. The higher rated display was implemented in thefinal design. User 1 User

Conference Session

BME Laboratories and Projects

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Warren, Kansas State University; Charles Carlson, Kansas State University; Dong Xu Ren, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

Laboratory (1 credit hour), is a requiredlaboratory design course for KSU Electrical Engineering (EE) seniors enrolled in theBioengineering Option. This course is a co-requisite to a lecture course, ECE 772 – Theory &Techniques of Bioinstrumentation (2 credit hours), and the 3-credit course pair is available toupper-level students in non-EE curricula. These courses address biomedical sensors,analog/digital instrumentation, signals, computer-based data acquisition, biosignal processing,medical imaging, medical image processing, and other related topics. ECE 773 has also been atarget course to demonstrate the utility of USB-based, portable data acquisition tools developedat KSU [12-16].B. Digilent Analog Discovery 2 (AD2) UnitThe Digilent Analog

Conference Session

Active & Cooperative Learning in ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stewart Thomas, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

) shows the overall grade, (b) show an example of a correct response, (c) shows a gradedopen-response question with included instructor feedback, and (d) shows an incorrect responsethat includes the correst response marked. This feature is especially beneficial for providingstudents formative assessment information.A key benefit of this system is that a professor can administer assessments unique to each studentin a course and quickly return the graded, corrected forms as an email attachment. Providingstudents individually unique assessments is a simple method to help minimize the opportunities (a) (b) (c) (d

Collection

2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop

Authors

Zhiyuan Yu; Jiawei Gong

closeend. The circular spline (CS) is a rigid ring gear. The flexspline will fit tightly round the wave generator, the open end of flexspline will deformwith the wave generator when wave generator rotating. The teeth mesh at the major axis of theellipse between flexspline and circular spline. The three components system has two degree offreedom as a planetary gear train. The kinematic diagram is shown in Figure 1 (b). The rotationalspeed between the components is in Equation (1). Wave generator ZCS CS ZFS WG

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Stephany Coffman-Wolph; Kimberlyn Gray; Marcia Pool

sessionssolving techniques for both numerical and scientific prob- have a history of higher number of absences.lems. CS303e is part of the “Elements of Computing” cer- Of the nine total activities, three will be used in bothtificate program in the Computer Science Department at sections (A and B), three will be used in only section A, andThe University of Texas at Austin. The certificate program three will be used in only in section B. Lecture material forcourses are designed to allow students from a

Conference Session

T1C: Developing Foundations in Mathematics

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Hossein EbrahimNejad, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Nicholas Jameson Tomlin, MIDFIELD; Hassan Ali Al Yagoub, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); George D. Ricco, University Of Indianapolis

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

requiredcourses, then tabulated them by institution and year. Once a course was identified as a first-yearengineering course, it was then given further classifications. These classifications include Term(TRM), Sequence (SEQ), Course Sequence (COR), Tracks (TRK), Offering Department (OFD),Type (TYP), Number of Courses Required (NCR), Mandatory (MND), Category (CAT),Required Discipline (RQD), Credits (CRD), and Average Sequence Credits (ASC).B. VariablesTerm includes the fall, winter, spring, and summer sessions. Sequence refers to a group ofcourses that can satisfy a single requirement. For instance, two different calculus classes whereeither can satisfy the calculus I requirement would be in the same Sequence. The CourseSequence is a list of all the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock J. LaMeres, Montana State University; Jessi L. Smith, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1207-1220, 2003. Brown, E. R., Smith, J. L., Thoman, D. B., Allen, J. & Muragishi, G. (2015). “From bench to bedside: A communal utility value intervention to enhance students’ science motivation,” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 107, no. 4, pp. 1116-1135, Nov. 1, 2015. Cech, E.A. (2014). “Culture of Disengagement in Engineering Education?,” Science Technology Human Values. vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 42-72. 2014. Cheryan, S., Plaut, V. C., Handron, C. & Hudson, L. (2013). “The Stereotypical Computer Scientist: Gendered Media Representations as a Barrier to Inclusion for Women”, Sex Roles, vol. 69, pp. 58-71, June 22, 2013. Cheryan, S., Master, A. & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 6: Technology-enhanced Instruction and Assessment

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Morgan P.E., Charles Sturt University; Euan Lindsay, Charles Sturt University; Colm Howlin, Realizeit; Maartje E. D. Van den Bogaard, Delft University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the same branch 𝐵 > 1, 𝐹 > 1 (F->G,J)  NewBranch - moving to some other topic on a different branch, requiring a pathway through T1 𝐵 > 1, 𝐹 > 1 (A->B,E,G,J)We can combine the above classifications to create our distance dimension. This is visualized inFigure 5. Note that due to their definitions the Same, Next and Previous classifications can neverhave total distance traveled of more than one, so labels such as NextMid or SameFar cannotexist. Our distance dimension has 12 categories. Figure 5: How distance backward and distance forward contribute to total distance traveled categories.The breakdown of activities on our distance dimension and the percentage of activities based ondistance traveled, and

Conference Session

Mechanics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew R. Sloboda, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

2 ft statement and y any accompanying figures for 1.5 ft BuAC = a r AC each problem. b = - 0.1218i + 0.6910 j - 0.7125 k Figure 1 shows the arrangement 3 ft of the prompts and the

Conference Session

PSW Section Meeting Papers - Disregard start and end time - for online paper access only

Collection

2019 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Jim Kuo, California State University, Los Angeles; Justin Moon, California State University Los Angeles; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Pacific Southwest Section Meeting Paper Submissions

benchmark to quantify the effects of videos introduced in Fall 2018 semester. In each of thetests administered, one conceptual problem and one problem-solving problem were chosen forcomparison with previous cohorts. The scores prior to Fall 2018 (total of 98 students pre-video)were aggregated and used as a benchmark to compare to the Fall 2018 results (59 students post-video).Student performance on these assessment problems were categorized in letter grades of A, B, C,D, F. The authors are interested in whether the supplemental videos are effective in reducing theproportion of low performing students with D or F grades, as well as increasing the proportion ofhigh performing students with A or B grades. Note that a C grade is neither ‘good’ nor ‘bad

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lessa Grunenfelder, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Materials

of materials science and astrong foundation in the subject. While the model is relatively new, initial work has been carriedout to assess student outcomes against a range of relevant metrics.ResultsApproval to report anonymous student exam scores and evaluation feedback (both current andarchival), and administer and analyze student surveys, was obtained from the University ofSouthern California Institutional Review Board (USC IRB). The IRB designee determined thatthe information reported here meets the requirements outlined in 45 CFR 46.101(b) categories(1) (2) and (4) and the study therefore qualified for exemption.A tiered approach has been used for the implementation of the lab-based model of MASC 310 atUSC. Of the 3 faculty members who

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anu Osta, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

the motor was not as smooth as a servo motor wouldhave been.Prototype FabricationA Solidworks model, Fig. 6, of the device was created. The design was made to be easy to accessthe inner electronics while keeping them sealed and having a relatively small footprint. Theentire electronics was sealed into a box which would act as the base of the machine with thetester frame and control box mounted on top this allowed for easy access to the electronicsinside. The prototype (Fig 7a) was made using primarily 80/20 aluminum extrusion, ¼”aluminum plate and ¼” black acrylic plates. These materials were chosen due to their ease of useto machine. The control panel was also designed as shown in Figure 7(b) and was comprised of6 buttons and 2 knobs that

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Professional Skill Development

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle E. Jarvie-Eggart, Michigan Technological University; Laura Kasson Fiss, Michigan Technological University; Karla Saari Kitalong, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 A AB B BC C CD F W TR/CR GradeinUN1015Figure 5. Grade in ENG1102 According to Grade in UN1015 for Calculus-Ready StudentsResults from Non-Calculus-Ready StudentsThe 70 students who took the slower path to the same ENG1102 course because they arrived atuniversity non-calculus-ready display a similar trend. The mean ACT math score was 25.5 with a rangeof 19 to 35 and a standard deviation of 3.0. The mean ACT ELA score was 22.7 with a range of 16 to 30and a standard deviation of 3.1. A paired, two-tailed t-test comparing the means of the

Conference Session

Technical Session 12: Teaching and Learning

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikitha Sambamurthy, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Alex Daniel Edgcomb, Zybooks; Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

restrictions include:ensuring good practices are used when authoring, and saving an author time and simplifyingmaintenance by limiting choices. Figure 1. The components of an animation are numbered as follows: (1) title, (2) back to startbutton, (3) steps, (4) play button, (5) speed checkbox, (6) visualization area, and (7) caption. The orange boxes highlight those components and do not actually appear in an animation.As shown in Figure 2(a), the initial state of the animation looks like a typical figure with all theobjects visible. From the initial state, clicking the Start button plays the first step. Figure 2(b)shows the end of the first step, with the caption described the highlighted object. Highlightingkey objects to associate with a caption

Conference Session

Your Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrations of Hands-On and Virtual In-Class Teaching Aids

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Lanning, University of California, Irvine; Matthew W. Roberts, Southern Utah University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

through F, shown in ​Figure 1b​). But,with the 2018 course and the injection of demos and activities there was a 10% increase responserate in A-grades given by the students in response to “Explanations of concepts were clear”. Thiswas accompanied by a 16% increase in A-grades give by students for the overall rating of thecourse. (b) Professor clearly explained (a) Positive Student Comments (c) Overall course rating concepts   Figure 1​ Possible effect of demonstrations and activities on student course evaluation surveys. Students assign instructors “A” through “F

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Endeavors: Engineering and Liberal Arts

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason R. Harron, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering

) (B) Figure 1. (A) Photo posted on Slack taken by AET major commenting on engineering major painting in the Scenic Design Studio. (B) Ghost boat consisting of a 3-D printed hull that is coated with Jaxsan and painted with acrylic paints.GatekeepingPainting was also used as a form of gatekeeping for the artists. Curtis, a fourth-year theatre anddance major who specialized in costume design stated, “I would rather see the engineer paintthan being trusted with making some of the other creative choices.” Anita, a third-year theatreand dance major joked, “All engineers are allowed to paint, except Sam" as a result of himmaking several painting errors during the project such as not keeping all strokes in the samedirection

Conference Session

FOCUS ON EXHIBITS: Welcome Reception & NEW THIS YEAR! 2018 Best Division Paper Nominee Poster Session Sponsored by Engineering Unleashed

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt M Degoede, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Topics

ASEE Headquarters

Minor Conceptual Error (B/C) 3.0 Major or Multiple Minor Conceptual Errors (D) 2.0 Something was Correct (F+) 1.0 Problem was Attempted (F)The grading system evolved over several years. The skills as defined in 2017 were based onwhat was learned from the first offering of this course as a competency-based grading course in2016. The motivation for the changes and the effect on the student outcomes are discussedbelow. Before 2016, the course was graded more traditionally. Each student took four examscovering specific topics and skills. All students moved forward to new skills regardless ofperformance on the previous exam. The 2016 mastery skills were based directly on the skillsused in the

Conference Session

Engineering Design for Elementary Students

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoda Ehsan, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

. Problem Scoping Framework Understanding Problem Scoping Actions Behaviors the boundaries Problem Framing a) Reading, rereading, rehashing or reframing of the problem understanding of the problem statement and/or the goal b) Identify and restate limitation of materials, space and resources (constraints) c) Identify and restate desired features of a solution (criteria

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akbar M. Eslami, Elizabeth City State University; Momen Nasri Mohammad, Elizabeth City State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Statement:As shown in Figure1, a steel truss has been designed with no maximum load capacity given. Thefour concentrated loads are applied to four joints located at the top of the truss, including pointsB and E. Maximum permissible stresses in members AB and BC are 71.2 MPa and 18.5 MPa,respectively, and the permissible vertical deflection at point C is 3 mm. All members have anequal cross section area and length. 𝐴 = 5.475 × 10−4 m2 L=4m P1 P2 B E

Conference Session

DISTINGUISHED LECTURE: 2018 Best PIC and Zone Paper Presentations

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Andre Hamilton, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors

) simulation sickness –through three symptoms nausea, oculomotor disturbance, and disorientation, 2) VR SystemsUsability – through comfort and ease of use, and 3) User Experience – through involvement,immersion, visual fidelity, interface quality, and sound. Simulation sickness analysis showed thatthe current VR teaching modules need some adjustments. The analysis of the systems usabilityand user experience of the module were found to be acceptable. In phase III of the research, wewill improve the VR module to make a full self-paced tutorial where the instructor’s role will bemore facilitator than an instructor.References[1] B. Dalgarno, A. G. Bishop, W. Adlong, & D. R. Bedgood, (2009). “Effectiveness of a virtual laboratory as a

Conference Session

NEE - 3: Improving Homework and Problem-solving Performance

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Kate Bierman, The Citadel; Timothy Aaron Wood Ph.D., The Citadel; Jeffery M Plumblee II, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

each homeworkassignment is similar between the two courses. The number of homework’s assigned in bothclasses is the same. Syllabus excerpts regarding the homework policy for MECH 310 and MECH311 are in Table 1 and 2.Table 1. MECH 310 Syllabus ExcerptHomework is a practice in applying new course concepts. Effort is more important thancorrectness. Working in groups is allowed and encouraged. Any late homework will automaticallyget 50% of the points reduced unless the instructor is notified the day before the homework is due.Document aid of any kind received on all homework, e.g. Jane Doe helped with part (b)or referred to solution on the internet for this problem. You do not need to document aidreceived from the instructor. You must turn in all

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaela M. Martin, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott; Richard T. Mangum, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Dina M. Battaglia, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

A B C Final Grade Figure 2: Final Grades in Preliminary Design and Capstone for Responding StudentsHypothesis TestingOur goal for this research was to answer the following question: How does perceived choice affect the outcome of students enrolled in a capstone class?To compare perceived choice to actual difference across sections, we rated six engineeringcapstone instructors in terms of how much choice they gave students based on their syllabi.Table 1 shows the results of our ranking across the six capstone sections, two aircraft preliminarydesign classes (A1 and A2), two spacecraft preliminary design classes (S1 and S2), a

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tomas Oppenheim, California State University Maritime

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Stirling Engine and Alpha style, respectively. A BFigure 1: (A) A picture of a Ringbom Stirling Engine fabricated by a 2015 Senior DesignCapstone group. (B) A rendering of the Alpha Stirling Engine the students are manufacturing thissemester.BackgroundGD&T is an established system to assure that whoever and wherever a part is fabricated, it will fitperfectly into the assembly every single time [2]. Many of our alumni have requested that GD&Tbe taught in the CAD or Senior design courses. GD&T is most commonly taught at the communitycollege level over one semester in machine tool technology programs or in on the job training inindustry [3].The incorporation of GD&T in

Conference Session

Course Transformation in ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enrique José González-Carvajal, University of South Florida; Gokhan Mumcu, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Technology (iWAT). c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 3D Visualization Assisted Electromagnetic Theory TeachingAbstractElectromagnetic (EM) theory education is based on an understanding of numerousmathematical/geometrical operations and their relationships with the physical phenomena.Student success rates in EM education typically get impacted negatively due to a) lack ofunderstanding in the mathematical/geometrical operations and b) establishing the link betweenmathematical/geometrical operations and the physical phenomena. This paper describes a newteaching technique applied at the University of South Florida (USF) for EM theory education.The technique relies on 3D visualizations presented to

Collection

2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop

Authors

Ramachandran Radharamanan

. Alternatively, a touch-plate or a probe can beused to set the zero-point more precisely. (A): Fixture holding stock (B): Setting the zero point Figure 7. CNC machiningAfter the setup has been completed, the first operation can be send to the machine. Figure 8-Ashows the first facing operation in progress. The surface finish of the part feels very smooth tothe touch. The stripped pattern as can be seen in Figure 8-B, is due to the small diameter of theend mill and a large stepover. A larger face mill would produce a higher quality surface finish,but this will certainly suffice. After the top surface has been completed, the part needs to beflipped and the other side needs to be machined as well to