Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York, Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2010-1947: MODELING NATURE: GREEN ENGINEERING FOR ASUSTAINABLE WORLDGeorge Catalano, State University of New York, Binghamton Page 15.881.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Modeling Nature: Green Engineering for a Sustainable WorldAbstractA new course has been developed and offered which focuses upon sustainable engineering. Thekey elements of the course include introduction to the complex systems, systems engineeringmethods for complex systems, life cycle analysis, hard and soft system methodologies, failureanalysis using rich pictures and reflection upon the impacts engineering has upon both societyand the natural world through consideration of the

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching and Assessment Tools

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Willis, University of Houston; Susan Miertschin, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

addition, concept maps of individual word networks are created in whichinfluential words and their links to other influential words are displayed. Prior to generating anyCRA statistics, the individual project reports had to be converted to text files with tables,diagrams, and appendices removed, as well as any mention of the organization or studentinvolved. The text files were named with a pseudonym indicating the grade level (A, B, C) of thereport, the rank of the report within the grade level (1, 2, 3, etc.) and the application domainsolution used—EM for Events Management, M for Membership, or OM for OrdersManagement.With the use of Crawdad, the set of text-only files extracted from formatted student reports wasconverted to a Crawdad-specific

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sue Rosser, Georgia Institute of Technology; Janet Murray, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wendy Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurence Jacobs, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

AC 2010-2422: INTEL: PRESENTING REALISTIC EXERCISES IN A STATICSCLASSChristine Valle, Georgia Institute of TechnologySue Rosser, Georgia Institute of TechnologyJanet Murray, Georgia Institute of TechnologyWendy Newstetter, Georgia Institute of TechnologyLaurence Jacobs, Georgia Institute of Technology Page 15.786.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 InTEL: Presenting Realistic Exercises in a Statics ClassAbstractStatics, a foundational engineering course, introduces a unique approach to problem solving,which is characterized by model-based reasoning. The major intended course outcome is forstudents to develop the ability to create and utilize

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Elif Kongar; Kurt A. Rosentrater

20 10 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 Number of Students Figure 2. Six-Day Average Waiting Time for Students (minutes)Verification and Validation: To improve the fitting of the data to a normal distribution, onlyweekdays were considered in the calculations. Figure 3-a presents the data that include theweekend days, whereas Figure 3-b shows the data after

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Roemer, University of Utah; Stacy Bamberg, University of Utah; April Kedrowicz, University of Utah; Debra Mascaro, University of Utah

AC 2010-1903: A SPIRAL LEARNING CURRICULUM IN MECHANICALENGINEERINGRobert Roemer, University of Utah Robert B. Roemer is currently a professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Utah. He received his B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University. He teaches courses in engineering design, and is interested in integrating the use of design projects and active learning throughout the curriculum to improve engineering education.Stacy Bamberg, University of Utah Stacy J. Morris Bamberg is an assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Utah. She received her S.B. and S.M. in Mechanical Engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Progress Reports: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Miller, Virginia Tech; Jeffrey Connor, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

would be given at the conclusion of each class. The material on the quiz would bebased on the current lecture and the students would have the opportunity to use their notes,whether they take notes on paper or on their laptops. Unfortunately the class time needed toprovide the quiz would take away from the time needed to cover the class curriculum. Until thisendeavor can be overcome, educators will continue to struggle with the negative effects oflaptops in the classroom.[1]Fink, L.D., R.L. Kolar, & D.A. Sabatini. “Laptops in the Classroom: Do They Make a Difference?” J.Engineering (October 2002): 397-401.Print[2]Cole, David. “Laptops vs. Learning.” Washington Post. 6 April 2007.Print[3]Fried, Carrie B. “In-class laptop use and its effects

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Debra Larson; Marissa Mourer

interesting conversations they had once they connected with a prospective student byphone.Bibliography1. McDonough, P. M. (2004). The School-to-College Transition: Challenges and Prospects. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.2. Young, L. D. (1991). Telemarkering as a vital part of enrollment management. Journal of College Admissions, 28-33.3. Wright, B. A. (1995). Admissions Recruitment: The First Step IN R. R. Dixon (ed.) Making Enrollment Management Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.4. Hossler, D. (1999). Effective Admissions Recruitment (p. 15-3). IN G. H. Gaither (Ed.) Promising Practices in Recruitment, Remediation, and Retention. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.5. Sedwick, S

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Harlow, Western Kentucky University; Robert Choate, Western Kentucky University; H. Joel Lenoir, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

following sections.A. Project Management AspectsMany of the rewarding aspects of this project were the direct result of the project’s schedule andfixed date of delivery. The student worker was given 6 weeks to design, build, and test the testbed so that it could be used as the last experiment in the Engineering Experimentation andInstrumentation course. The fact that this project was needed for a class lab experience, on adate that could not possibly change, resulted in only two possible outcomes for the project:success (operational test bed) or failure (non-operational test bed). This provided a uniqueexperience since most student projects are evaluated on degrees of success and failure (i.e. gradeof A, B, C, D, or F) instead of on overall success

Conference Session

Communication in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Mellodge, University of Hartford; Fouad El Khoury, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

constructive learning,” Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on Wikis, pp. 131-132, Odense, Denmark, 2006.5. D. Hohne, L. Fu, B. Barkel, P. Woolf, “The wiki approach to teaching: Using student collaboration to create an up-to-date open-source textbook,” Proceedings of the 2007 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2007.6. N. Aharony, “The use of wiki in an academic course: A qualitative investigation,” Proceedings of the Informing Science & IT Education Conference, pp. 147-153, Vama, Bulgaria, 2008.7. K.R. Parker and J.T. Chao, “Wiki as a teaching tool,” Interdisciplinary Journal of Knowledge and Learning Objects, Volume 3, pp. 57-72, 2007.8. H.L

Conference Session

High School Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Benjamin Stein, University of Wisconsin; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2010-1121: THE ENACTED CURRICULUM: A VIDEO BASED ANALYSISAmy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison Amy Prevost is a graduate student in Education Leadership and Policy Analysis at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research has focused on the STEM career pipeline, especially related to engineering and engineering education and biotechnology.Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison Mitchell J. Nathan is Professor of Educational Psychology, Curriculum & Instruction, and Psychology, in the School of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Chair of the Learning Sciences program. He is a research fellow at the Wisconsin Center for Education Research

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Enayat Mahajerin, Saginaw Valley State University; Anca Sala, Baker College Of Flint

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

solutions. This is true even for the analysis of problems involvingsimple geometry. In addition to the modeling errors, finite element analysis involves solving theequations using numerical methods, which again yield approximate solutions. Depending up onthe type of analysis performed, namely, structural, thermal, dynamic, NVH, etc., validation ofresults by simple models and hand calculations is necessary.The goals in FEA are thus to (a) use correct formulations to attain results close to exact results orresults from testing, and (b) to achieve convergence of the such results in the fastest time. Thereare other goals in terms of the development of theory and constitutive relationships to modelcomplex geometries consisting of advanced materials

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Clayson, Laboratory for Innovative Technology and Engineering Education; P K Raju, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University

statement and analyze the assigned case, students wereinspired to learn the theory and put together their acquired knowledge. It was also foundthat the learning process was facilitated by students feeling a need to learn more abouttheir subject to be able to tackle real world’s problems .5. Utilizing Multimedia Case Studies to Teach the Professional Side of ProjectManagement, Cassandra C. Elrod, Susan L. Murray, Barry B. Flachsbart, Karl E.Burgher, and Drew M. FothCase Study Used: Superstar Case StudyThis research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using a LITEE multimediacase study to teaching concepts in engineering courses. The LITEE Superstar case studywas implemented in an engineering Project Management course. Numerous

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Daniel Kirk, Florida Institute of Technology; Tein-min Tan, Drexel University; Sridhar Santhanam, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

this regard. a. Boeing should sponsor an Industry-Academia Summit which will help define the role that Boeing can play in K-12. b. Teaching modules, based on Boeing case studies, can be developed for teachers. c. Boeing is perceived as a leader in Lean and 10x methodologies. It has developed several training modules in this area. Some of these could be easily designed as modules for use in schools. d. A web portal could be devised as a clearinghouse for disseminating the best practices in STEM education. e. Boeing should develop a Signature Design or Science talent competition. This would help define the Boeing brand at an early stage in a budding young engineer

Conference Session

Leadership and Strategic Planning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Cardella, Purdue University; Robert Davis, Purdue University; Shripad Revankar, Purdue University; Loring Nies, Purdue University; Carolyn Percifield, Purdue University; Leah Jamieson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

world had guided a process of iterativevisioning and re-envisioning, ultimately leading to a high-level strategic planning document.Through this earlier process, a vision, mission, core values, goals, and key strategies wereestablished. To begin the process described in this paper, “team co-captains” were selected tolead teams that would take each strategy and move it from a “big idea” to a set of actionableactivities. An example of a strategy from the plan is “Educate Renaissance Engineers for the21st Century World.” Actionable activities under this strategy include “(a) developing andimplementing the Purdue Engineer of 2020 curriculum, (b) defining the role of engineering inpre-university education,” and so on. A total of 33 teams, which

Conference Session

POTPOURRI

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guy Johnson, Rochester Institute of Technology; Brian Tomaszewski, RIT

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

, energy, oil and gas refining, and transportation systems to achieve increasing efficiencies in overall system operation. As geographically-aware sensors and mobile devices (such as GPS-enabled cell phones ) become more ubiquitous and allow the public to capture where (a) the location of events happen or (b) data is gathered, such actions have potential impacts on future actions, strategic decisions and proposed policies. In particular, mobile GTs open the door to methods of reasoning and persuasion that would be impossible without the use of publically available spatial information. For example, during a disaster, location-based videos captured through cell phones at a disaster site can facilitate rapid allocation of resources

Conference Session

Sustainability, Service Learning, and Entreprenuership

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shekar Viswanathan, National University, San Diego; Howard Evans, National University, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2010-1885: DEVELOPMENT OF A MASTERS DEGREE ON SUSTAINABILITYMANAGEMENTShekar Viswanathan, National University, San DiegoHoward Evans, National University, San Diego Page 15.404.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Development of a Master’s Degree Program on Sustainability ManagementAbstractThis paper summarizes the development of a unique, master’s degree program insustainability management based on fundamental concepts relating to energy,environment, products and processes. The interactions among practitioners andacademicians at the National University that lead to the development of this program arehighlighted. This

Conference Session

e-Learning Course Development and Instruction

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie-Pierre Huguet, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Tom Haley, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Yaron Danon, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

. Page 15.638.109. Moskal, P., Dancing with a Bear: One University’s Experience with Evaluating Blended Learning. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 2009. 13(1): p. 65-74.10. Albrecht, B. (2006) Enriching student experience through blended learning. Research Bulletin 2006.11. Vaughan, N. and R. Garrison, How Blended Learning Can Support a Faculty Development Community of Inquiry. Journal of Asybchronous Learning Networks, 2006. 10(4): p. 139-152.12. Danchak, M. and M.-P. Huguet, Designing for the changing role of the instructor in blended learning IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 2004. 47(3): p. 200-210.13. Jones, M.G., S.W. Harmon, and D. Lowther, Integrating Web-based learning

Conference Session

BIM and Other New Construction Practices

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daphene Koch, Purdue University; Rajeswari Sundararajan, Purdue University; Greg Lasker, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

. Retrieved October, 21 2009, from http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/qUjY7w54vY1KncL32OVQ/EEB-Facts-and-trends.pdf 12. Pachauri, S., Spreng, D., 2002. Direct and indirect energy requirements of households in India. Energy Policy 30 (6), 511–523. 13. Reddy, B. S. (2003). Overcoming the energy efficiency gap in India’s household sector. Energy Policy, 31(11), 1117-1127. 14. Snegithi. (2009). Tamil Magazine. 15. McKay Kim and Bonnin Jenny. (2006). True green-100 everyday ways you can contribute to a healthier planet. National Geographic. 16. MacKay, D. (2009). Sustainable energy – without the hot air. UIT, Cambridge, England. 17. Smil, V. (2008). Energy in nature and society-General Energetics of complex systems. The MIT

Conference Session

Administering First-Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rick Williams, East Carolina University; William Howard, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2010-1457: ASSESSMENT-DRIVEN EVOLUTION OF A FIRST-YEARPROGRAMRick Williams, East Carolina UniversityWilliam Howard, East Carolina University Page 15.210.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Assessment Driven Evolution of a First year ProgramAbstractThe general engineering program at East Carolina University (ECU) was established in 2004. Inthe fall of 2007, a major curriculum change was initiated that introduced three new courses intothe first year. These courses are Engineering Graphics, Introduction to Engineering, andComputer Applications in Engineering. Each of these courses contains projects or assignmentsthat directly assess the achievement of

Conference Session

Technology-Enhanced Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenda Scales, Virginia Tech; Sharon Caraballo, George Mason University; James Groves, University of Virginia; Rosalyn Hobson, Virginia Commonwealth University; Linda Vahala, Old Dominion University; Catherine Amelink, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Teaching and Learninghttp://www.vcu.edu/cte/pdfs/OnlineTeachingWhitePaper.pdf5. Wattwod, Britt, Nugent Jeffrey, and Deihl, William (2009). Online Teaching and Learning Resource Guide.http://www.vcu.edu/cte/resources/OTLRG/OnlineTeachingAndLearningResourceGuide.pdf6. Brown, A., Hughes, O., McCue, L.S., Neu, W., and Tretola, B., “Distance learning in the graduate-level oceanengineering curriculum,” ASEE Conference Paper No. AC2007-49, 2007 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Page 15.687.13Honolulu, Hawaii, June 2007.7. McCue, L.S. and Scales, G.R., “Embracing the middle ground: Engaging on- and off-campus students within thesame

Conference Session

Liberal Education for 21st Century Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Grondin, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

, Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 197014. Craig E. Nelson, On the Persistence of unicorns: The Trade-Off between Content and Critical Thinking Revisited”, In B. A. Pescosolido and R.Aminzade, eds. The Social Worlds of Higher Education. Pine Forge Press. Page 15.421.12

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natasha Smith, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

understanding of part three of the experiment. It should also be noted that the secondmoment given in Equation (1) is that about the centroidal axis perpendicular to the load. Ifstudents have not been introduced to this concept (in a Statics course for example), the instructorwill need to present the definition and discuss methods to calculate I for various cross-sectionalshapes. A sample supplemental handout is provided in Appendix B. Though the concept ofsecond moment of area may be new, however, most students could instinctively guess thatcertain cross-sections will deflect less than others (e.g. an I-beam deflects less than a square Page

Conference Session

Instrumentation in Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David McDonald, Lake Superior State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

in both the electrical andmechanical engineering programs.References1. Duesing, P., Mokhtar, M. “Active Discovery and Engineering Problem Solving (EPS) Techniques – An Effective Approach to Teach a Freshman Level CAD Course”, 2009 ASEE NCSection Conf 2009.2. Spinelli, J, LaFerriere, K., “A Discovery Based Systems Lab using LabVIEW & MATLAB, ASEE AC3. Frank, B., Carr, J., “Active Learning Using Guided Projects in an Upper Year ECE Course.” ASEE AC2007.4. Pape, David, “A Progressively Open Ended Laboratory to Promote Active Learning, ASEE Annual Conference, 2006. Rizkalla, M., Pfile, R., El_Antably, A., Yokomoto, C., Development of a Senior Elective for EE and EET Majors in the Design of Electronic Instrumentation for

Conference Session

Learning by Doing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Morgan, Texas A&M University; Luciana Barroso, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, J. E. Froyd, M. Hoit, J. Morgan, D.L. Wells, "First-Year Integrated Curricula Across the Engineering Education Coalitions," Journal of EngineeringEducation, v 88, no. 4, October 1999.6. Morgan, J., and Bolton, B. "An Intergrated Freshman Engineering Curricula," Frontiers in Education '98,Tempe Mission Palms Hotel, Tempe, Arizona, November 4-7, 1998.7. Kenimer, A. and J. Morgan, “Building Community Through Clustered Courses,” ASEE, Montreal, Canada,June 2002.8. Malave, C., J. Rinehart, J. Morgan, R. Caso Esposito, and J. T. P. Yao, "Inclusive Learning Communities atTexas A&M University - A Unique Model for Engineering," Creating and Sustaining Learning Communities:Connections, Collaboration, and Crossing Borders, Tampa, FL, March 10-13

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; Sharon Jones, Lafayette College; Christopher Ruebeck, Lafayette College; Jacqueline Isaacs, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

. Shortfall, the self-contained computer simulation game developed byNortheastern University, serves as one of these modules. The specific outcomes that weoriginally aimed to achieve with this computer simulation game are that students can describe, atan introductory level, the following: a) environmental and economic sustainability issues, b) how individual firm decisions collectively affect supply-chain decisions (referred to as market interaction), Page 15.208.5 c) how computational methods can be used to assist policy decisions, and d) the effect of complexity on decision-making.The courses in which we have

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

J. S. Burmeister; K. A. Watson

are one-half meter (50 cm) apart (Figure 1).3. Support for the bridge shall be from the top of the level surfaces only. The edges of the level surfaces cannot be used in any way for support.4. The bridge must include a decking of spaghetti to provide a suitable “road surface” at least 5 cm wide across the full span of the bridge. Three conditions must be met: a) gaps in the bridge deck are not to exceed 2 mm. b) a block of wood (5 cm x 5 cm x 10 cm), representing a car, must be able to move the entire length of the span unobstructed. c) the deck of the bridge must not be more than 5 cm above or below the ends of the bridge at any point along its length.5

Conference Session

Critical Issues in IT and IET: Focus Group

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Ram Prasad Diwakaran, Texas A&M University; Justin Zsiros, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

them try to determine what the bestgate location was given the results that all three groups produced. a. b. Figure 2. Manufacturing and testing equipment: a) AB-400 Table Top Injection Molder; b) Tinius Olsen H10KT.ResultsThe results of the fill simulations are shown in Figure 3. All samples were able to fill. Thespecimens with the gates at the end had a higher strain and a higher ultimate strength. Those withthe gate in the middle performed poorly in both strain to break and ultimate strength. This was Page 15.322.4due to the defect produced by

Conference Session

Enhancing CE Learning Through Use of Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monique Head, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

20 10 0 A B C D F Letter Grade Figure 5: Letter Grade Distribution Without and With Clicker UsageConclusions and Suggestions for Future Use of ClickersUsing the clickers for the first time the aforementioned introduction to the civil engineeringprofession course proved to be beneficial to both students and presenters for ascertaining whatstudents have learned and teaching effectiveness. Results show that the pressure for all studentsto respond in real-time did not inhibit

Conference Session

ELD Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hubbard, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

. 1997. Single journal bibliometric studies: A review. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science 2 (2): 93-114.2. Anyi, K., A. Zainab, and N. Anuar. 2009. Bibliometric studies on single journals: A review. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science 14 (1): 17-55.3. Berelson, B. 1971. Content Analysis in Communication Research. New York: Hafner, 18.4. Allen, B., and D. Reser. 1990. Content analysis in library and information science research. Library & Information Science Research 12 (3): 251–262.5. Atkins, S. 1988. Subject trends in library and information science research, 1975-1984. Library Trends 36 (4): 633-658.6. Feehan, P., W Gragg, W. Havener, and D. Kester. 1987. Library and information science

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics of Materials & General Mechanics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciana Barroso, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

, and the economic world. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.4. Wilson, B. and M. Ryder. (1996). Dynamic Learning Communities: An Alternative to Designed Instructional Systems, in Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations at the 1996 National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology Indianapolis, IN.5. Bransford, J.D., A.L. Brown, and R.R. Cocking. (2000) How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.6. Daniels, M. and A. Hauer. (2007). Balancing Scaffolding and Complexity in Open Ended Group Projects, in ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference: Milwaukee, WI.7. Vygotsky, L. (19778) Mind in Society