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Displaying results 15541 - 15570 of 23317 in total
Collection
2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop
Authors
Lisa Greenwood; Mark Indelicato; Miguel Bazdresch; Mike Eastman
progress, and time in class to work on the assignment with accessto the instructor. Suggestions for improvement included introducing the project earlier tospread out the due dates and allow more time to address feedback on previous parts or drafts.Discussion The PBL assignment was essentially a situated case/policy problem, according toJonassen’s typology (Jonassen & Hung, 2008), which involved a moderately structured, butopen-ended, realistic problem with multiple reasoning paths and solutions. The level ofcomplexity was moderate, but challenging for students based on the early point in theiracademic career, limited exposure to environmental management in an industrial context, andlimited exposure to inductive learning. Early in
Conference Session
Factors Influencing Curriculum Development: International Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Ashish Agrawal, University of Cape Town; Johnson Carroll, University of Johannesburg; Jennifer M. Case, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nicole P. Pitterson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Tagged Divisions
International
this debate include the attractiveness of the career forprospective students, the retention of those students who enter the program, the diversity ofstudents in the program, and then the degree of fit between program outcomes and the needsof the workplace. Within this debate it is generally assumed that the curriculum is the arenain potential need of reform [3]–[5]. Curriculum reform deliberations tend to operate at arelatively high level, with a central tension between “theory” (engineering and basic sciencecontent) and “practice” (professional skills, often in project type context) [6].A relatively recent focus for global curriculum discussions has been the spread of outcomes-based criteria for accreditation through the mechanism of the
Conference Session
ECCD Technical Session 4: Energy and Analysis
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Lisa Bosman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Brinker, Northeast Wisconsin Technical College; Kenneth Walz, Madison Area Technical College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
engineering education, workforce development and faculty professional development. As for the Impacts of Technology on Society, her technology-optimization focused research includes solar energy and digital manufacturing.Jennifer Brinker, Northeast WI Technical College Jennifer Brinker’s teaching emphasizes learning from real-life projects. She recognizes and teaches the importance of saving energy, money and the environment, along with meeting customer comfort and pro- duction needs. She holds a Master’s Degree in Land Resources and Energy Analysis and Policy from UW-Madison and achieved Certified Energy Manager (CEM) certification. Jenny has conducted hun- dreds of commercial energy audits since beginning a career in
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Assessment and Accreditation: Making the Grade!
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Vallorie Peridier, Temple University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering judgement to draw conclusions. 7. An ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies.Engineering students who gain genuine facility in the above seven competencies will likely haveimpactful subsequent careers. Consequently a Program’s commitment to systematically fosterstudent attainment in SO 1-7 is a worthy enterprise.2. Create seven SO oversight committees, one for each ABET SO.The foundational component of our Program’s CI regimen is its seven standing SO 1-7 oversightcommittees (SO-1, SO-2,…SO-7). Each committee consists of three or four faculty members,and each committee has oversight responsibility for the SO in its purview
Conference Session
Aspirational Visions of Civil Engineering in 2025 & Policy 465
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald Welch, The University of Texas-Tyler; Michael Robinson, Rose-Hulman Institute; Charles Glagola, University of Florida; James Nelson, University of Texas-Tyler
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
, continuing education, professional practice experience, active involvement in professional societies, community service, coaching, mentoring, and other learning and growth activities. Personal and professional development can include developing understanding of and competence in goal setting, personal time management, communication, delegation, personality types, networking, leadership, the socio-political process, and effecting change. In addition to the preceding, professional development can include career management, increasing discipline knowledge, understanding business fundamentals, contributing to the profession, self-employment, additional graduate studies, and achieving licensure and specialty certification.10. A
Conference Session
Entrepreneurial Leadership and Non-traditional Ways to Engage Students in Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Edward Coyle, Purdue University; Nancy Clement, Purdue University; Joy Krueger, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
career, Nancy owned several businesses Page 12.1438.1 including a wholesale/retail business, rental property business, and a direct marketing business. As an independent contractor she has worked for the Department of Education, the US Census Bureau, and was a teacher for a private mental health institution. Nancy was awarded the Frank Murphy Outstanding Faculty Fellow of the Year for 2006 Windsor Halls. She was also recognized by the Residence Hall Association as the 2006 Fredrick L. Hovde© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Outstanding Faculty Fellow for all of
Conference Session
Perceptions of Women's Success in STEM
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Catherine Claiborne, University of Washington; Suzanne G. Brainard, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
careers. Specifically,many colleges and universities applied for the National Science Foundation’s ADVANCEProgram for Institutional Transformation (ADVANCE), which was launched in 2001. Thepurpose of ADVANCE is to increase the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women inacademic science and engineering careers by transforming higher education institutions. NSFfunds recipient institutions for five years and requires that each college and university sign acooperative agreement, which means that each institution must have deliverables. The firstgroup of institutions received an ADVANCE grant in 2001 and the second group received agrant in 2003. The first round of ADVANCE grantees is now ending their five years, and theissue of
Conference Session
Technology Literacy for Engineering Students
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Camille George, University of St. Thomas; Elise Amel, University of Saint Thomas; Christopher Greene, University of Saint Thomas
Tagged Divisions
Technological Literacy Constituent Committee
interested in how gender affects career choice. She believes strongly in the scientist-practitioner model, using her academic background to solve practical problems and using her problem solving experiences to enhance her teaching. She has received an award for excellence in service learning. Professor Amel has specific expertise developing assessment plans and dissemination approaches through her work on the UST Bush Foundation Grant. She has completed pedagogical presentations and publications about international education and service learning.Christopher Greene, University of Saint Thomas Dr. Chris Greene comes to the University of St. Thomas following a 20+ year career in industry
Conference Session
Women, Minorities and the New Engineering Educator
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brook Sattler, University of Washington; Jessica Yellin, University of Washington; Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
-- INTERVIEWER: Yeah, I see. YI105: Which I think is very relevant for future career stuff, to interact with people who -- who -- yeah, I mean have really good intentions, but maybe have slightly different view that to me surprises me.”YI105 claimed that she was used to a certain “politically correct” way of discussing diversity andwhen people diverged from the norm she was surprised. When YI105 first spoke about diversity, Page 12.558.10she used the acronym PC for politically correct. She also spoke about trying to frame diversity inthe “correct” way, so that people can understand. Several other participants talked about
Conference Session
Recruiting, Retention and Diversity in Engineering Technology
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claude Kansaku, Oregon Institute of Technology; Linda Kehr, Klamath County School District; Catherine Lanier, Oregon NASA Space Grant Consortium
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
federal, state, and local governments. • Encourage interdisciplinary training, research, and public service programs related to aeronautics, space science and technology. • Recruit and train professionals, especially women, and underrepresented minorities, and persons with disabilities, for careers in aerospace related fields. • Develop a strong science, mathematics, and technology education base from elementary through university levels.Core OSGC programs include graduate fellowships, undergraduate scholarships, NASA centerinternships and mentorships, undergraduate research-based programs, and K-12 outreachprograms. University and community college partners provide the student and faculty base towhich NASA
Conference Session
Professional Engineering Management Initiatives
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donald Merino, Stevens Institute of Technology; S. Jimmy Gandhi, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
< 20% NONE 0%Table 1: Degree of Commonality (Scale)The above table describes the Degree of Commonality between the various EMBoKs and isbased on the logic of normal distribution6. The 68-95-99.7 rule or empirical rule states that for anormal distribution, almost all values lie within 3 standard deviations of the mean. From that,about 68% of the values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean.The ASEM EMBoK7 is used as the basis of comparison to other EM BoKs since it is based onthe undergraduate and graduate EM programs. ASEM EM BoK is the basis of the knowledgeEM graduates should have before they join the workforce. It is considered to be a pivotal point inthe career of an engineering manager; therefore it was
Conference Session
Inter- and Multidisciplinary Laboratories
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan Sharfstein, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Blanca Barquera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Michael Hanna, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
AC 2008-749: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOPROCESSING ANDMICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY COURSES: A MODEL FOR SHARED USE OFINSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORIES BETWEEN ENGINEERING AND SCIENCESusan Sharfstein, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Susan Sharfstein is an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Her research interests are in mammalian cell culture for bioprocessing. Her teaching interests are in biotechnology and biochemical engineering and in integrating engineering and life science education. Professor Sharfstein received her Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from UC Berkeley. She is the recipient of an NSF CAREER award whose
Conference Session
Graduate Education in Engineering Technology
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph Mainoo, Bowling Green State University; Sri Kolla, Bowling Green State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
, B., Reichgeelt, H., & Zhang, A. (2002).13. Peterson’s Guide to Graduate Study. (2005), Retrieved November 2005, from http://www.peterson.com.14. Price, B., Reichgelt, H., & Zhang, A. (2002). “Designing an Information Technology Curriculum: The GeorgiaSouthern University Experience”. Journal of Information Technology, 17(1), 1-6.15. Stokes, M. E., Davis, C. S., Koch, G. G. (2000). Categorical Data Analysis Using the Sas System. Cary, NC:SAS Publishing.16. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (2006). Occupational Outlook Handbook. Retrieved June 5, 2006, fromhttp://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.toc.htm.17. United States Department of Labor (2004). Career Guide to Industries. Retrieved June 5, 2006, fromhttp://dol.gov/.18
Conference Session
Enhancing K-12 Mathematics Education with Engineering
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donna Diaz, Clemson University; Pam King, Clemson University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
at the earliest grades is not only a matter of personal equity,but also a matter of social responsibility.Because the foundation for STEM careers is laid in elementary classrooms, a pre-engineeringmathematics curriculum program is a long overdue consideration. A team of K-16 educators andelementary classroom teachers, under the guidance of faculty from the College of Engineeringand Science at Clemson University are developing a K-5 mathematics curriculum programdesigned to prepare students for STEM disciplines and to prepare teachers to effectivelyimplement the program. This curriculum is designed to provide elementary students with thekinds of learning experiences that will not only prepare them for higher level STEM courses, butwill also
Conference Session
FPD8 - Early Intervention & Retention
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mukul Shirvaikar, University of Texas at Tyler; David Beams, University of Texas at Tyler; Sagun Shrestha, University of Texas at Tyler
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
goals appear to be difficult to achieve, as explained by Gover and Hurayin their recent book3 that outlines some of the reasons for the decline in engineering enrolment.It is not within the power of academic institutions to change the underlying global economics butit may be possible to craft strategies for recruitment based on changing the public perception ofengineering careers. Recruitment however, is only one aspect of the problem. A very importantvariable over which individual institutions have more control over is retention. It is of vitalimportance, more than ever before, that students who choose the engineering path are nurturedand retained in the system. One of the major stumbling blocks in the retention based approach isthe enthusiasm
Conference Session
Fostering and Assessing Effective Teaming
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Senay Purzer; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Science Education, 21(10), 1051-1066.8 Southerland, S., Kittleson, J., Settlage, J., and Lanier, K. (2005). Individual and group meaning-making in an urban third grade classroom: red fog, cold cans, and seeping vapor. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 42(9), 1032-1061.9 Bandura (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective, Annual. Reviews of Psychology. 52, 1–26.10 Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.11 Pajares, F. ( 2007) viewed on January 2, 2007. http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/eff.html12 Lent, R.W., Lopez, F.G., and Bieschke, K.J. (1991). Mathematics self-efficacy: Sources and relations to science- based career choice. Journal of Counseling
Conference Session
Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Timothy Hinds, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
entireengineering careers in college and on into their professional careers. Repeated use ofcomputational tools leads to familiarity, and to what now is called “pervasive computing” in thesense that the slide rule was simply a well-known tool to the student. Most engineeringundergraduate students do not develop like familiarity with computational environments likeMATLAB for the simple reason they do not achieve self-reliance with MATLAB, largelybecause they do not use it throughout their undergraduate experience.The crux issue is that higher order learning, i.e. concept oriented learning, is necessary beforetransference across problem settings is effective.2 To enable higher order learning in the contextof a computer toolset, the tools must be mastered
Conference Session
TC2K Methods and Models
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gregory Watkins, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Nan Byars, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Deborah Sharer, University of North Carolina-Charlotte
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
, defines requirements for assessment measures used byengineering technology programs. The purpose of assessment and evaluation activities is todocument that program objectives and outcomes are being met. The criteria document2 statesthat: Assessment measures typically consist of, but are not limited to, student portfolios, student performance in project work and activity-based learning; results of integrated curricular experiences; relevant nationally-normed examinations; results of surveys to assess graduate and employer satisfaction with employment, career development, career Page 12.282.6 mobility, and job title; and preparation for
Conference Session
Integrating Research Into Undergraduate ECE Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jan Allebach, Purdue University; Edward Coyle, Purdue University; Joy Krueger, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
(VIP) Program is an engineering educationprogram that operates in a research and development context. Undergraduate students that joinVIP teams earn academic credit for their participation in design efforts that assist faculty andgraduate students with research and development issues in their areas of technical expertise. Theteams are: multidisciplinary – drawing students from across engineering; vertically-integrated –maintaining a mix of sophomores through PhD students each semester; and long-term – eachundergraduate student may participate in a project for up to seven semesters and each graduatestudent may participate for the duration of their graduate career. The continuity, technical depth,and disciplinary breadth of these teams enable
Conference Session
Gender and Accessibility Issues in K-12 Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Uchechukwu Abanulo; Ananth Iyer; John Helferty, College of Engineering, Temple University; Joseph Fischgrund, The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
scholars in the United States are usually detached from engineering related coursesbefore they get an opportunity to be formally educated in such subjects. In Temple University, Highschool students are reached out to through a summer robotics program run by the ex-chair of theElectrical Engineering Department, Dr. John Helferty. 80% of Participants in this program havegone on to study engineering in college, and about 40% have been known to graduate with anengineering degree. An impact was also made in engineering for the disabled when TempleUniversity graduated the first ever blind-deaf engineering student (Scott Stoffel). He not onlyperformed outstandingly throughout his academic career, but also created several senior designprojects
Conference Session
Engineering in Elementary Schools
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kate Hester, Museum of Science, Boston; Christine Cunningham, Museum of Science, Boston
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
children's abilities to function in three dimensions—all skills that are important for prospering in the modern world 10. • Learning about engineering will increase students' awareness of and access to scientific and technical careers. The number of American citizens pursuing engineering is decreasing. Early introduction to engineering can encourage many capable students, especially girls and minorities, to consider it as a career and enroll in the necessary science and math courses in high school 2,8. • Engineering and technological literacy are necessary for the 21st century. As our society increasingly depends on engineering and technology, our citizens need to understand these fields 11,12.Goals and ObjectivesEngineering
Conference Session
Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ali Al-Bahi, King Abdulaziz University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
learning objectives.Finally course evaluation addresses issues related to the reliability of data gathering and datainterpretation as well as course verification and validation and the mechanism of using theresults to modify the course.2. Elements of ABET EC200 Criteria2.1 Program Educational Objectives and Program OutcomesABET EC 20003 defines Program educational objectives as "broad statements that describethe career and professional accomplishment that the program is preparing graduates toachieve". It also defines Program outcomes as "statements that describe what the studentsare expected to know and be able to do by the time of graduation".Program Educational objectives have to be consistent with the mission of the institution, EC2000 criteria
Conference Session
Knowing Our Students II
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joachim Walther, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
such as an “understanding of the social, cultural, global andenvironmental responsibilities of the professional engineer”4. However, issues pertaining tothis broader concept of professional responsibilities might have no implication on theperformance criteria an individual is measured against in the workplace. Hence, in industrysome the qualities or attitudes postulated in Engineers Australia’s Graduate Attributes are notexplicitly measured insofar they are not related to job performance.The second predicament results from the fast changing nature and increasing diversity ofprofessional practice. Universities are confronted with the task of preparing students for amultitude of career paths, each of which demands performance in very specific
Conference Session
TC2K Methods and Models
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gregory Neff, Purdue University-Calumet; Susan Scachitti, Purdue University-Calumet; Lash Mapa, Purdue University-Calumet; James Higley, Purdue University-Calumet; Mohammad Zahraee, Purdue University-Calumet
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Conference Session
Curricula of the Past, Present, and Future
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cristina Pomales-Garcia, University of Michigan; Yili Liu, University of Michigan; Virginia Soto, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
to learn/teach characteristics Oriented to improving Knowledge X current knowledge Real life applications Need for examples or application X Problem solving, Personal/professional skills X establishing contacts, responsibility, doing well in classes and career beyond formal schooling Good and responsible Professor characteristics X professors Up-to-date learning Resources X(2) Educational TechnologyWhat came to mind when participants thought about educational technology? The participantsgenerated a total of 158 words or phrases that
Conference Session
Standards Based Approaches to K -12 Engineering
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kazem Kazerounian, University of Connecticut; David M. Moss, University of Connecticut; David Giblin, University of Connecticut; Elias Faraclas, University of Connecticut; Cathi Koehler, University of Connecticut
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
indicate that many states include various aspects of EEF contentstandards and widely use the term technology but fail to identify the context of engineeringconcepts as it relates to the disciplines in science. It is important to assess how states areincorporating technology and engineering concepts into their state science curriculumframeworks as promoting technical and engineering literacy in secondary schools may result infostering interest in careers in engineering.Introduction As the world becomes more technically oriented, educators have an increasing challengeto keep their curriculums relevant and evolving to maintain pace with globalization. Science
Conference Session
Writing and Communication II
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Luke Niiler; David Beams, University of Texas-Tyler
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
or shape” of their argument, as well as a “concernfor their readership” (p. 50) and, most significantly, an understanding of writing as “an act ofdiscovery” (p. 53) which proceeds in a nonlinear fashion. How experienced, how sophisticated,were UT-Tyler’s sophomores? The authors also wanted to begin to understand the extent towhich Engineering students considered writing to be an act of learning, and not simply a meansof transmitting data. Sommers and Saltz 16 have shown that student writers who learn the mostthroughout their college careers tend to “see in writing a larger purpose than fulfilling anassignment” (p.124): again, how would the sophomore cohort measure up? Finally, the authors
Conference Session
Approaches to Teaching Entrepreneurship
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
W. Andrew Clark, East Tennessee State University; J. Paul Sims, East Tennessee State University; Craig A. Turner, East Tennessee State University; Jon L. Smith, East Tennessee State University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
, but to “see the vision”, to understand what drives the innovatorand entrepreneur and to become part of the process.Conclusions:At ETSU we believe that it is imperative that students develop an understanding of howtheir jobs are integrally related to all elements of their organization and thoseorganizations that are their customers’, suppliers’, and other stakeholders’ within theirnetwork. We seek to offer courses that provide a variety of degrees and types ofinteractions designed to expose the students to a wide spectrum of experiences that theywill likely encounter in their professional careers. This exposure will enhance their Page
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donald Elger, University of Idaho; Scott Metlen, University of Idaho; Robert Carson, University of Idaho; Tristan Utschig, Lewis-Clark State College; Dan Cordon, University of Idaho; Marie Racine, University of District Columbia; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho
University of Idaho. Mr. Car-son teaches teaming, math modeling and project management. He is semi-retired after a career in senior manage-ment in the manufacturing division for an electronics manufacturer and consults on various projects by the Me-chanical Engineering department at UI. Present activities include participation in a faculty focus group on transfor-mational leadership in higher education and facilitating construction of a "green" building for teaching/research.Tristan Utschig, Lewis-Clark State College TRISTAN UTSCHIG is an Associate Professor of Engineering Physics at Lewis-Clark State College in Idaho. He is director of the pre-engineering program and currently teaches freshman
Conference Session
Tricks of the Trade for Teaching I
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jessica Yellin, University of Washington; Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington; Charity Tsuruda, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
institutions, designing courses, teaching techniques, solving instructional problems, andanalyze case studies of ethical issues in academic life. Some doctoral students in the PFFprogram choose to complete the Graduate Certificate in College and University FacultyPreparation6, in which they take several courses geared at preparing them for teaching andfaculty careers and which includes a mentored teaching experience.Format of Support Activities: The format of the support activities ranged from individualconsultations with faculty developers to 1-2 year long teaching certificate programs for graduatestudents involving multiple seminar classes and a mentored teaching experience. Less clear fromthe websites was the level to which faculty and graduate