Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 18571 - 18600 of 22118 in total
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Andrea Baruzzi; Theresa M Calcagno
instill a desire for lifelong learning ensuring they will be valuedemployees and citizens in the future. Incorporating information literacy skills into a curriculumor specific course, in an organized manner, is difficult. The ABET standards for informationliteracy highlight the importance of including this instruction in the engineering curriculum. Atnumerous institutions, the individual instructor determines how and when this is accomplished.For many instructors, there is not enough time in the academic calendar to do all that is required.Consequently, information literacy skills maybe mentioned in passing or completely eliminatedto make room for other topics in the syllabus. Academic libraries have developed tools to helpstudents learn basic
Conference Session
New Faculty Development
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mahesh Aggarwal, Gannon University; Karinna M Vernaza, Gannon University
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
excellence shallbe accomplished in a spirit of balance conducive to an equitable and respectful learningenvironment. Furthermore, advising has become a separate evaluation area in the new set ofrequirements. Responsibilities of the faculty advisors include: Developing and maintaining knowledge of University policies and curriculum requirements. Maintaining files to document academic progress for students who are assigned as advisees. Communicating to advisees the times and places where the faculty advisors will be available to meet with the student. Reviewing grade reports of that person's advisees and advising them of their significance. Assisting students in pre-registration, advising them
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Johanna Kristiina Naukkarinen, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology; Kati Maarit Koikkalainen, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
of Energy Systems at Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT with main research interests re- lated to technology and society, gender diversity and engineering education.Ms. Kati Maarit Koikkalainen, LUT University Coordinator of LUT Junior Univeristy, since 2017. Before that worked as an educational coordinator, Degree Programmeof Environmental Techlogy and as an environmental manager of LUT University. Ed- ucation: Master’s degree in Energy and Environmental Technology. Qualification of a vocational teacher. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2020 All-inclusive outreach - a long-term co-operation process between a Finnish
Conference Session
Materials Selection & Design
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Olshefsky, ASTM International
Tagged Divisions
Materials
meet criteria outlined by the code body.Standards must be developed through a consensus process and be written in mandatory languageto insure that the application and intent of a standard is clear. The resulting referenced standardsare considered part of the requirements of the code. Page 15.1087.4Best Practices for Integration of Standards Education in CurriculaABET, Inc., formerly known as The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, setsengineering accreditation requirements for the incorporation of standards in engineeringcurricula: “Students must be prepared for engineering practice through a curriculum culminatingin a major
Conference Session
Manufacturing Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; George McLeod, Old Dominion University ; Thomas E. Alberts, Old Dominion University; Cynthia Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University; Tysha Batts; Mary Louise Sandy, Virginia Space Grant Consortium
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
. Some offer apps that include conceptsrelated to programming and controls, such as block programming, which can be found in toyslike Kamigami robots [37], and trajectory planning, which can be found in toys like the Spherorobot. Some toys include advanced vision capabilities [38] and an interactive learningenvironment, such as the Cozmo robot. The Cozmo robot (shown in Figure 1) is an autonomousrobot that is shaped like a truck [39]. It integrates computer vision capabilities with artificialintelligence algorithms [40]. Children can interact with it and see how the robot can readinformation from the objects in its proximity, which is important for various applications inmaterial tracking. It also has vision recognition capabilities that are
Conference Session
K-12 Programs for Women
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Dana Newell
activities, andexamine overall retention rates for students participating since 2000. During this four day residential program, students participate in academic reviews to preparefor their first year engineering curriculum including Calculus I & II, Physics I – Mechanics,Chemistry, and Introduction to Engineering courses. The WISE Summer Bridge Program alsointroduces students to MAPLE and Excel programming sessions, student engineeringorganizations, and provides evening activities geared toward students networking with WISEstaff, other engineering students, and industry. The WISE Summer Bridge Program occurs eachsummer prior to the beginning of the Fall Semester and has evolved over the previous sevenprograms to provide students with a head
Conference Session
Innovative, Engaging Pedagogies for Engineering Ethics Education
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Ashish Hingle, George Mason University; Aditya Johri, George Mason University; Huzefa Rangwala; Alexander Monea, George Mason University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
analyzed articles justified their study by referencing oracknowledging ABET accreditation" (Hess and Fore 2018). The guidelines presented in 2Accreditation Criterion 3 address student learning outcomes towards ethical and professionalresponsibilities, although they do not define a framework or goals to achieve this outcome (ABETpg. 5). Thus, engineering programs have both the opportunity and responsibility to define theirown goals towards establishing their ethics curriculum. Colby and Sullivan (2008) found a widevariety of techniques and granularity of engineering ethics content through an analysis ofengineering courses.Among engineering education researchers, there is a consensus that ethics
Conference Session
Goal Specific First-Year Courses
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lesley Strawderman, Mississippi State University; Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University; Arash Salehi, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
AC 2009-62: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF FIRST-YEAR ENGINEERINGSTUDENT PERCEPTIONS ON STUDENT EFFICACYLesley Strawderman, Mississippi State University Lesley Strawderman is an assistant professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering. She conducts research in the area of human factors and ergonomics, specifically looking at the impact of large scale service systems on human use. She has received her IE degrees from Penn State and Kansas State Universities.Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University Bill Elmore is an Associate Professor and Associate Director in the Swalm School of Chemical Engineering. His research interests include K-12 and undergraduate education reform and
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine G. Herbert-Berger, Montclair State University; Thomas J Marlowe, Seton Hall University; Vaibhav Anu, Montclair State University; Stefan A Robila, Montclair State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
classes, they learn to use their skills toanalyze an experiment or create a budget, and to apply them as part of critical thinking. As artificialintelligence/machine learning/data science (AI/ML/DS) techniques become a part of everyday life,and as state standards change to encompass CS topics, educators are faced with challenges tointegrate these into the K-12 curriculum. As research and development in these fields expands evermore rapidly, both in power and in scope, so does how we interact with it within and across otherdisciplines.Many industries face challenges in recruiting, and in trying to match employee skills with theseadvanced computational skills. The development of these understandings and skills falls to P16educators even though many
Conference Session
Course Structuring for Effective Student Engagement
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ryan L. Solonsky P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Paper ID #21216Possibilities for Technology-enhanced Active Learning of Structural Steel De-signDr. Ryan L. Solonsky P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park Ryan Solnosky is an Assistant Teaching Professor in the Department of Architectural Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University at University Park. Dr. Solnosky started at Penn State in July of 2013 and has taught courses for Architectural Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Pre-Major Freshman in Engineering. He received his integrated Professional Bachelor of Architectural Engineering/Master of Architectural Engineering (BAE/MAE) degrees in
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Onursal Onen, University of South Florida; Rasim Guldiken, University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
mechanics andother similar courses, which might also be very helpful for undergraduate students. In this paper,we present our efforts and outcomes of introducing the microfluidics module to theundergraduate fluid mechanics course - Fluid Systems - in the Mechanical EngineeringDepartment at University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. Our main aim was to introduce themicrofluidics world, give the students an insight to state-of-the-art fluid mechanics applicationsand micro-technology, and show them the concepts they were taught in the class are applicableto start-of-the-art applications, which could possibly lead to further interest in fluid mechanics.Microfluidics, as the name implies, is the science of fluid mechanics in the micro scale. Microscale
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Curricula II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Eschenbach, Humboldt State University; Jami Montgomery, WATERS Network - CLEANER Project Office; James Johnson, Howard University; Chris Brus, University of Iowa; Dan Giammar, Washington University; Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Bette Grauer, McPherson High School; Liesl Hotaling, Stevens Institute of Technology; Gbekeloluwa Oguntimein, Morgan State University; Steven Safferman; Tim Wentling, National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
) Program at the© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Christine Brus is Director of the Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) Program at the University of Iowa where she develops all program initiatives, supervises the staff and directs the activities of the WISE Advisory Board and Steering Committee. She teaches two undergraduate classes: Gender Issues in Science and Medicine and Nature vs. Nurture:Theory to Practice. She has served as a reviewer for a National Institute for Environmental Health Science (NIEHS) grant review panel evaluating K-12 education proposals for funding under the RFA Using Environmental Health as an Integrating Factor for K-12 Curriculum
Conference Session
Aerospace Engineering Education
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jonathan Michael Mercado; Dale C Rowe, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
availability of serviceseven in the midst of a cyber-attack.The understanding that we need a more robust cyber-strategy with an emphasis on maximizingavailability is not new. In 2010 General Charles Shugg, vice commander of the 24th Air Forceunit stated, “We want to make sure cyber is integrated into the operational planning process fromthe beginning. We’ve got to learn how to fight through cyber-attacks.” 6Given this requirement to maintain continuity of service in the midst of cyber-attacks, efforts arebeing made to adopt new practices that will allow us the resilience necessary to achieve this goal.However, in our search for cyber-security best practices for availability we do not need to re-invent the wheel. In the following sections we will
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference
Authors
John Murray; Erin Elder; Ryan Bingham; Glen Longhurst; Desmond Penny
InteractionsThe Integrated Engineering (IE) Program at SUU has, since its origin in 2005, included project-based, cross disciplinary, experiential learning combing elements of Electrical Engineering,Mechanical Engineering, and Civil Engineering in the integrated curriculum. All IE students arerequired to complete two one-semester design courses during their junior year, plus two,advanced, one-semester courses focused on the design and implementation of a capstone projectduring their senior year. Students often develop capstone projects for regional private and publicsector organizations as well as within the university. Southern Utah University has recentlyincreased its emphasis on experiential learning on a university-wide basis. According to
Conference Session
Social Responsibility & Professionalism
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Louise Yates; Maura Borrego
-specific content, and students greatly anticipate testing of the finalproducts. However, limitations in class size and learning objectives prevent these coursesfrom addressing perceptions of engineering as an inflexible discipline. In contrast, theinterdisciplinary nature, small class size, and guest speakers of the seminar coursedirectly address attrition due to perceptions of engineering as a rigid and uncreative field.Table 1 below illustrates the different focus of the seminar course with respect to ABETCriterion 3 outcomes. It is clear from this chart that existing introduction to engineeringcourses address many of the technical criteria, while the seminar courses provide studentswith context. An important factor in approval by the curriculum
Conference Session
FPD II: Increasing Engagement and Motivation of First-Year Students
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
George Roesch Johnson, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Engineering Professional Development
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
” is Susan Engel’s (5) call to turn collegeclassrooms into transformative experiences. Engel focuses on three elements to encouragestudents to think and participate in transformative class discussions that include the following:1.The chance to think like an expert, 2. The chance to come up with new ideas, and 3. Thechance to be part of an intellectual group. In many ways these goals overlap with other findingsto improve STEM education and student retention. For example, Daempfle (6a,b) calls forincreased faculty involvement with students along with actively engaging students in anintegrative curriculum that helps students see relationships between the disciplines and theirprofessions. Volkwein &Cabrera (7) stress the importance of
Conference Session
Examining Problem-based Learning
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Morgan M. Hynes, Tufts University; Ethan E. Danahy, Tufts University; Danielle Dowling, Tufts University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
in and reflect upon the engineering design process. His research includes investigating how teachers conceptualize and then teach engineering through in-depth case study analysis. Hynes also spends time working at the Sarah Greenwood K-8 school (a Boston Public School) assisting teachers in implementing engineering curriculum in grades 3-8.Dr. Ethan E. Danahy, Tufts University Ethan Danahy is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department Computer Science at Tufts University outside of Boston Mass., having received B.S. and M.S. degrees in computer science in 2000 and 2002, re- spectively, and a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering in 2007, all from Tufts. Additionally, he acts as the Engineering Research
Conference Session
A Technology Potpourri I
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Vassilios Tzouanas, University of Houston, Downtown; Lisa Deane Morano, University of Houston, Downtown; Hung Pham; Anish Khatiwada, University of Houston, Downtown; Jonathan Lopez
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
also included multiple USDA-NIFA funded programs that have led to the creation of new curriculum and experiential learning opportunities through the CUAS. She teaches multiple courses in environmental biology and sustainability and she organizes an experiential learning program where students work in teams to build solar-powered technology that addresses a need in urban agriculture.Hung PhamMr. Anish Khatiwada, University of Houston-downtown Anish Khatiwada graduated with Suma Cum Laude honors from the University of Houston - Downtown with a Bachelor’s in science in the year of 2015. Anish majored in Control and Instrumentation Engi- neering Technology and has a minor in Mathematics. Anish was a member of the
Conference Session
Undergraduate Research and New Directions
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Daphne Chang
versions), is used to generate simple dynamic animation for thepurpose of enhancing student learning and appreciation of “real-world” dynamic systems.Furthermore, the simulation/animation component is directly integrated into the course so thatprogressive learning and coordination with the lecture materials can be carried out.(II) Course DescriptionDynamic animation was introduced into the senior level course “EE482 Instrumentation andControl” in the 2000 academic year and has since been an integral part of this required course. Theold curriculum focused extensively on classical frequency response methods such as complexvariables, frequency response methods (Bode, Nyquist, Nichols), stability assessment techniques(Routh-Hurwitz, root locus
Collection
1998 Annual Conference
Authors
S. Cem Karacal; John A. Barker; Jacob Van Roekel
, while asignificant number suggested inviting guest speakers from industry. A large majority of thestudents considered ProtoThinker a very useful tool for improving their reasoning skills. Themost popular module of ProtoThinker was the GameMaster Module, which enabled the studentsto evaluate arguments interactively.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONSThe course is presently offered on an optional basis to a relatively small number of students whoshow particular interest in the area. After the first experimental offering, the course became anestablished course in the engineering curriculum. The long-term objective is to make the courseattractive to all engineering freshmen. With the success of the first experiment, there isconsiderable interest in
Conference Session
Building Cross-Disciplinary Partnerships
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
James Bryant; Paul Swamidass
disciplines. 3. Business students learn to understand engineering students and learn to ask the right questions about engineering problems, and vice versa. Business students begin to understand how engineers “think,” and vice versa. 4. Show marked improvement in the confidence with which engineering students handle problems that have a mixture of engineering and business issues, and vice versa. 5. Pick up the necessary skills and confidence to address engineering and business issues necessary to be a successful independent entrepreneur, or an intrapreneur within large corporations.We believe that this program at Auburn should be of interest to selected engineering andbusiness colleges in the USA.In
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division: Ethics Education Assessment
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kingsley Reeves, University of South Florida; Michelle Hughes Miller, University of South Florida; Grisselle Centeno, Florida Polytechnic University; Elaine Englehardt, Utah Valley University; Michael Pritchard; Susan LeFrancois, Florida Polytechnic University; Ideliz Roman, University of South Florida
accreditation process gave little explicitattention to the ethical preparedness of engineering graduates for the work they were about toundertake [3]. Perhaps there was an assumption that the ethical background students brought withthem from elsewhere would suffice, and not require any ethical instructional guidance. However,the number and severity of moral lapses in engineering practice that were brought to publicattention raised serious doubts about the reliability of such assumptions [4, 5]. In response to thispublic outcry, ABET (formerly known as the Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology) required engineering programs to incorporate an ethics curriculum. To comply withthis requirement, engineering programs have developed stand-alone
Conference Session
FPD7 -- Service Learning
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Kazmer, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John Duffy, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Beverly Perna, Tsongas Industrial History Center
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Engineering Education, 2006 Learning through Service: Analysis of a First Semester, College-Wide, Service-Learning Course1. AbstractService-learning is a pedagogy which strives to integrate student learning with communityservice. In an engineering context, service-learning provides a project-based experience in whichstudents are confronted with real clients and problems, often of immediate need. In the context ofcourse development, however, many engineering faculty seem to feel that service learning isinfeasible in technical and/or large engineering courses, and that the overhead and opportunitycosts associated with service learning exceed the benefits received by students.This paper contemplates two years of service
Conference Session
First-year Programs Division: Online Learning
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emily Ann Marasco, University of Calgary; Mohammad Moshirpour, University of Calgary; Mahmood Moussavi, University of Calgary; Laleh Behjat P.Eng., University of Calgary; Yasaman Amannejad, University of Calgary
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
material before submitting a final answer for eachquestion.Format #3: After watching the entire video, students were required to submit a single completionentry to receive completion marks. Figure 1. An example screenshot of a Category #1 video lecture module.Category #2: Video TutorialsIn video tutorials, an instructor would break down examples, further explaining the applicationof concepts while also demonstrating necessary problem-solving skills. While there was noassessment integrated in this video type, the step-by-step example solutions were a valuablestudy resource for exam preparation.Category #3: Just-In-Time HelpJust-in-time help videos require additional instructor time and effort, but are an important part ofsupported
Conference Session
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 23
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Madeline Roth, Bucknell University; Joselyn Elisabeth Busato, Bucknell University; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
asassessed by the decision-maker [11]. Decision-making is integral in day-to-day operations in theengineering workforce, whether it be deciding what angle to make an incline or who to talk towhen uncertain of the next steps to take [9], [10]. While there is variation in who makesdecisions at different companies, those with more experience (and subsequently, more expertise)typically make more decisions. Therefore, a lack of experience may impede the development ofexpertise and preclude engineering practitioners from practicing and improving theirdecision-making skills. We aim to explore this through the lens of COVID-19 with the followingquestions: 3. Have the decision-making processes of current early-career engineers affected by COVID-19
Conference Session
Circuits and Systems Education 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Keith Holland, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
course concluded with a problem-basedproject, wherein student groups were required to select and address a problem of their choosingwith the development of an analog circuit.Student progress was evaluated and grades were administered based on homework assignments,three examinations, laboratory reports, and final project deliverables. Weekly homeworkassignments were comprised of two different question sets. The first set focused on the basicunderstanding and application of concepts covered in class while the second set posed morechallenging concept integration questions. Often, the second question set was framed aroundconsumer and industrial applications in an attempt to engage students with the relevance of thematerial. Similarly, the
Conference Session
Insights for Teaching ECE Courses - Session II
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jay Wierer, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
series coefficients for a given periodic CT signal o Determine the Fourier transform of a signal by using the FT integral or a table of common pairs and properties o Compute the power or energy, as appropriate, of a CT signal using its time- or frequency-domain representation (power/energy)  Plot a signal in the time or frequency domain (signal visualization) o Plot a signal as a function of time (time plot) o Determine and plot the magnitude and phase spectra of a CT signal using Fourier analysis (Fourier spectrum)  Determine an appropriate sampling frequency and the subsequent frequency-domain representation of a sampled CT signal o Determine
Conference Session
K-12 Outreach and Out-of-School Time Engineering Programming and Research
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Benjamin Reed Campbell, Robert Morris University; Sarah Marie Riordan, Robert Morris University; Stephanie Abbott; Sarah Mukui Mutunga, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Paper ID #8977Impact of a 5-Week Collegiate Level Residential STEM Summer Program onSecondary School Students (research to practice)Dr. Benjamin Reed Campbell, Robert Morris University Ben Campbell holds a BS in physics and MS in electrical engineering from Penn State and a PhD in en- gineering from Robert Morris University. For the first decade of his career, he worked as a laser engineer at the Penn State Electro-Optics Center. In 2011 he joined Robert Morris University as an Assistant Pro- fessor of Engineering. Since 2005, Dr. Campbell has served as faculty for the Pennsylvania Governor’s School for the Sciences (a
Conference Session
Faculty Development Lightning Talk Session 2
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kenya Z. Mejia, University of Washington; Jennifer A. Turns, University of Washington; Yuliana Flores; Hadas Ritz, Cornell University; Jiehong Liao, Florida Gulf Coast University; John Chen, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ; Boni Frances Yraguen, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Faculty Development Division
students in reflecting on experience, how to help engineering educators make effective teach- ing decisions, and the application of ideas from complexity science to the challenges of engineering education.Miss Yuliana FloresDr. Hadas Ritz, Cornell University Hadas Ritz is a senior lecturer in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and a Faculty Teaching Fellow at the James McCormick Family Teaching Excellence Institute (MTEI) at Cornell University, where she received her PhD in Mechanical Engineering in 2008. Since then she has taught required and elective courses covering a wide range of topics in the undergraduate Mechanical Engineering curriculum. In her work with MTEI she co-leads teaching workshops for new faculty
Conference Session
EM Program Design
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy K. Zander P.E., Clarkson University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
alsorequires the school to specify learning goals for each undergraduate degree program. Standard15: Management of Curricula lists management-specific knowledge and skills that it would belikely that an undergraduate management degree program should include (AACSB, 2010): • Ethical and legal responsibilities in organizations and society. • Financial theories, analysis, reporting, and markets. • Creation of value through the integrated production and distribution of goods, services and information. • Group and individual dynamics in organizations. • Statistical data analysis and management science as they support decision-making processes throughout an organization. • Information technologies as they