Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Brophy, Purdue University; Gemma Mann, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

," American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 47, pp. 1507-1527, 2004.(22) S. Jeffrey, "Breaking the Ethnographer's Frames: Reflections on the Use of Photo Elicitation in Understanding Sri Lankan Monastic Culture," The American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 47, pp. 1528, 2004.(23) M. J. Mayhew, "Exploring the Essence of Spirituality: A Phenomenological Study of Eight Students with Eight Different Worldviews," NASPA Journal, vol. 41, pp. 647-674, 2004.(24) A. V. Sampson-Cordle, "Exploring the relationship between a small rural school in northeast Georgia and its community: An image-based study using participant-produced photographs." United States -- Georgia: University of Georgia, 2001.(25) M. Besterfield-Sacre, L. J

Conference Session

Experiments and Laboratories in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Colletti, The College of New Jersey; Joseph Monaghan, The College of New Jersey; Bijan Sepahpour, The College of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

obtaining the practical range of parameters that are both suitable for a laboratory environment and are preferably available stock items 5. To provide a means to collect and interpret data recorded through experimentation. 6. To share the schematics and parts required to fabricate additional units via a website accessible through Vjg"Eqnngig"qh"Pgy"Lgtug{Óu"website. 7. To develop appropriate instruction for experimentation to optimize the function of the apparatus.III - BACKGROUNDA comprehensive review of literature (1-6) was conducted on Single Degree of Freedom (S-D-F)Vibrations as well as the existing pertinent laboratory apparatuses. Appendix (B) reflects on acollection of the relevant equations for the study of S-D-F

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Keith Stanfill, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

integrity. Once students are accepted into the program and assigned to projects, informationon each student (phone numbers, e-mail addresses, student ID numbers, disciplines, teamassignment, et cetera) would have to be manually keyed into a database. Data entry errors taketime to find and correct—especially if 150 students are involved.Revision control. Curriculum updates occur frequently across the nine participating departmentsand these changes often affected the published IPPD prerequisites. Often these changes wouldnot be reflected in the paper applications for several years. This delay was due to lack ofcommunication between the departments and IPPD. Further complicating the confusion was theproliferation of out-of-date application forms kept

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruben Morales-Menendez, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Tomas Lopez, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Ricardo Ramirez Medoza, Institute Tecnologico De Monterrey; Luis E Garza, Tecnologico de Monterrey

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Tecnológico de Monterrey. Page 13.451.6Following these directions, an educational model was developed at the Tecnológico deMonterrey, Figure 1. This educational model has been characterized by its richness oninformation technologies (i.e. Blackboard suite7) and the systematic incorporation of teachingtechniques.Students assume an active role in their learning process and build knowledge on the basis of theirown experience and by reflecting on the same, under the direction and guidance of theirprofessors.Professors rely on teaching techniques that enrich students’ curricular education on the basis of apractical, professional approach achieved through

Conference Session

Capstone Design III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed El-Sayed, Kettering University; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

apply knowledge gained in their major3 or to be a cumulative and integrating experience4 and should be both a synthesis – reflection and integration – and a bridge – a real-world preparatory experiences, with emphasis on integration, experiential learning, and real-world problem solving.1,5 • In another developing view, a capstone course is "demonstration". To elaborate a capstone course is an opportunity for students to demonstrate that they have achieved the goals for learning established by their educational institution and major department.6 Since, in addition to cognitive skills, learning can occur in two other domains (affective and psychomotor,) a capstone course allows for a mix of

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Hill, University of Hartford; Akram Abu-aisheh, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

for any one term to dominate its value must be significantly largerthan the others. To = Ttx 2 + Tf 2 + Trx 2 (4) • To = Overall response time • Ttx = Transmitter response time • Tf = L ⋅ ∆ t = Fiber spreading • Trx = Receiver response timeWe next consider the actual fiber. According to Weinert10, optical dispersion is the spreadingthat occurs to a light pulse as it travels along an optical fiber, as in Figure 5. Here we considerdispersion due to the various optical modes that appear in a plastic fiber. The idea is that a lightray traveling straight down a fiber follows a shorter path and will arrive at the receiver soonerthan a ray that reflects along

Conference Session

Focus on IE Course Design and Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Kauffmann, East Carolina University; Cathy Hall, East Carolina University; Gene Dixon, East Carolina University; John Garner, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

, p < .001. 16 In addition, a seven-year longitudinalstudy using the full NEO-PI-R tested long-term stability. For the five-domain scale, coefficientalphas that ranged from 0.63 to 0.81 were found for both men and women.15The second instrument was the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI).17 The TIPI wasdeveloped to provide a brief measure of the Big-Five personality dimensions and has been foundto have adequate convergence with widely used Big-Five measures in self reports; test-retestreliability; and, patterns of predicted external correlates. This tool was selected to evaluate a testinstrument which may provide a more compact tool for engineering educators.Rotter17 is credited with the original locus of control concept which reflects a

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation of Graphics Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renata Gorska, Cracow University of Technology; Sheryl Sorby, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

middle school grades. The items assessstudent understanding of basics in isometric sketching and orthographic projection. However, upon careful examinationof the test items it was determined that most problems did not conform to engineering standards of graphicalrepresentation. The test items were modified to reflect standard conventions. Figure 11 shows an original item from theLappan test and Figure 12 shows the item after modification. In this case, students are presented with an isometric viewof an object and are asked to identify a specific view (in this case the Back View) from five choices given. Figure 11. Original Isometric Item from Lappan Test Figure 12. Modified

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann McKenna, Northwestern University; Robert Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; Matthew Glucksberg, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

presentation and discussion of technical and computational issues projects should address 3. Follow-up Reflection Assignment 4. Review computational approaches in final reports Figure 2. Schematic of the instruction and assessment in BME design class.Details about each of the numbered steps are provided below.1) The invention activity is given as a homework assignment. Students are asked to review a previous team’s report with a critical eye regarding the technical/computational components of the team’s work. The homework includes two invention activities. In the first, students are asked to generate a list of the technical details that all design

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynette Osborne, The George Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

4women’s sense of self-esteem and self-worth were derived more from their perceivedattractiveness to men than from their academic prowess. Peer culture also reflects organizational culture. The culture of engineering has beendescribed as a “masculine culture” (Hacker, 1981; Wajcman, 1991) where quantitative, analyticskills are considered more valuable than social skills. Students are socialized into the culture ofengineering by their professors and by peers. Women are confronted with an assumption thatbeing women makes them inherently less qualified than men to become engineers. Hacker (1981) spent a year researching the culture of engineering, gathering data throughparticipant observation and interviews at an elite engineering

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Gardner, Boise State University; Pat Pyke, Boise State University; Cheryl Schrader, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Amy Moll, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

bydegree requirements, availability of suitable textbooks, and other resource and pedagogicalissues. So the perception that faculty don’t immediately respond to good assessment data maysimply reflect the conservative nature of the academy in responding to curricular issues.In addition to the work on institutional change models, other authors have attempted to addressfactors that support or hinder institutional change. For example Litzer6 reports that affectedfaculty and administrators must clearly perceive value in the changes proposed.New Elements to the Change ModelWhat seems to be missing from these change models is the role time plays in institutionalization.Responding to faculty prudence regarding change, an important aspect of sustaining

Conference Session

Case Studies & Engineering Education Around the Globe

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karim Altaii, James Madison University; Hennia cavallini, University of Costa Rica

Tagged Divisions

International

felt that they were not learning from the instructor (style and method)and the UCR students felt that the instructor was not presenting an honest overview of CostaRica. With student input, it was decided that the remainder of the course would be taught byUCR students with JMU students learning directly from discussions with UCR students. TheJMU students overwhelmingly—based on the class evaluations—reflected that this approach wasmuch more effective than traditional instruction.A detailed syllabus, including the activities performed in this course, is presented in Table 2.Hard copy of all course material was distributed at the beginning of each lecture.A newly opened computer lab, with internet access, was made available to all

Conference Session

Web-Based Learning in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

CHITRA RAJAGOPAL, Kent State University, Tuscarawas Campus

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

course?” Gathering thisfeedback allowed the instructors to effectively modify course content. The feedback was verypositive, with most students being satisfied with the course content, course management, andoverall online course experience. Some of the students’ feedback reflected their appreciation forthe flexibility of the course, specifically that that they were able to review the material severaltimes and learn on their own time, at their own pace, and at a place convenient for them.Students also appreciated that they could do the real lab experiments instead of virtual labs, andmany students said they liked the video demonstrations. On the negative side, some studentscomplained about the training modules freezing at times and suggested that

Conference Session

Innovations in Biological/Agricultural Education-II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kumar Mallikarjunan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Christan Whysong, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jenny Lo, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

Expositions.Freshman year: ethics instructionOne of the main objectives of the freshman introductory engineering course, taught by EngE isthat students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of professional ethics and be able toapply it to real-life situations upon the successful completion of the course. During this coursestudents watch the National Institute for Engineering Ethics’ Incident at Morales video whichintroduces ethics concepts such as making tradeoffs, public health, and differences ininternational laws. Students are required to read a chapter discussing basic moral theories and afew classic engineering case studies from a basic engineering text such as Holtzapple andReece’s Concepts in Engineering4. Additionally, students reflect on

Conference Session

Engineering for Nonengineers: Ideas & Results

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Zieren, Austin Peay State University; John Blake, Austin Peay State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

electronically, to reference materials. Visual aides, both still images andvideos, are needed to teach this subject. The instructors must have support in preparingmaterials, equipment such as scanners and classroom projection systems, and general supportwith instructional technology.The instructional team approach is not a common arrangement at universities. When this coursewas first offered, we had this option through the university’s honors program. After thisoffering, there was a change in administration. Reflecting general trends in state supportedhigher education, the new administration focused on increasing efficiency and maximizingenrollment. Instructors had to be used as efficiently as possible, and innovations such as team-based instruction had

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Masten, McMaster University; Robert Fleisig, McMaster University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

andmathematical skills they are acquiring in other courses. As part of our Introduction toProfessional Engineering course, small groups of students work together on design projects.Students choose from a set of topics that reflect the diverse engineering disciplines within ourfaculty. The project descriptions were developed in collaboration with Engineers WithoutBorders (Canada) and are set in either a developing country or a remote area of Canada. Inaddition to the technical aspects of the engineering design, the final reports and presentationsaddress considerations such as ethics, healthy and safety, economics, and impact on thecommunity. Design projects included, for example, a rain-water harvesting system, a ceramicwater filter, a seed press to

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Gehrig, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Lyndon Abrams, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Deborah Bosley, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; James Conrad, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Stephen Kuyath, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Psychological Measurement, 55, 1016-1031, Dec. 1995This paper is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ESI-0554405. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and donot necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Page 14.1256.11

Conference Session

Technology Integration in the Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann Goebel, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Harry Petersen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William Peterson, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Comparison to previous face-to-face course offering in the same content areas indicated no significant grade inflation and in some cases a slight deflation. Application success after 1 to 2 years post graduation: Students in the Senior Design Page 14.926.7 capstone projects reflected excellent ability to use the concepts for industry applications, and recent graduates were anecdotally polled for capability to use curricular content from the online courses in the field with positive results. Student Learning Outcomes Survey: in the same manner as the other program face-to-face courses for departmental discussion and continuous

Conference Session

Structural Education Methods

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector Estrada, University of the Pacific; Luke Lee, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

. Student comments for this question were positiveregarding the effectiveness of the tools. However, these scores are low compared to those from otherstructural engineering classes the authors teach. This may reflect the fact that this material is moredifficult to grasp compared to material covered in other structural engineering courses.III. Overview of multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system seismic analysis (ModalResponse Spectrum Analysis Method)The process for determining the maximum response of a MDOF system to a seismic load basedon the modal response spectrum analysis can be readily performed using a canned structuralanalysis computer program such as RISA 3D. Unfortunately, to properly computationally modela structural system, engineers must

Conference Session

Modeling Student Data

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Neeraj Buch, Michigan State University; Thomas Wolff, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Page 14.1295.10observational data that educational researchers routinely encounter and can be used in a varietyof settings to gain deeper insight into the factors affecting educational outcomes.AcknowledgementThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under award0757020 (DUE). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation (NSF).References1. National Science Board Science and Engineering Indicators 2002; NSB-02-1; National ScienceFoundation: Arlington, VA, April, 2002.2. Bernold, L. E.; Spurlin, J. E.; Anson, C. M., Understanding our students: A longitudinal

Conference Session

Measuring Success of Graduate Program Components

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amanda O'Neill, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Jessica McCormick, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Matthew Steinkamp, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Patricia Fox, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Rachel Meyer, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Steven Brown, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Brandon Medcalf, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Nathaniel Greene, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

the classes, and returning materials (homework, quizzes, etc.) to the students.These results are a direct formative evaluation, which should be given adequate attention 4. Thisshows that students pleased with their instructors in most respects but would like to see atechnology available in the classroom to reflect advances in technology in commercial andindustrial settings.While respondents were asked about their “in the classroom” experience, it is understood thatthat is only one part of the interaction between the student and the University and that thestudent’s experience “in the office” is also important to gauge. In the office setting, respondentsrated instructors highest in caring about the students in their class. This shows that

Conference Session

Critical issues in IT and IET: Focus Group

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Scachitti, Purdue University, Calumet; Juan Salinas, Purdue University, Calumet; Deepthi Karanam, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Exercises reflect lessons learned in real world applications to incorporatefacility support efforts such as process flow optimization and staffing level determinations aswell as basic layout issues. Examples of exercises with intended learning outcomes will also beincluded.IntroductionProcess simulation software has proven itself to be a key problem solving tool in developingvalue minded graduates of engineering technology programs. Whether students findemployment in manufacturing, healthcare or service industries, they will all be faced withdecision making and problem solving involving increasingly complex systems and rapidlychanging technology. With this in mind, theoretical concepts such as queuing theory, regressionanalysis, takt

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaobo Peng, Prairie View A&M University; Katie Grantham Lough, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Benjamin Dow, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

., Turk, A. L., Subrahmanian, E., and Westerberg, A. W., 2002, “Communication andCollaborative Learning in a Cross-Atlantic Design Course,” in the Proceedings of 2002 World Conference onEducational Multimedia, Denver, Colorado, June 24-29.12. O’Brien, W., Soibelman, L., and Elvin, G., 2003, “Collaborative Design Processes: An Active- and Reflective-Learning Course in Multidisciplinary Collaboration,” Journal of Construction Education, 8(2), pp. 78-93.13. Dennis, T. W. and Fulton, R. E. 2004, “Undergraduate Distributed Collaborative Engineering Project UsingCAD, CAE and PLM Tools,” in Proceedings 2004 ASEE Southeastern Section Annual Meeting, Auburn, Alabama,April 4-6.14. Bohn, J. H. and Anderl, R., 2005, “A First Transatlantic Course on

Conference Session

Modeling Student Data

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Lande, Stanford University; Sarah Parikh, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; George Toye, Stanford University; Helen Chen, Stanford University; Krista Donaldson, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

assigned to theIndividual Beliefs theme category tended to be more neutral. The number of responses sorted bytopic is generally even with an exception of the Teaching (Curriculum) topic, which had 324comments. For future work it could be useful to unpack this item into sub-groups for furtheranalysis.The School theme category topics are generally ordered with more negativity than the groupingof the Individual Belief theme category topics. It is interesting to note that both Co-op and Moneyare exceptions here. It may be that these two topics are much more concrete than the other moreabstract items or that, in reflection, the categorization of each should be reconsidered. In otherwords, finding benefit from experiencing a co-op experience and being

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan Machotka, University of South Australia; Zorica Nedic, University of South Australia; Andrew Nafalski, University of South Australia; Ozdemir Gol, University of South Australia

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

reports ≠ Assessment ≠ Evaluation and reflectionCollaboration among students can be encouraged during preparation, conduct and analysis ofexperiments, where students are asked to work in teams. This can be implemented for peer assessment, Page 14.98.4evaluation and reflection as well. Findings from our survey provide some information about studentcollaboration before, during and after the practical experiment.Remote laboratoryA remote laboratory (RL) allows a real physical system set in a laboratory to be remotely controlled from acomputer via the Internet using virtual instruments. The system also enables experimental data to becollected and

Conference Session

Retention Tools and Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University; Amy Hamlin, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

students in their declared major as they enterENG1102 in the spring of 2005 and 2007. This data looks at all the first-year engineeringstudents enrolled in ENG1102 in the spring 2005 and 2007 semesters. As expected, the percentof Engineering Undecided (EGN) students retained in their original major is close to zero forboth study groups, which reflects the fact that these students are switching into a degree grantingmajor. More than 57% of the students are still in their originally declared engineering major atthe end of their third year, with most of the majors retaining between 75 and 85% of theiroriginal students. With the exception of EGE, EME, EMSE, and non-engineering majors, thepercent of students retained in their original major is lower

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

for a long period of time. Such a break mayconsist of standing up and doing stretches, working on a problem, or just answering the instructor’squestion.Pay attention to the students’ note-taking [1]. Remember to pause so students can finish theirnote-taking. Be aware that their way of note-taking reflects comprehension of the lecture. Aninstructor who follows where the students are in their note taking shows that he/she respects thestudents and cares about their comprehension.When meeting with students outside of the classroom, listen patiently and do not show signsof impatience [1]. Again, being patient with students demonstrates that the faculty member re-spects them and cares about their learning.Moderate classroom incivilities. Tips on

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Willis, Southern Methodist University; Paul Krueger, Southern Methodist University; Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

adequate experience in working with specialized engineering 1 4 equipment. I feel I have adequate knowledge of engineering theory. 4 3 I feel I have adequate experience with the proper methods of making 5 5 engineering measurements I feel I understand the relationship between engineering measurement and 0 3 engineering design and theory. I feel that as the result of the REU program, I now have considerable __ 6 „hands-on‟ experience in engineering.****A five-point scale from Strongly Agree (5) to Strongly Disagree (1) was used. This table reflects the number whochecked a 5 or 4

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Fuller, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University; P.K. Raju, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of theauthors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.We thank Mr. K.P. Raghavan, Executive Vice President (Corporate Center), ECC Division, Mr.P. Rengarajan, Senior-Manager, System, and Mr. G.D. Sharma, Vice President, HumanResources, L&T for sponsoring and approving this case study. We also thank Dr.Ramachandraiah Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,Madras, for coordinating the local arrangements.References 1. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc., www.abet.org/criteria.html, 2009. 2. Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting Engineering Education to the New Century, National

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Cernusca, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Ioan Gelu Ionas, University of Missouri Columbia; Harvest Collier, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

-351.9. Aleven, V., & Koedinger, K. (2002). An effective metacognitive strategy: Learning by doing and explaining with a computer-based cognitive tutor. Cognitive Science, 26, 147-179.10. Chi, M. T. H., De Leeuw, N., Chiu, M.-H., & Lavancher, C. (1994). Eliciting self-explanations improve understanding. Cognitive Science, 18(3), 439-477.11. Lin, X. D., & Lehmann, J. D. (1999). Supporting learning of variable control in a computer-based biology environment: Effects of prompting college students to reflect on their own thinking. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 36, 837-858.12. VanLehn, K., Jones, R. M., & Chi, M. T. (1992). A model of self-explanation effect. Journal of the Learning