Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Skills Development Across the Undergraduate-to-Workforce Transition

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrea Chan, Troost Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering (ILead); Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Emily Moore P.Eng., University of Toronto; Milan Maljkovic, Troost Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering; Emily Macdonald-Roach

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

length. The de-identified, verbatim transcripts werethen systematically coded and organized using an inductive and iterative process of thematicanalysis, within a collaborative team environment. The data analysis team consisted of threeengineering graduates, all with industry experience and two of whom are academics and licensedengineers, as well as two social science researchers and an engineering student. Coding of the 29transcripts was divided among team members. Team meetings were planned around the thematicanalysis of each salient professional moment that was explored in the interviews (e.g., struggles,proud moments, salient growing up experiences). At the meetings, members presented the codesthat emerged from their subset of transcripts

Conference Session

New Areas of Ethical Inquiry

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Minha R. Ha, York University; Joshua Racette, McMaster University; Shinya Nagasaki, McMaster University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

into perspective… safety… and societal deserve to be at least aware of what these aspects of this cannot be ignored.” societal aspects are.” 805: “… we should be knowledgeable about Responsibility for Impact & Public Needs the full impact of any work we partake in…” 701: “…it should be part of my job in designing… to take account the societal Responsibility for Impact & Public Needs impact of a design” 802: “… societal impact… Nuclear energy 703: “… engineers have a huge hand in systems are huge investments… planning societal

Collection

2021 ASEE Pacific Southwest Conference - "Pushing Past Pandemic Pedagogy: Learning from Disruption"

Authors

Jenna Wong P.E., San Francisco State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

in-person lecture, hours beforethe University mandate was announced. As an instructor, the author felt prepared to move forwardinto an online teaching platform given that her personal and department preparedness increasedher time to plan and prepare for this transition in courses and general daily life. Although thisincreased planning time could not foresee all issues, it definitely decreased the level of stressassociated with the one-week transition period. Additionally, the instructional approach applied tothe in-person course offering allowed an effective transition to the online platform as will bediscussed in further detail. Note: Resources were made available to faculty during the transitionthrough the Center of Equity and Excellence

Collection

2021 ASEE St. Lawrence Section Conference

Authors

Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Sreeram Kashyap, University at Buffalo, State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

students perceive an expectation forsuccess in a co-curricular activity or why a co-curricular activity is perceived to be valuable thenwe can guide students into choosing optimal co-curricular learning opportunities.Jones et al [28] investigated the motivations of first year engineering students through the lens ofEVT and found that understanding student motivation, as it relates to education and career plans,necessitates use of multiple constructs related to expectancy and value. Additionally, they foundthat while both men and women have similar levels of value-related beliefs, both reported“enjoying engineering less and viewed it as less important and useful” by the end of the first year[28]. Similar declines in motivational trajectories among

Collection

2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Amy Reynolds Warren; Kaitlyn Harp; Narmine Ben Aissa; Eric Specking

identify necessary project changes. These changesencompassed changes to content or project modifications. Next, they recorded videos to providebackground information and to help participants create the deliverable for each project. UACOEuploaded all videos to an UACOE outreach YouTube channel, established specifically forCOVID-era virtual outreach offerings. The students received a playlist with all of the projectvideo links prior to the start of their camp.The creation of videos required planning, practicing, and review by the camp team, which is atime investment into virtual camps. Staff spent time ensuring quality and effective videos, © American Society for Engineering Education, 2021 2021

Collection

ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Joseph Anthony Donndelinger, Baylor University; Adam Weaver, Baylor University; James Carlton Bates, Baylor University; Timothy Russell, Baylor University

as a scalar indetermining the final course grade to hold students accountable for their respective levels ofcontribution to the team’s overall workload. Factor Degrees of P-Value Difference Between Genders Freedom Incoming GPA 336 0.0060 Women 0.16 grade points higher Team Design Submittals 43 0.8826 n/a Individual Design Submittals 336 0.9325 Individual Development Plans 336 0.0061 Women 3.5% higher Peer Evaluation Adjustment 789 0.0001 Women 2.6

Conference Session

Undergraduate Track - Technical Session VI

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Bruk T. Berhane, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Undergraduate Education

internationalstudents are concerned, community colleges can offer a better experience by working withundergraduates to have courses taken in other countries evaluated for credit in the U.S. Inaddition, Mattis and Sislin (2005) advocate for increased correspondence between communitycolleges and their four-year counterparts, opining that “frequent communication…demonstratesthe desire of both institutions to work together” (p. 19). Financial aid/scholarships are alsocorrelated with improved student outcomes for community college students who are planning totransfer (Mattis & Sislin, 2005). As it relates to diversity and inclusion, Jennings (2017) underscores the importance ofproviding institutional support for both domestic and international students

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Ilmi Yoon, San Francisco State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Diversity Research

Ecology, Cellmisunderstandings about the functionality and and Molecular Bio, and Microbiology, proposed andorganization of their modules by members of their group. defined this project with the help of faculty advisors from The other topics that were applicable to all of the Bioinformatics and Computer Sciences. With guidance ofstudent groups, were project planning, and version control by a CS Senior research mentor, the students developed ausing git. In addition to these topics, students learned a solid prototype for this web application that is completevariety of technical approaches, such as, package with user-stories and multiple

Conference Session

Diversity Research - Session I

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Donna M. Riley, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Diversity Research

shall conduct themselves in a manner in which all persons are treated with dignity, respect, and fairness. Engineers shall not engage in discrimination or harassment in connection with their professional activities. Engineers shall consider the diversity of the community, and shall endeavor in good faith to include diverse perspectives, in the planning and performance of their professional services. 32Recently, ABET adopted a new set of student outcomes which includes: “An ability to functioneffectively as a member or leader of a team that establishes goals, plans tasks, meets deadlines,and creates a collaborative and inclusive environment” [emphasis mine]. 33 Those of us inaccredited engineering

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design Projects

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Forsyth, York College of Pennsylvania; Nicole Hesson, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

andphysical disabilities. These community based projects were added based upon student interestsand research indicating that women and minorities are likely more interested in projects with asocietal or humanitarian objectives. Additionally, while the Baja and Formula projects are a largeattractor for mechanical engineering students, the ECE students have little engagement in theprojects.As will be discussed in the findings section, a key element of this study is examining the facultyroles and student reactions to these two project types (competition and community-based). Asignificant challenge with the community-based projects is the need to source, plan, and managethe projects outside of the capstone semester. These elements will be discussed in

Conference Session

Merging Disciplines: Practice and Benefits

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debarati Basu, Virginia Tech; Daniel S. Brogan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Thomas G. Westfall, Virginia Tech; James Edward Taylor; Serena Lise Emanuel, Virginia Tech; Mathew Verghese, Virginia Tech; Nick Falls, Virginia Tech; Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

internship and study abroad opportunities.Mr. Mathew Verghese, Virginia TechNick Falls, Virginia Tech Nicholas Falls was born in Roanoke, Virginia on June 30, 1995. After graduating from James River High School, he attended Virginia Western Community College where he received an Associate’s degree in Engineering in 2015. Upon graduation from community college, he transferred to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University where he studied Electrical Engineering with plans to graduate in the spring of 2018. Over the summers he worked as an intern at Gala Industries where he worked along side elec- tricians reading and troubleshooting schematics and wiring the equipment. He was also involved in an the LEWAS lab, an

Conference Session

Potpourri: Various Issues and Topics in Graduate Studies

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M Mohr, Lehigh University; Jennifer H. Gross P.E., Lehigh University; Raymond A Pearson, Lehigh University; John B Ochs, Lehigh University; Ana-Iulia Alexandrescu, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

engineers with bachelor’s degrees.Applicant Pool:Given the highly focused technical content of the SE M.Eng. program, qualified studentstypically possess undergraduate degrees in Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, orArchitectural Engineering. Students with a Math, Physics, or Architecture background may alsobe admitted to the program; however they are required to take a year of undergraduate structuralengineering courses prior to enrollment in the graduate program.Recruitment Challenges:Size of Applicant Pool:While there is an advantage to knowing exactly who you want to recruit for a program, searchingfor students with a narrowly focused background significantly limits the size of the applicantpool. Thus, forming your recruitment plan is

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University; Naim R. Shandi, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

in each parallel set. Circuit connections for the set-up shown here were made using temporary jumper cables for the four modules that will be stowed on the cart.Educational Plan For This SystemThe PV solar energy storage cart project fits well with Alternative Energy Engineering courseand program at Lawrence Tech. The most beneficial are the school’s Alternative EnergyEngineering graduate course, and the Solar Energy Engineering graduate course, both of whichcan be taken by undergraduate seniors in engineering (who meet course prerequisites), as well asgraduate engineering students.It will also be used in various areas of study for student interested in solar photovoltaic systemdesign, and systems engineering. Specific academic

Conference Session

Experiences of Multidisciplinary Engineering Students

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vicki Stieha, Boise State University; Noah Salzman, Boise State University; Amy J. Moll, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

owncommunity that we could all wrap our heads around to solve.” A variety of projects involvingrecycling and sustainability were mentioned. They wanted “a bigger scale community projectthat’s going to have a lasting impact.” From this conversation it appears that, while they enjoythe “making” process, it is not just tinkering, but engineering design for social good that excitesthis group of students.How would you describe your experience of working in the makerspace?While the interview protocol included a question about the makerspace, students’ references towanting more “making” in the course prompted raising the question earlier in the discussion thaninitially planned. Student 1: We had an intro and nothing else. [Student 2: Yea.] However, I’m

Conference Session

Student and Other Views on Engineering Leadership

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim Graves Wolfinbarger, University of Oklahoma; Randa L. Shehab, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

establishingstructure,14 such as keeping the team on schedule and assigning tasks, and broader descriptorssuch as “getting things done” and making decisions. The fact that all team members consideredbehaviors in this category as indicators of leadership was unsurprising given the project-orientednature of the competitions.For both teams, organizing the team to achieve a goal was the most common project-management behavior mentioned. Many team members associated “making sure everything getsdone” with leadership, a perspective corresponding the functional leadership models.17, 18, 21 Asexplained by a team officer with extensive leadership role experience, “You have to show thatyou’ve thought things out, you have a plan, and that you’re going to execute it

Conference Session

Graduate Recruitment & Professional Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bolun Huang, Microsoft Corp.; Samantha Wang; Narasimha Reddy

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

into two equally largesubsets to analyze the effect of year of graduation.Table 5 shows the comparison between the results of recent years and earlier years. In Table 5,column 2 shows the resulting RankDists obtained on the entire data set; column 3 shows theresulting RankDists obtained on the data set from 1949 to 1994; column 4 shows the resultingRankDists applied on the data set from 1995 to 2014.The RankDist values in column 4 are all smaller than those in column 3, indicating that recentyear data reflects the U.S. News ranking better than earlier year data. In the future, we plan toemploy a weight differential model based on the year of hiring to make the rankings moresensitive to recent year data.Figure 2 shows the ranking divergence of

Conference Session

Implementing the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Lynch, Dartmouth College; William Kelly, Catholic University of America; Manoj Jha, Morgan State University; Ronald Harichandran, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

development.xlv Sustainable infrastructure requires an integrative approach.Canada’s ITS plan explicitly links ITS to sustainability.xlviAccording to the U.S. EPA some of the advantages of ITS are a smoother traffic flow with lessdelay from signals, incidents, and traffic queues. Environmental benefits include emissions re-duction, increased roadway capacity, and decreased fuel consumption.xlviiCivil engineering education is challenged to “addresses environmental, culture, economic, andsocial impacts of engineering on society and the concept of sustainable development” in an excit-ing unified way. Civil engineers must be prepared to take a lead role in ensuring that our infra-structure systems transition to sustainable infrastructure systems.Some useful

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators: Off the Beaten Path

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Adams, Purdue University; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Tori Rhoulac Smith, Howard University; David Socha, University of Washington; Dawn Williams, Howard University; Ken Yasuhara

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, summary results from evaluating the session, and future plans for promotingstorytelling in engineering education research.The affordances of storytellingStorytelling has a long tradition as a method for communicating ideas and images. As alinguistic and “transactional” activity, storytelling supports meaning making through discourse,narrative, and the process of translating private experiences into publicly negotiated forms [23-26].As such storytelling has been associated with developmental models of learning, identityformation [21, 27], and “folk psychology” which asserts that culturally shaped notions, stories, andnarratives organize experience [28-29]. Storytelling is also associated with the methodology of oralhistories and self-studies as

Conference Session

Software Engineering Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valentin Razmov, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

the series accounts for the fact that in some offerings we did not use anadditional text and/or targeted handouts.Other problematic areas are quality assurance and testing, build processes, and documentation.Table 1 shows the class-average ratings for those over the 8 terms. Page 12.198.8Table 1. Class-average ratings of problematic areas over all 8 terms. “n/a” in a given cellindicates that we did not ask about the corresponding aspect in that term’s questionnaire. Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Term 4 Term 5 Term 6 Term 7 Term 8Test plan n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.46 -0.14 n/a 1.14Test

Conference Session

Gender and Accessibility Issues in K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenda Kelly, Duke University; Paul Klenk, Duke University; Gary Ybarra, Duke University; Lee Anne Cox, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Module (1/4” square rather than1/8”) to build taller and more robust structures. Despite these differences, the Towers module ismore similar than different to the Bridge Module. An emphasis on real world applications of themodule is provided by an analysis of real-world towers, via discussing the history of design andconstruction of the world’s tallest buildings. Structural engineering provides the content basisfor both modules. Both modules begin with a planning activity in Modelsmart 3D prior to actualconstruction, and finally, both modules involve similar tools and construction techniques inwhich groups build with balsa wood.AM Radio ModuleThe AM Radio Module in Techtronics II revisits the electrical engineering and circuit designconcepts

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karim Muci-Küchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Jonathan Weaver, University of Detroit Mercy; Daniel Dolan, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, Ullman9, Eggert10, and Otto and Wood11, toname a few), faculty members teaching those courses benefit from having access to additionalinformation and case studies that can help them to implement a meaningful learning experiencefor the students. The authors have used for several years a project based learning strategy in asophomore-level product development course, a senior capstone design course sequence, and agraduate-level course in product planning and development. Muci-Küchler and Weaver12 andMuci-Küchler et al.13 already documented in detail the relevant aspects related to the tasks ofidentifying customer needs and of setting functional requirements and target specifications. Thispaper focuses on the concept generation task. The process

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tershia Pinder-Grover, University of Michigan; Sarah Root, University of Arkansas; Emine Cagin, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2008-1698: PREPARING GRADUATE STUDENTS TO BE SUCCESSFUL ASTEACHING MENTORS AND AS FUTURE PROFESSIONALSTershia Pinder-Grover, University of Michigan Tershia Pinder-Grover (tpinder@umich.edu) is the Coordinator of Engineering Graduate Student Instructor (GSI) Initiatives at the Center for Research on Learning in Teaching at the University of Michigan. She oversees the Engineering GSI Mentor (EGSM) Program, plans teacher training for new engineering GSIs, develops workshops and seminars, and consults with faculty and GSIs on pedagogy and engineering education research projects. Dr. Tershia Pinder-Grover earned her B.S. degree in Fire Protection Engineering from the University of Maryland and

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills Build Success in ET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Khan, DeVry University; Gene Gloeckner, Colorado State University; George Morgan, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, coordinatinglaboratory work with lecture, and organization and preparation for class and laboratoryactivities, are important for their learning and success. These results support the findingsreported by Guskey regarding the importance of planning and organization. The majorityof EET seniors perceive that coordinating laboratory work with lecture is important fortheir learning. When a faculty member tries to coordinate laboratory with class, studentssee the application of technical theory and develop a clear understating of how toimplement laboratory experiments/projects. This result appears to support one ofKnowles [15] fundamental assumptions about instruction for adults: “Adults learn bestwhen the subject content is clear and of immediate importance

Conference Session

Design: Content and Context

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanna Daly, Purdue University; Robin Adams, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, industrial design, planning, and even the performing arts.Simon5 called anyone who devised a course of action to promote an improvement adesigner. His discussion of professional designers included the disciplines ofarchitecture, business, education, law, and medicine. While Simon did not mentiondesigners of the arts in his initial description of professional designers, he noted later inthe same paper that musicians and engineering designers could have an intellectualconversation about the design process.Research DesignThis study was guided by the following research questions:• How do designers within and outside of engineering experience design similarly?• What themes emerge from these experiences that could facilitate common ground?Goel &

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Carol Barry, University Massachusetts Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Manuel Heredia, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, cooperative learning, andrecruitment of under-represented groups in engineering; it also leads to better retention ofstudents, and citizenship (3), as well as helping meet the well-known ABET criteria (a)-(k) (4).Astin et al. (5) found with longitudinal data of 22,000 students that S-L had significant positive Page 14.1055.2effects on 11 outcome measures: academic performance (GPA, writing skills, critical thinkingskills), values (commitment to activism and to promoting racial understanding), self-efficacy,leadership (leadership activities, self-rated leadership ability, interpersonal skills), choice of aservice career, and plans to participate in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Klingbeil, Wright State University; Kuldip Rattan, Wright State University; Michael Raymer, Wright State University; David Reynolds, Wright State University; Richard Mercer, Wright State University

suitability of the various topicsbased on their present and planned curriculum. It is likely that additional curriculummodifications will be adopted as part of the new math sequence. Since year 1 will be the last yearoperating under the old math sequence, OC will use this year to collect control group perceptionsof mathematics in engineering and persistence in engineering. Years 2-4 will be used for a full-scale roll out of the new course along with follow up and assessment, using the same instrumentsas employed at WSU. OC conducts a summer camp for high school sophomores and juniorsaimed at increasing the participation of a diverse group in engineering. They plan to incorporatethe most relevant and exciting components of laboratory experiments

Conference Session

Tree-huggers, Diggers, and Queers--Oh my!

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

  2008 for the Fall term  2009. Cross course  Collaborative assignments and meetings between engineering and  Three courses offered collaboration  STS courses focusing on sustainable design.  Spring term 2009; to be  completed in May. Cross New inter School major to be offered by traditional academic  In early planning stages disciplinary  departments; to use sustainability as the overarching concept in  as of Spring term 2009. major  determining appropriate breadth and depth requirements in each

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Wagner, Clemson University; Katie Knaub, National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Conservation Act of 1973,returning the concept of daylight saving time on a national level. There has always beenopposition to daylight saving time, with some states or parts of states refusing to observe it.Those working in the agricultural industry have always been the most vehement opposers of itand there has always been debate as to whether or not it saves energy18.The history and controversies of time keeping can be integrated into the laboratory experiments.Mumford1 stated that “… the clock was the most influential of machines, mechanically as well associally” which invites an accompanying societal perspective to the planned exercises. Thebench top experiments to be discussed in Section 3 can be integrated with the above societalissues to

Conference Session

Special Session: 19 years of NETI-- A Tribute to Jim Stice

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Felder, North Carolina State University; Rebecca Brent, Education Designs Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

attended by 935 professors from 209 different schools (Appendix A).Information about the NETI can be found at . Topics covered in the NETI include designing instruction to address the full spectrum ofstudent learning styles; planning courses (including writing learning objectives covering allcognitive levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy); assessing and evaluating learning; effective lecturing;active learning; teaching problem-solving skills; time management; and dealing with a variety ofproblems that commonly arise in the careers of engineering educators. Cooperative learning andinductive teaching methods such as inquiry-based learning and problem-based learning areintroduced but minimal instruction in them is given. During the afternoon of the

Conference Session

Issues of Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Cristina Camacho, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

femaleengineering students were randomly selected from the following departments: Electrical andComputer Engineering 5 (17%); General Engineering, 5 (17%); Computer Science, 5 (17%);Civil and Environmental Engineering, 5 (17%); Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 (17%);and Aerospace Engineering, 5 (17%).An interview guide was developed to use for the focus groups. The interview guide consisted ofthree sections. The first section of the guide consisted of opening questions, such as theparticipants’ names, majors, and what they plan to do after they graduate with their degree inengineering. The second section of the guide focused on questions that provided the participantsthe opportunity to reflect on their past experiences that hindered and assisted