Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Trainor, United States Military Academy; Daniel McCarthy, United States Military Academy; Michael Kwinn, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

provide students with amulti-disciplinary and systems perspective on engineering and decision-making while engagingthem in solving real problems for real clients. The West Point Systems Engineering major isone of the few ABET-accredited undergraduate systems engineering programs in the nation andit prepares students well for the uncertain and complex world in which they will live. Page 15.603.2Disclaimer. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors, and/ or presenters at theconference, and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army,Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.The West Point

Conference Session

Special Session: Next Generation Problem-Solving

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Moore, University of Minnesota; Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; Margret Hjalmarson, George Mason University; Judith Zawojewski, Illinois Institute of Technology; Barbara Olds, Colorado School of Mines; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Heidi Diefes-Dux, Purdue University; Richard Lesh, Indiana University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

reflection, as well as peer’spublic evaluation of each other’s thinking. Further, teachers are in a position to gain authenticknowledge of how students are thinking—which informs subsequent instruction. In particular,the nature of students’ conceptions of foundational engineering constructs is readily accessible tothe teacher, as well as the researcher.Assessment of students’ responses to MEAs can take on two forms. One means for assessingstudent work is to describe the characteristics and nature of the models students create inresponse to an MEA. Carmona2 produced a system for describing responses to MEAs, andHjalmarson3 has adapted the system to describe work in engineering-based MEAs. The resultprovides information that reveals how students are

Conference Session

Pedagogical Developments in BME

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Koehler, Northwestern University; Wendy Murray, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

analysis tutorial, which reflect baselinecompetency prior to review. Students demonstrated low-level performance in vector projectionskills, shown in blue. a) W09 Post-Test Improvement b) W10 Post-Test Improvement 60 60Percent Improvement in Post-Test Results Percent Improvement in Post-Test Results

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Ross, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

, Patricia. 2007. Engineering education reform for the 21st century engineer: a proposal for engineering education reform. Civil Engineering, November 2007. 16 – 21. (first year reform)7. Katchi, L. P. B, et al. 2004. A New Framework for academic reform in engineering education. 2004 Proceedings of the ASEE. Session 2630. (first year reform)8. Kuh, George D. 2009. High-Impact Educational Practices. Association of American Colleges and Universities, Page 15.1075.10 Washington, DC.9. National Academy of Sciences. 1997. Reflecting on Sputnik: Linking the past, present, and future of educational reform

Conference Session

Learning & Teaching Issues

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

James Houdeshell

activities inorder to reflect macrocontexts found in their own learning communities. While the instructionalsystem design model/template specifies the task complexity through the specified competencies,it currently does not provide guidelines for the problem abstractness or problem structuredness.A second issue is that the instructional design does not provide for a specific scaffoldingtechnique to enhance the transfer of the student’s problem solving skills to a new context. Inorder to improve the quality of the NCME instructional materials and to aid in the adoption ofthe materials by potential customers, these questions and concerns were addressed in the study.Purpose of the StudyThis research investigation answers the primary question: What

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Karen Davis

Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright ø 2004, American Society for Engineering Education3.1 Knowledge and Skills from Prior Program ExperienceStudents write a short essay that addresses how their co-op experiences and previouscourse work have prepared them to undertake their senior design project. The assignmentis loosely specified (2 paragraphs, 6 sentence minimum addressing the impact of co-opand course work), thus allowing for greater freedom of expression and creativity than astructured survey. As a result, students give highly individualized and candid answers,but do not necessarily address all outcomes that would be of interest to us. However, itgives students the opportunity to reflect on the course

Conference Session

The Fundamentals of Fun

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Brewer Stouffer; Jeffrey Russell

(1998) recommends a series of activities to incite creativity when faced with anengineering problem: • Immerse yourself in a domain or problem; • Be prolific—generate lots of ideas; • Use tools for representations and thoughts (e.g., brainstorming, notebooks, and sketches); • Play with ideas; • Avoid premature closure; • Don’t be afraid to be different; • Be open and receptive to new ideas; • Do it—practice your craft; • Maintain a product orientation; • Relax—indulge your diversions; • Reflect—review what you have done; • Have fun!This list can be viewed as steps in an on-going process, as individual milestones in creativedevelopment, or as inspiration for a professor or

Conference Session

Retention: Keeping the Women Students

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Monica Gaughan; Donna Llewellyn; Marion Usselman

professionals—white men, minority men,white women, and minority women—and to design educational requirements that accommodatethese different strategies or educational pathways. Our NSF-funded Alternate Pathways toSuccess in Information Technology (APSIT∗) program is seeking to explore the nature of the ITand engineering educational and career pathways used by successful female and minorityGeorgia Tech alumni. In particular, the specific goals of this project are: • To define alternate indices of IT and engineering success that reflect a broader interpretation of societal value than indicated by yearly income and job prestige. • To determine the nature of successful IT and engineering educational and career pathways used by women and other

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul S. Steif, Carnegie Mellon University; Levent Burak Kara, Carnegie Mellon University; Luoting Fu

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

toassociate any equations with a specific subsystem. Admittedly, students in statics do sometimeswrite down equations of equilibrium without specifying the subsystem or drawing its free bodydiagram. This design feature of the tutor reflects a trade-off between granting the user latitude tosolve freely vs constraining the user. The task of interpreting a bundle of equations, eachunclearly associated with a free body diagram, seemed likely to result in false errors. Note alsothat by clicking on ΣFx = 0, for example, the user signals to the tutor that the equation should bejudged by comparison with the correct summation of forces in the x-direction for that subsystem,in terms of the variables and constants as they appear in its free body diagram.The

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Lisa A. Nutt, Robert Morris University; Tony Lee Kerzmann, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

International

procedure has been established. At times deadlines have not followed but both the CGE and RMU Abroad-AC have been flexible in supporting FLEAPs and requesting all to follow the deadlines in their next offering. CGE has also taken responsibility to communicate all FLEAP deadlines and matters of importance to school administrators and faculty members so that deadlines are not missed. ● Creating Forms: Keeping in mind that a substantial amount of work goes into a FLEAP, RMU Abroad-AC decided to reduce overall work by removing redundancy. The council reviewed existing forms and developed new ones that better reflected the FLEAP procedure. Many meetings deliberated what was required

Conference Session

STEM and ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kundan Nepal, University of St. Thomas; Andrew Tubesing, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

as well as a thorough review of the curriculum and ways ofeffectively integrating engineering into their existing courses. Teachers are also required to takeone technical elective. These technical electives are typically offered as a part of the "SummerAcademy". In 2013, two electives were offered - one in the area of energy and the other in thefundamentals of the electrical and computer engineering disciplines. This paper presents anoverview of the "Fundamentals of Electrical and Computing Systems" course, the topicscovered, feedback received and some reflections based on the first offering of the course. A totalof seven in-service middle and high school teachers took the course during the first offering ofthe course in summer 2013

Conference Session

Promoting Technological Literacy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Lauren Aprill, Hope College; Daniel J. Langholz

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

employ this technique to understand how things work.AcknowledgementSome aspects of this work were developed through support of the National Science Foundationunder award 0920164. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed inthis material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience

Conference Session

Socio-cultural Elements of Learning through Service

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Litchfield, University of Colorado, Boulder; Amy Javernick-Will, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cathy Leslie P.E., Engineers Without Borders - USA

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Researchin Engineering Education program under Grant No. 1129178. Any opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.References1. UNESCO. Engineering: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Development. France: UNESCO; 2010.2. EWB-USA. Our History [Internet]. Engineers Without Borders USA. 2013 [cited 2013 Oct 4]. Available from: http://www.ewb-usa.org/our-story/our-history3. Amadei B, Sandekian R. Model of Integrating Humanitarian Development into Engineering Education. J Prof Issues Eng Educ Pract. 2010 Apr;136:84–92.4

Conference Session

Mentoring Minorities: Effective Programs, Practices, and Perspectives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew B. A. McCullough, North Carolina A&T State University; Stephanie Luster-Teasley, North Carolina A&T State University; Clay Gloster Jr., North Carolina A&T University (Tech); Leotis Parrish, North Carolina A&T State University; Marcia F. Williams, North Carolina A&T State University; Ronnie S. Bailey, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

also workwith the collaborative STEM group that has now formed on our campus to link all of the STEMfunded programs to leverage resources and efforts to strengthen the impact our programs have inincreasing the number of minorities and women entering STEM careers.V. AcknowledgementsWe would like to acknowledge our funding source the Department of Education Grant#P120A120034. Any ideas or findings presented in this work are the opinion of the authors andnot reflect the views of the Department of Education.VI. References1.  ASEE, Survey of Engineering & Engineering Technology Programs and Research.  Data Mining  Tool., 2010, www.asee.org. 2.  Gibbons, M.T., Engineering by the Numbers. ASEE Profiles of Engineering and Engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad M. Laux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

production workers, such as food batchmakers who have excellent technical skills”[4]. Within the past 20 years, the United States has experienced numerous nationwide food safetyrecalls, reflecting the weaknesses in the current system. In 2010 alone, there have been 23 nationwiderecalls [7]. The urgency for a food and foodstuff ET Pathways driven by improved standards wasunderscored September 22, 2010, during the Congressional testimony of Austin J. DeCoster, owner ofDeCoster Egg Farms, whose operations were linked to the United States’ deadliest outbreak of salmonellainfected eggs that occurred in 1987, as well as this year’s recall of half a billion eggs that sickenedthousands of people.[8] Mr. DeCoster told the House Energy and

Conference Session

FPD 8: Teaching Design in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica E.S. Swenson, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Merredith D. Portsmore, Tufts University; Ethan E. Danahy, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Meyers, Silliman, Gedde, and Ohland (2010) A Comparison of Engineering Students’ Reflections on Their First-Year Experiences. Journal of Engineering Education, 99(2), 169-178.5. Niemi, A., M. Green & M. Roudkovski (2013) Evolution of a First-Year Retention Project: Findings at Halftime. Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Atlanta, Georgia.6. Paretti, M. & K. Cross (2011) Assessing First-Year Programs: Outcomes, Methods, and Findings. Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference. Vancouver, Canada.7. Cross, N. (2000) Engineering Design Methods: Strategies for Product Design. Chichester, New York: Wiley.8

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Opening General Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janna Rodriguez, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Qu Jin, Stanford University; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

contributions of Philipp Müller and Adam Probst of the TechnicalUniversity of Munich, Shanon Gilmartin, and the support of all of our colleagues in theDesigning Education Lab at Stanford University. This work was supported by the NationalScience Foundation as a collaborative research grant (NSF-DUE-1020678, 1021893, 1022024,1022090, and 1022644). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressedin this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF.Bibliography1. Byers, T., Seelig, T., Sheppard, S., & Weilerstein, P. (2013). Entrepreneurship: Its Role in Engineering Education. Summer Issue of The Bridge on Undergraduate Engineering Education, 43(2), 35-40.2. Bonnett, C., &

Conference Session

Choice and Persistence in Engineering Education and Careers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gillian M. Nicholls, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Rhonda Kay Gaede, University of Alabama, Huntsville

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

not affect GPA calculations.Each individual engineering student represented in the dataset was categorized either as atransfer student or as a “native” student that first enrolled as a freshman at UAH. Transferstudent status is complicated by students that may have dual enrollment in two institutions ortake classes during the summer breaks. For this study, transfer student status is defined ashaving more than 12 credit hours of transfer credit. The total time to graduation for transferstudents including their prior studies was not consistently available for each student. For thisreason, the time to graduation for transfer students only reflects their time from matriculation tograduation at UAH.3.3 Research HypothesisThe research hypothesis

Conference Session

Issues in ET Education I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, DuPage; Aminul Karim, DeVry University,Downers Grove, IL

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

technological change mandates that facultyremain current in their technical areas of specialization as technology leapfrogs and newdomains of technology evolve, and thus they need to become reflective practitioners.For the current study, it was the intent of the authors to survey faculty teaching in theengineering technology domain to determine the state of professional development andprocesses that are used to maintain technical currency and compare the results with thestudies conducted earlier in 2003 and 2007. II. Data Collection ProcedureTo gauge the status of professional development activities, the faculty survey wasconducted through the ETD listserv (http:etidweb.tamu.edu/listserv.php). Theparticipants were asked to submit their responses

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Chene Chetcuti, United States Military Academy; Hans J. Thomas P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Brent J. Pafford, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, while simultaneously reducing the cumulative average outside the classroom andincreasing the daily preparation time for each class. AY 13-2 demonstrates multiple lessons witha preparation average of less than five minutes. Page 24.620.18Figure 23 Time-on-task data, representing student preparation outside of class, in minutesusing Thayer 2.0Figure 24 Time-on-task data, representing student preparation outside of class, in minutes Traditional MethodObviously the increased daily preparation is a direct reflection of the requirement to watch videolectures prior to the class, but is shows that students are actually

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Jimmy Gandhi, California State University, Northridge; Dale S. Deardorff, Rocky Peak Leadership Center

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

organize tasks into step-by-step processes, and strive for perfection.  Abstract Sequential (left brained) – thinkers like to think in concepts and analyze the Page 24.165.7 information.  Abstract Random (right brained) – thinkers organize information through reflection and thrive on unstructured, people oriented environments.  Concrete Random (right brained) – thinkers are based in reality and have an experimental attitude.This basic but flawed brain modality model has been used to describe learning styles andseparations by many authors but most agree there is a flow between these styles and thateveryone’s thinking

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene L. Harding, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

field, and calculating received power.6 Dipole and monopole antennasare studied next, followed by a brief look at a variety of other antennas and antennas systems:helix, biconical, spiral, horn, loop, dish, antenna arrays, and radomes.1The next topic is RF propagation. The concept of an EM wave is expanded to include awavefront, plane wave, power density, electric field strength, permeability, and permittivity.6Then wave propagation in “other than free” space is covered: reflection, refraction, and Page 24.176.4diffraction.6 This is followed by ground waves, space waves, tropospheric scatter, and skywaves; 6 and finally, free space propagation

Conference Session

New Trends in Computing and Information Technology Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rob Elliott, Purdue University School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

language and models. This type of learning can easily bedone independently through the use of learning activities. Another consideration is that thecourse focuses on iterative and incremental improvement in the proposed software models.Review, revision, and improvement are key components of any modeling process and aredifficult to accomplish within the confines of a single weekly deliverable. Finally, the mostinvigorating element of this flipped course is the abundance of class time it provided forcollaborative activities and peer learning, which is reflective of how the systems analysis anddesign process is conducted in a real world environment. The development of a rich classroomenvironment was a fundamental goal of the author’s flipped

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John R. Reisel, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Marissa Jablonski, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Arash Kialashaki P.E., University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Ethan V. Dupe-Munson, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Hossein Hosseini, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

successful in, engineering studies incollege.AcknowledgementsPartial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation's Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Talent Expansion Program (STEP) underAward No. 0757055. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the viewsof the National Science Foundation. The authors would also like to thank Leah Rineck,Shuwen Tang, Cindy Walker, Todd Johnson, Tina Current, Sharon Kaempfer, and JennieKlumpp (all at UWM) for their assistance with this project.Bibliography1. National Science Board. 2003. The Science and Engineering Workforce: Realizing America’sPotential. Publication NSB 03-69

Conference Session

Engineering Across the K-12 Curriculum: Integration with the Arts, Social Studies, Sciences, and the Common Core

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mariana Tafur-Arciniegas P.E., Purdue University, West Lafayette; K. Anna Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Page 24.270.12engineering instruction. Likewise, it is important to analyze how engineering instruction helpsscience understanding, regardless of science content being linked to engineering instruction.AcknowledgementThis work was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation DLR 0822261.Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. Committee on Standards for K-12 Engineering Education; National Research Council, Standards for K-12 Engineering Education? The National Academies Press: Washington, D.C., 2010.2. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, When STEM? A

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Experiential Learning

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harold R Underwood, Messiah College; Donald George Pratt, Messiah College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

group. GO candidates who receive a joboffer are encouraged to respond as quickly as possible, since groups often extend more job offersthan they have open positions, and take the best respondents. To accept a job offer, the candidateuses the LMS to sign up for the job. To reject an offer, the candidate sends an email to thestudent project leader, so that the position can be offered to another candidate.When a GO candidate accepts a job offer, the job status page on the LMS automatically updates(using an in-house process designed by the IPC manager) to reflect the change in the number ofavailable positions, and the GO candidate's name is removed from the list of available candidates

Conference Session

Construction Safety and Risk Management

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neil Opfer, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; David R. Shields P.E., University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Tagged Divisions

Construction

for a high percentage of sound safety behaviors on a project should be significantenough to be an important part of the compensation for supervisors and managers. If the projectteam is overwhelmingly rewarded for project metrics as production, quality, cost and schedule tothe point where safety rewards are minimal then safety will typically be ignored by the team.Safety because of its impact on the worker's compensation cost structure should be reflected inthe reward system. Another aspect of this is to select the project team based on their ratings as toenforcing safety behavior on projects. The problem here is that it is easier to measure metricssuch as cost and schedule because the systems for their measurement is already in place.Systems

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Kaplan, California State University, Northridge; James Flynn, California State University, Northridge; Sharlene Katz P.E., California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. At CSUN, senior designprojects are typically offered within the individual engineering departments. Some projects haveincluded engineering students from outside the department to provide a multidisciplinary teamexperience. However, prior to the project described here, computer science students had notjoined any of the engineering project teams.Projects without a computer science component do not reflect the current engineering approachwhere software development is an essential part of any real world project and the boundariesbetween disciplines are increasingly blurred. It is therefore vital that engineering students learnto work effectively on projects that span as wide a discipline spectrum as possible2 - 4.This paper describes a recent

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

: Students were put into two-person teams (dyads). Each team was given another design problem58 that neither student was exposed to previously. They were asked to design together, but record (sketch and document the details) separately.• Ideation with Design Heuristics: Students were given the same set of ten (of 77) Design Heuristics cards and asked to apply the cards while solving a given design problem.• Reflection Surveys: At the end of each intervention, students were asked to complete a short survey focused on their perceptions of that intervention. Typical questions included: “How did the structure of the problem statement affect your idea generation?” or “Which of the ideation cards appealed to you most/least?” The aim

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven H. Billis, New York Institute of Technology; Nada Marie Anid, New York Institute of Technology; Marta A Panero, New York Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

complete the course will be more comfortablewith ambiguity (i.e. less rigid in their thinking) and have a greater “capacity for empathy”. Page 24.644.12The ETCS 105 team projects in the areas of robotics, website creation etc., that the studentsengage in, are intended not only to introduce them to various aspects of a technical career but aremeant to foster “behavioral flexibility”, and “respect for others” as well.That this goal was accomplished was reflected in the post test that was administered during thelast week of class. The mean scores in each of the categories of global and interculturalcompetence increased to: • “tolerance for