Conference Session

Research Infrastructure in STEM Disciplines

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline Fairley, Georgia Institute of Tehnology; Jill Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology; Adrianne Prysock, Georgia Institute of Technology; Leyla Conrad, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gary May, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Programming (pgs. 72-82)06/04/2007 (MONDAY)Log Hours (3.0HR)12:30-1:30pmCompiled possible conference listEmailed Frank (co-Author) conference list1:30-3:30pmReviewed Overall Modeling Approach for Software Toolbox Page 13.1173.20Appendix E: 2007 Pre-Program Survey Summer Undergraduate Research in Engineering/Science (SURE) Selected Findings Pre – Program SurveyAt this point in your academic career, which one statement best describes your thoughtsabout attending graduate school?I plan to attend graduate school in the next year or twoI probably will attend graduate school, but not 100% sureI have not made any decisions about graduate schoolI probably will not attend

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills Build Success in ET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maren Henry, University of West Georgia; Eric Granlund, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

would beexpected.ComplicationsDistance Of course distance creates problems with scheduling and interactivity. Videoconferencing provided an affordable alternative to a plane ticket. Face-to-face instructionengages students with the material more effectively than watching a TV screen. Ideally, aComposition instructor would provide guidance, while the Engineering instructor deliversthe instruction. Receiving the information from the engineering instructor reinforces thepractical application of these discipline specific lessons.Timing & Planning In the first semesters, the authors taught these lessons as their ideas developed,neglecting a global view of the semester and the course goals, so the writing instructionseemed more like

Conference Session

FPD4 - Teaching Methods for First Year Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Stan Cronk, Louisiana Tech University; Patricia Brackin, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Mark Barker, Louisiana Tech University; Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Laboratory Improvement grant allowed us to extend the curriculum to all 280 freshman engineering students taking ENGR 120 in the fall of 2007. Approximately 400 freshman students have enrolled in the course sequences based on the Living with the Lab curriculum during the current 2007-2008 academic year. During efforts to develop a formal assessment plan to determine the effectiveness of the new courses, we realized that we needed a set of guideposts to help us determine if our strategies were effective not only in teaching students, but also in preparing them for their engineering careers. We realized that the work sponsored by the National Academy of Engineering to identify attributes of “The Engineer of 2020”17 aligned closely with our efforts

Conference Session

Public Engineering of Engineering, K12 Standards, and Overview

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Nelson, University of Texas at Tyler; Michael Odell, University of Texas at Tyler; William Geiger, University of Texas at Tyler; Kristian Trampus, University of Texas at Tyler

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Research Council; and ‚ A National Action Plan for Addressing the Critical Needs of the U.S. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education System from the National Science Board. The three reports describe an extensive set of characteristics of "high-quality teaching."When they are viewed through the lens of exemplary teacher preparation and focused within anintegrated system of professional development, an enormous potential for empowering teachersand improving instruction is apparent. The positive effect of better teaching is unequivocal; indeed, the most consistent andpowerful predictors of student achievement in mathematics and science are teachers with fullteaching certification and a college

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Wittenborn, Purdue University; Michael Richey, The Boeing Company; Craig Miller, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

confirmed this. The pilot test replicated all aspects of the lecture and lab planned forweek one of the full course. Data were collected by means of two separate online surveys; onepertaining to the online lecture portion of the training and the other to the traditional lab portionof the training. Both surveys addressed the delivery of the blended-learning course, specificallythe format and technologies used. The goal was to assess whether or not the course could beeffectively taught using the established delivery mechanisms. The lecture survey consisted of sixLikert-style responses and five open-ended questions. Participants were asked to supply theiropinions on areas such as: audio and video quality, ability to follow along, performance of

Conference Session

Re-Imagining the Higher Ed Classroom -- Tablet PCs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilla Saviz, University of the Pacific; Abel Fernandez, University of the Pacific; Ken Hughes, Unversity of the Pacific; Megan Kalend, University of the Pacific; Cherian Mathews, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Modesto, CA; responsible for materials management and process controls. On campus, she serves as president for the student chapter of the American Society for Engineering Management, and as treasurer for the Society of Women Engineers and Tau Beta Pi. She is also a student advisor for the University and enjoys coaching youth volleyball. She will graduate with a B.S. in 2009 and plans to attend graduate school for a M.S. in Engineering Management.Cherian Mathews, University of the Pacific Cherian P. Mathews is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of the Pacific. He received a B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anna University

Conference Session

International CIase Studies: Collabs, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Borrelli, McMaster University; Susan Masten, McMaster University

Tagged Divisions

International

is the Director of the First Year Engineering program in the Faculty of Engineering at McMaster University, Hamilton, ON. Her responsibilities include supervising staff and instructors in the ENG1 Program, curriculum development, and planning and implementing programs to enhance retention. She is also a Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and is a registered professional engineer in the State of Michigan. She has her Ph.D. in environmental engineering from Harvard University and is co-author of the textbook, Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science (McGraw-Hill). Page

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cordelia Brown, Purdue University; Yung-Hsiang Lu, Purdue University; David Meyer, Purdue University; Mark C Johnson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the results when applyingthis approach to a senior-level software course. We plan to assess the learning experienceof the students and compare the results with the two hardware courses many studentshave taken earlier.IntroductionSince the 1990s, streaming videos through the Internet has become widely adopted forentertainment as well as education. Today’s college students are familiar with thistechnology. Our institution started podcasting in several classes in August 2005, butmany universities have not exploited using streaming videos to enhance learningexperience. One objection is the belief that learning should be interactive among studentsand instructors.A few Purdue University Electrical and Computer Engineering faculty members1 startedan

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics - Courses and Curricula

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald McEachron, Drexel University; Sheila Vaidya, Drexel University; Stacey Ake, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

WI programrequires that one of the three designated WI courses be in a course outside of the student’s major,ensuring that students’ writing experiences are not excessively focused upon only one format orstyle. Background Drexel University is strongly committed to co-operative education and this naturallyleads to a five year undergraduate program: freshmen; sophomore; pre-junior; junior and senioryears. Six month co-operative education experiences typically occur in the sophomore, pre-junior and junior years alternating with six months on campus attending classes. The School ofBiomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, where we plan to pilot this ethicsprogram, is a separate academic unit from the College of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa McNair, Virginia Tech; Chad Newswander, Virginia Tech; Eloise Coupey, Virginia Tech; Ed Dorsa, Virginia Tech; Tom Martin, Virginia Tech; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

student buy-in to the project.Whole group ‘solution opportunity-seeking’ immediately followed these presentations.The presentation of brainstorm directions was followed by discussion and re-forming of teams basedon interest and expertise. The teams proceeded to develop the projects through schematic sketches,computer models, and physical prototypes. Faculty were seeding entrepreneurial activities in thisstage by providing access to tooling, components, additional faculty or industry expertise. Finalpresentations to the project’s domain experts closed out the first semester, based on a final writtendesign report, which included a marketing plan, an engineering feasibility study, and a designer’sproject book. Evaluation consisted of individual

Conference Session

Project-Based Service Learning

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University; Ethan LaRochelle, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2009-740: EWB^2 - ENGINEERS WITHOUT BORDERS: EDUCATIONALLY,A WORLD OF BENEFITSBeverly Jaeger, Northeastern University Beverly K. Jaeger, PhD is a member of Northeastern University’s Gateway Team, a select group of full-time faculty devoted to the First-year Engineering Program at Northeastern University (NU). While she concentrates on first-year engineering courses and instructs across all engineering disciplines, Dr. Jaeger also teaches specialty courses in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at NU in Digital Simulation, Facilities Planning, and Human-Machine Systems.Ethan LaRochelle, Northeastern University Ethan LaRochelle is a senior electrical engineering

Conference Session

Improving the Teaching Skills of Graduate Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Crede, Virginia Tech; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

used by faculty mentors including:weekly meetings, class observations, class observation feedback journals, and formal andinformal course planning sessions. Mentors observed positive gains in the fellows’ speaking,presentation, and time management skills. Additionally mentors noted that while the goal of thefellowship was met, the written guidelines should be clearer to facilitate the fellows’ transitionbetween the levels of responsibility within the program. Fellows commented they experiencedvery little interaction with the other fellows or mentors from outside their department, comparedto the first year program. Recommendations include adding social or continued developmentactivities, reviewing the fellowship guidelines, and establishing an

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adnaan Jiwaji, MIT; James Hardison, MIT; Kayode P. Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sandy Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, Makerere University; Alfred Mwambela, University of Dar-es-Salaam; V. Judson Harward, MIT; Jesús A. del Alamo, MIT; Bryant Harrison, MIT; Samuel Gikandi, MIT

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Page 14.336.9experimentation system, since it OpAmp Lab system under test is based.allows remote recombination of systemparts. They felt that the ELVIS could beenhanced by the integration of aswitching matrix. A small switchingmatrix was developed based on aPIC18F452 microcontroller and sixMAX4664 Quad SPST analog FETswitches. The initial plan was to couplethe switching matrix to the ELVIS sothat only a single line of communicationbetween the lab server and the system-under-test would be needed. However,that plan was shelved in favor of anarrangement where the switching matrixhad a different line of communication Figure 7: The new Logic Lab based on an Altera DE1with the server using the USB port. This

Conference Session

Using Classroom Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna Garner, Pennsylvania State University; Allen Gaudelli, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

presentercan also plan to explain concepts in more or less detail, and to highlight or gloss overrelationships between concepts. Extrinsic cognitive load arises primarily from the method by which information ispresented. That is, extrinsic load can be influenced by how information is presented on a slide,including the amount and format of the information, rather than the actual conceptual meaning ofthe information on the slide. Depending on the way that a presenter’s visual aids are structured,extrinsic load may be increased or decreased and may therefore impact audience members’comprehension in a negative or positive way. Meanwhile, Dual Code Theory states that information is more easily learned when verbaland image-based formats are

Conference Session

Curriculum in Civil Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Lambrechts, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

) CEE ElectiveReinforced Concrete Des. (L) CEE Elective Intro Proj. Planning & DesignC.E. Technical Elective (L) Free Elective Reinforced Concrete DesignHumanities or Soc. Sci. Elect. Biological Sciences Elective Foundation Design IWater and Wastewater.Treat. (1) Social World Elective Design ElectiveSenior Year – Summer Senior Year – Spring Senior Year – SpringProfessional Practice CEE Design Project Proj Plan & DesignSenior Design in C.E.T. (L) CEE Elective CIE/ENE ElectiveC.E. Technical Elective (L) CEE Elective CIE/ENE ElectiveHumanities or Soc. Sci. Elect

Conference Session

Project-Based Service Learning

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Chris Swan, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

ofstudents’ ability to describe example behaviors for numerous skill areas, is effective. Theachieved performance is then compared to expectations, followed by the development of plans toimprove performance in a specific skill area.48 Other researchers have also focused attention onhow to measure professional skills. 54The added value of PBSL in engineering education forces students to recognize that all aspectsof design (technical and non-technical) are important. In PBL experiences frequently technicalaspects dominate the projects and students still fail to fully grasp the equal and sometimesgreater importance of non-technical issues. This is particularly important for civil andenvironmental engineers who frequently work on projects that directly

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and K-12 Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faik Karatas, Purdue University; George Bodner, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

all planned out most likely with a computer program. Umm… they would… you know would they have to check their specifications, make sure everything and then they would pass the plans on to the people who would build it. Researcher: OK. In your view what does design mean in the context of engineering? Mary: Design is coming up with the idea and putting it down into a form that some can read like either it be on paper pencil or be with a computer aided program. Design would be thinking… either taking somebody else’s idea and improving on it or coming with the idea using the science behind it. Putting it all together into a form that can be used by somebody whether it’d be a line in a

Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn S Jordan, Purdue University; Nielsen Pereira, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

continuedworking on their project and tried to include the non-conforming peer as much as possible, butwithout compromising their project and instead of simply engaging in useless arguments.Research question 3: How effective is teaching an engineering design process? Overall, the engineering design process was difficult for the students to use. During the firstday of class, “the kids seemed very receptive” (Instructor 1 journal, 1/26/08) to learning anengineering design process. When it came to applying it, though, the students were primarilyinterested in building and didn’t want to take the time to do planning and design work beforebuilding. This could be due to the fact that few students had experience designing before butmost had built things at

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships, Teaching Strategies & Collaborative Networks (IUCEE, IFEES, LACCEI.... )

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andy Ward, Ohio State University; Ann Christy, Ohio State University; Robert J. Gustafson; Jessica D'Ambrosio; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

Sustainable Irrigation Projects for Rural South Africa Recognizing the need and tremendous benefit of the ram pump irrigation Zakhe Agricultural College system, the Engineers without Borders chapter at Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University initiated the South Africa Project in the Autumn of 2005. After an initial assessment in January 2006, the team worked throughout the school year to plan the logistics. Fundraising was a major effort. During the past three years student teams have returned annually to install irrigation systems in KwaZulu-Natal and to identify other

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Chou, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Deborah Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

faculty worked part-time in a civil engineering firm during the summer of2007. Her experience was significantly different from that of the structural faculty member. Shewas assigned to one of the largest water resources projects the firm had secured to date, acomprehensive storm water management plan for a suburban city. She was one of severalengineers working on the storm water model, which included delineation of urban drainage areasand mapping out the location, elevations and sizes of existing catch basins, storm water pipesand detention ponds throughout the city. The project consumed the majority of her summerwork time at the firm. She learned some practical applications within the first couple weeks on

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Renee Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Tuba Pinar Yildirim, University of Pittsburgh; Karen Bursic, University of Pittsburgh

. For example, theGown Manufacturing MEA focuses on a U.S. company’s offshoring decision. Students mustincorporate multiple types of information, including economic and demographic data, aboutthree possible countries in developing and testing a decision methodology. Table 1: Description of MEAs MIA Description and Skills Targeted OriginProbability, Statistics and Data Analysis1 Supplier ≠ Comparison of alternative suppliers Inspired by Just-in-Time Development ≠ ANOVA techniques MEA (Purdue)2 Quality ≠ Quality plan to reduce variance and scrap Inspired by Process

Conference Session

Educational Research

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Kyun Lee, LeTourneau University; Paul Leiffer, LeTouneau University; R. William Graff, LeTourneau University; Vicki Sheafer, LeTourneau Iniversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Tree-huggers, Diggers, and Queers--Oh my!

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York, Binghamton; Caroline Baillie, Queens University, Kingston

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

substantial freedom. According toNussbaum, “At the heart of this tradition is a twofold intuition about human beings: Page 14.542.4namely, that all, just by being human, are of equal dignity and worth, no matter where theyare situated in society, and that the primary source of this worth is a power of moral choicewithin them, a power that consists in the ability to plan a life in accordance with one's ownevaluation of ends." To these two ideas is linked one more, that "the moral equality ofpersons gives them a fair claim to certain types of treatment at the hands of society andpolitics. . . . [T]his treatment must do two . . . things [:] respect and promote

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E James Nelson, Brigham Young University; Rollin Hotchkiss, Brigham Young University; Lourdes Manley, Brigham Young University; Oscar Dzul, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas; Joshua Draper, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

discuss logistics and classlevel issues. This includes discussions on teamwork and project management and culturaldifferences between Mexico and the US. Individual groups meet on their own or with theadvising professor as often as necessary to work on their projects. The seemingly lost class timeis regained during the travel phase.PreparationOne of the first assignments for each group is to prepare a project plan which serves as a contractbetween themselves and the professor to provide a basis for determining grades. The plan mustdescribe the project objective, specific tasks required to accomplish it, deadlines for each task,and a description of the qualifications and duties of each group member. Along with the projectplan, each group is

Conference Session

Building Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Johnson, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jill Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology; Adrianne Prysock, Georgia Institute of Technology; Leyla Conrad, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gary May, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

one responseI plan to attend graduate school in the next year or twoI probably will attend graduate school, but not 100% sureI have not made any decisions about graduate schoolI probably will not attend graduate schoolI do not plan to attend graduate school Page 14.464.17There could be several reasons that you decided to attend SURE. For each reason listed below, pleaseindicate if you consider it a primary or major reason for attendance, a secondary reason or not a reason toattend at all. Primary reason Secondary reason Not a reasonTo pursue a particular researchinterestTo

Conference Session

Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sophoria Westmoreland, University of Maryland; Ashley Grenier, University of Maryland; Linda Schmidt, University of Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

ability to create hand-drawn sketches is still a relevant skill for design engineering. [1] Theidea that thoughts and cognitive processes can be captured by pencil and paper is the basicessence of sketching. Engineers and architects alike have long been used sketching as a tool fordocumenting mental processes, organizing ideas, creating plans, and presenting their ideas toothers via a comfortable medium. The authors present a sampling of literature to remind all thatsketching helps the designer work through his or her own cognitive processes in a self-documenting fashion. This paper reports on the sketching habits of capstone design students atThe University of Maryland, College Park in the Department of Mechanical Engineering.Student sketching

Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University; Steven Welch, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

vee diagram 3. At the completion of this phase of the design, the teamdemonstrates a functional project and presents measured data and specifications available in aformat suitable for an informal presentation. The expectation is that this system should be fullyoperational, although minor “bugs” are acceptable provided they are known, the causes areidentified, and a plan is in place to repair them. Due to the complexity of projects typicallyassigned in the course the team fabricates this phase of the design on a printed circuit board toensure reliability. Again the project is scored using a rubric by the instructor and TA’s and ascore of 70 or above in needed to advance to the final phase of the project. In this first stage ofintegrating

Conference Session

Computer Education Innovations

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Lesko, East Carolina University; John Pickard, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-dimensional virtual world created by its participants (commonlyreferred to as residents) and since it’s unveiling in 2003, scores of educators from over 130colleges and universities have begun to evaluate SL as an educational platform. 1The growth of SL in the education arena has been wide-spread and global. However, beforeacademia can evaluate this relatively new environment, virtual spaces need to be planned,designed and developed that allow for academic discussion and identification of newpedagogical uses for this communication media. As with any new delivery mechanism eachmust undergo a process of building, evaluation, and assessment with virtual environments beingno exception.Although the value of SL as an academic tool is still in its early

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Experiential Learning and Economic Development II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Karanian, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Gregory Kress, Stanford University; Joel Sadler, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Research or Project Story: WhatMatters for You and Makes Sense to Industry.” (Note: Analysis is in on-going compilation anditeration III is in process, “Telling Design Stories: Do We Design to Create Stories or Do We CreateStories to Design?”)Planning Phase IA three month exploratory phase examined the significance of story for the purpose of considering aseminar as a collaborative group experiment. A discussion of whether or not to move in the directionof hypothesis driven research resulted in three hypotheses from the three co-authors. Work andrework attempted to synthesize the three hypotheses to one hypothesis. Two similar conceptsemerged: balanced connections, and a transfer of energy.Planning for the next phase of the preliminary

Conference Session

Gender and Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tirupalavanam Ganesh, Arizona State University; John Thieken, Arizona State University; Monica Elser, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Sharon Kurpius-Robinson, Arizona State University; James Middleton, Arizona State University; Jay Golden, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

was categorized as both designing and building due tothe drawing and the student’s description of the picture as, “My engineer is fixing a rocket. Plus,she is thinking of what to build by planning it on a piece of paper.” The percentage breakdownaccording to pre- and post-test as a function of all students and male/female students is shown inTable 3.Table 3. Images in Students’ Drawing of Engineers in Action Participants All Male Female Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Engineer Action (n = 21) (n = 18) (n = 6) (n = 5) (n = 15) (n = 13) Building/Repairing