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Displaying results 2581 - 2610 of 36208 in total
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea M. Ogilvie P.E., Virginia Tech; David B Knight, Virginia Tech; Maura J. Borrego, University of Texas, Austin; Arturo A Fuentes, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Patricia A. Nava P.E., University of Texas, El Paso; Valarie E. Taylor, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
motivations or reasons fortransferring to a different institution; an important aspect of our study is to untangle thosereasons for engineering transfer students in Texas. Students accumulate transfer student capital,or knowledge about the transfer process, at sending institutions (i.e., the place(s) where studentsbegin their degree paths), receiving institutions (i.e., the final degree-granting institution), andpotentially from non-institutional sources. The development of transfer student capital maycome from experiences related to learning and study skills, course learning, perceptions of thetransfer process, academic advising and counseling, and experiences with faculty. Upon arrivingat the receiving institution, students must adjust to the new
Conference Session
ERM Technical Session 15: Perspectives on Engineering Careers and Workplaces
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacqueline Rohde, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
perceptionsof doing engineering work, regardless of occupational title. We also believe that a sequentialregression model will show that engineering belief measures predict a significant proportion ofvariance in perceptions of having jobs “related to” engineering, over and above SCCT variables.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the Purdue University Davidson School of Engineering, whosePipeline Center funded this project. This work was also supported by the NSF (DGE-1333468).Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.References[1] E. Cech, “The Self-Expressive Edge of Occupational Sex Segregation
Conference Session
Innovations in ME Laboratory Instruction
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Charles Birdsong, California Polytechnic State University; John Ridgely, California Polytechnic State University; Frank Owen, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
) Amplifier output current (±50 mA max) Given Kq Servo-Valve Flow Gain (ft3/s/mA) Measured β/ Vt Hydraulic Oil Bulk Modulus (lb/in2)/ Calculated Volume of oil trapped between servo-valve control ports (in3) Kce Total Flow-Pressure Coefficient (in3/sec/psi) Calculated A Area of Cylinder Bore – Area of Cylinder Rod (in2) Measured Kamp Servo-Valve Amplifier Gain Given Kp Proportional Gain Input M Moving Mass (lb●s2/in
Conference Session
A Serving Profession: Service Learning in Civil Engineering Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nathan Gartner, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; John TIng, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Oguz Gunes, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Xiaoqi Zhang, University of Massachusetts-Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Page 11.1358.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Undergraduate Curriculum Reform in Civil Engineering by Integrating Service-Learning ProjectsAbstractAt the University of Massachusetts Lowell (UML), the goal in the Francis College ofEngineering (CoE) is to integrate service-learning into a broad array of courses so that studentswill be exposed to service-learning every semester in the core curriculum in every program in theentire CoE, an initiative supported by NSF through the Department Level Reform Program. Thispaper presents the strategy in the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering (CEE) ofidentifying and implementing S-L projects as a first step towards undergraduate
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session I
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lynn Olson P.E., Boise State University; Amy J Moll, Boise State University; Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Sondra M Miller, Boise State University; Amit Jain, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
Technology, New Delhi.Dr. Janet Callahan, Boise State University Janet Callahan is the Chair of Materials Science and Engineering at Boise State University. Dr. Callahan received her Ph.D. in Materials Science, M.S. in Metallurgy, and B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut. Her educational research interests include materials science, freshman engineering programs, math education, and retention and recruitment of STEM majors. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Lessons Learned from S-STEM Transfer Student Scholarship ProgramAbstractThis paper describes how the College of Engineering at Boise State University utilized
Conference Session
Circuits and Systems Education 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yoon G. Kim, Calvin College
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
: Disagree, 3: Neutral, 4:Agree, 5: Strongly Agree). The total number of students who completed the survey was 17. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lab, students should be able to: 1) Understand that a boost type DC-to-DC converter can produce an output voltage, which is higher than an input voltage. 1: S. D. 2: D 3: N 4: A 5: S. A. Avg. Avg.% 0 0 0 8 8 4.5 90 2) Comprehend that a DC-DC converter requires an oscillator/astable multivibrator (e.g. 555 Timer IC) to switch a transistor (2N2222) on and off. 1: S. D. 2: D 3: N 4: A 5: S. A. Avg. Avg.% 0 0
Conference Session
Instrumentation Technical Session
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lash B. Mapa, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology)
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Antenna placement (AP) Side Top Speed of conveyor (S) 6ft/min 12ft/min Tag position (TP) Front Back Table 3: The summary of tag readability data and average of all the 32 combinationsM D AP S TP Expt No 1 2 3 4 Average- - - - - 1 36 37 37 35 36.25+ - - - - 2 58 55 54 54 55.25- + - - - 3 35 31 33 39 34.5+ + - - - 4 29 36 33 33
Conference Session
Track: Collegiate - Technical Session 6
Collection
2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity
Authors
Julian Viera Jr., University of Texas, El Paso; Elsa Q. Villa, University of Texas, El Paso; Christina Convertino; Erika Mein, University of Texas, El Paso; Sarah Hug, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Topics
Collegiate, Diversity
knowledge rather than solely consumers of knowledge.BackgroundA 2016 Harvard Business School report found a faltering United States economy and a need forreform [1]. One principal reason for this faltering economy is the United States’ inability todevelop qualified science and engineering (S&E) human capital, in particular women andminorities. However, diversity in the S&E workforce has not improved over the last decade [2];and, given Hispanics aged 21 years and older represent 15% of the U.S. population, a mere 6%of the S&E workforce are Hispanic [2].The Bureau of Labor Statistics has projected that total employment in S&E jobs will increase at afaster rate (1.1% compound annual growth rate) from 2016 to 2026 than employment in
Conference Session
Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs I
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David M. Whittinghill, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jacob Samuel Brown, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
Paper ID #10954Gamification of Physical Therapy for the Treatment of Pediatric CerebralPalsy: A Pilot Study Examining Player PreferencesDr. David M Whittinghill, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. David Whittinghill is an Assistant Professor of Computer Graphics Technology and Computer and Information Technology. Dr. Whittinghill’ s research focuses on simulation, gaming and computer pro- gramming and how these technologies can more effectively address outstanding issues in health, educa- tion, and society in general. Dr. Whittinghill leads projects in pediatric physical therapy, sustainable energy simulation, phobia
Conference Session
ASEE Multimedia Session
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Rocco Ciccolini; Robert Barat
to data that are proportional to the tracer concentration using the Beer-Lambert law (Daniels and Alberty, 1975): I S  A = ln o  = ln w  = cd σ d L (1) I  Sd  Page 8.807.2“Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition,Copyright 2003, American Society for Engineering Education”where Io = incident intensity, I = transmitted intensity, Sw = recorded signal for water (assuming Sis proportional to I), Sd
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Joey Parker
functions are solved with this single command. The "assign"command is again used to associate the solution with the variable ωL. The first term in the"collect" command in Figure 5 divides the symbolic solution for ωL by the input ea. The"collect" command is used to group all of the terms with the same power of s in the solution forthe transfer function ωL/ea. Unfortunately the denominator of this transfer function is not in thebest possible form. Figure 6 illustrates some of the Maple commands that are available toreformat the denominator of the transfer function for better understanding. The "denom"command separates the denominator from the remainder of the solution for ωL. All terms arealso divided by LaJmJL, which was the coefficient of the
Collection
1997 Annual Conference
Authors
M. Kostic
2.241.6 220 VAC LIN D ER C Y ST FLUI (RO SC XI-1000 R TE D S/R2 TE C YLIN
Conference Session
Unique Laboratory Experiments & Programs Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
James Reising
rolls% Usage: Die10Roll(N)% First attempt to pick random startup state for randrand('state', sum(100*clock))% Define random arrayX=rand(1,N);% Form array of random integers 1 through 6G=floor(10*X);Listing 4 – used to plot experimental data for five six-sided dice. Roll56 creates the data array Roll56d.% IDiceEx.m% Identical Dice Experimental Data% Run data fileRoll56;% Compute the sumsS = sum(Roll56d');% Set up bin centers for histogrambins = 5:31;% Get frequency count and bin centers[n,xout]=hist(S,bins);% Normalize frequency count as fraction of total triesn=n/sum(n);% Create normalized histogram using bar plotbar(xout,n)% Add axes labelsxlabel('Sum of Spots')ylabel('Fraction of Total Tries')% Change default histogram appearanceh
Collection
2024 South East Section Meeting
Authors
Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Magesh Chandramouli, Purdue University Northwest; Kai Jun Chew, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach
Tagged Topics
Diversity
support provided by the National Science Foundation under grantnumber 2315646. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.References[1] K. A. Bartlett and J. D. Camba, “Gender Differences in Spatial Ability: a Critical Review,” Educ. Psychol. Rev., vol. 35, no. 1, p. 8, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10648-023-09728-2.[2] J. Wai, D. Lubinski, and C. P. Benbow, “Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance.,” J. Educ. Psychol., vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 817–835, 2009, doi: 10.1037/a0016127.[3] S. Sorby, “A Course in Spatial
Collection
2015 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
Corinna Fleischmann; Elizabeth Nakagawa; Tyler Kelley
functions: two opposite perceivingfunctions and two opposite judging functions.”2 Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs theninterpreted Jung’s theory in the MBTI personal type inventory, which is widely used today togive individuals a better understanding of their personality preferences and how they impact theirinteractions with others. Framing the course based on this theory gave the best opportunity toachieve the end goal of being able to excite and reach the entire audience across individuallearning preferences.Employing MBTI as a learning model, instructors focused specifically on the first twodichotomies, Extroversion vs. Introversion (E-I), and Sensing vs. Intuition (S-N). First, the E-Idichotomy focuses on where people direct and get their
Conference Session
Track 3: Technical Session 6: Uncovering the less-heard histories and barriers of Asian and Asian American Students
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Siqing Wei, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Marissa A Tsugawa, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Li Tan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
1 1 Background: Demographics • Asian Americans make up ~5.6% of households in the U.S., the second smallest racial group after First Nation groups [1] • Yet, (non-/immigrant) Asian/Asian Americans (A/AAs) are usually considered non-minoritized groups in postsecondary science and engineering (S&E) education as A/AA takes up 6%, 10%, 12%, and 11% of degree receipts of associates’, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral respectively [2] 2Asian Americans make up approximately 5.6% of households in the U.S. according
Conference Session
Miscellaneous Mechanics: Covid and Free Body Diagrams
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Lord, Virginia Tech; Michael K. Thompson, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics Division (MECHS)
, measure of learning. It has been suggested that instructors maybe more lenient with expectations and award higher grades that normal in an attempt tocompensate for the negative circumstances [10] and that grades during this time period wereinflated [11].To date, the majority of studies that explore student performance compare performance duringthe COVID affected semester(s) to performance pre-COVID. We sought to better understandboth the immediate and the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associatedinstitutional response on our engineering students. We explore student performance in three largemulti-section foundational mechanics courses: Statics, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies(Deformables), and Dynamics. These courses are required
Conference Session
ERM: Mental Health and Wellness
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Corin Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles; Lizabeth Thompson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Gustavo Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles; Christina Nazar, California State University, Los Angeles
colleagues at Cal State LA she recently received an NSF grant called Eco-STEM which aims to transform STEM education using an asset-based ecosystem model. She is also a Co-PI on an NSF S-STEM grant called ENGAGE which is working to make a more robust transfer pathway for local Community college students. Dr. Thompson is a Co-PI on an NSF ADVANCE grant called KIND with other universities within the CSU. She is a co-advisor to Engineers without Borders, Critical Global Engagement, and oSTEM at Cal Poly.Gustavo B Menezes (Professor)Christina Restrepo Nazar © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Work-in-Progress: Measuring
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shawn Y. Stevens, WGBH Educational Foundation; Joshua Littenberg-Tobias, GBH; Ranida McKneally, GBH; Ethan Cayko
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
toward science and engineering we included an adapted version ofthe Middle/High Student Attitudes Toward Science, Technology, Engineering and Math(S-STEM) survey [33]. The scale measures students' attitudes toward their own proficiency inSTEM subjects (e.g., “I know I can do well in science”), the value of STEM toward futureendeavors (e.g., “Knowing about science will allow me to invent useful things”), and interest inSTE|M careers (e.g., “I believe I can be successful in a career in engineering”). The measureshad sufficient levels of reliability on the pre (ɑ = 0.87) and post surveys (ɑ = 0.87) .Additionally, to measure students' perceptions of engineers and engineering we adapted itemsfrom the “What is Engineering?” survey instrument [9]. The
Conference Session
Student Division (STDT) Technical Session 3: Student Innovative Practice
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eisa A. Khawaja, Alpharetta High School; Hoda Ehsan, The Hill School
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Student Division (STDT)
Lab., 2019.[3] D. S. Touretzky, C. Gardner-McCune, F. L. Martin, and D. Seehorn, “Envisioning AI for K-12: What Should Every Child Know about AI?,” In Proceedings of the Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Palo Alto, CA: AAAI Press, 2019.[4] J. McCarthy, “From here to human-level AI,” Artificial Intelligence, vol. 171, no. 18, pp. 1174–1182, 2017.[5] S. Akgun, and C. Greenhow, “Artificial intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in K-12 settings, AI and Ethics, pp. 1-10, 2021.[6] J. Su, and Y. Zhong, “Artificial Intelligence (AI) in early childhood education: Curriculum design and future directions,” Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, vol. 3, 2022.[7
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - WIPS 4: Projects
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fayekah Assanah, University of Connecticut; Kristina Wagstrom; Daniel D. Burkey, University of Connecticut; Marina Creed
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs Division (FYP)
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17 (19), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196960. Karimzadeh, S.; Bhopal, R.; Huy, N. T. Review of Infective Dose, Routes of Transmission, and Outcome of COVID-19 Caused by the SARS
Conference Session
First-Year Programs: Focus on Student Success I
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Brian Scott Robinson, University of Louisville; Tom Tretter, University of Louisville; James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Nicholas Hawkins, University of Louisville
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
(for engineering context) 8-item, validated instrument focused on longer-term,maintained interest. The methods that follow were developed to explore a multi-subfactordepiction(s) (from literature) of maintained interest, including conceptualizing and analyzingstudent responses. Two associated research questions thusly addressed in this study are: 1) whatis the strongest factor structure for measuring the construct of first-year engineering students’long-term, stable maintained interest in the choice of pursuing an engineering career?; and 2)how strong is the fit of theoretically-grounded structural models of the construct of first-yearengineering students’ maintained interest in engineering careers? Results show significantempirical support in
Conference Session
Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Nicholas Tymvios, Bucknell University; John Gambatese, Oregon State University
Tagged Divisions
Construction Engineering
California. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Expectations for Future Health and Safety Professionals from Current Professionals in ConstructionAbstractThe Health & Safety (H&S) environment in the construction industry is dynamic, and mustevolve alongside all other construction operations taking place, whether that is theintroduction of new technology, new methods of communication, supervision, or reporting.Safety professionals currently serving in the construction industry have a front and centerview of this evolving world, and have advice, as well as expectations, for the newergenerations of construction industry professionals who
Collection
2013 North Midwest Section Meeting
Authors
Xiang-Fa Wu
project progress and outcomes along with a comprehensive project report onthe detailed design process and results of the individual design project. After the ME 461/462, each involved student group is expected to learn substantial hands-ondesign and manufacturing experiences through a detailed design and prototype manufacturingprocess along with close interaction with the faculty mentor(s). These design projects areformulated by the faculty mentors from industrial sponsors or spinoffs of research projects. Therelatively flexible, independent, and self-consistent nature of the senior design projects providethe opportunities to formulate new design project modules to incorporate new developments ofcontemporary sciences and technologies into the
Conference Session
Changing the Engineering Classroom
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stacie I. Ringleb, Old Dominion University; Orlando M. Ayala, Old Dominion University; Jennifer Kidd, Old Dominion University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
assignment was due for MAE 434W,which could have influenced questions 8 and 11. Based on the instructors’ feedback, Expertizawas updated between semesters and the scores from the spring semester suggest the studentsfound the newly adjusted system easier to use.Table 2. Average Survey Results per Class from the Fall and Spring Semesters. Survey Question Fluid Mechanics Capstone Design 1. The reviews I received addressed F 3.41 F 3.63 the questions/concerns I had about S 3.79 S 3.43 my work. 2. The reviews I received gave me F 3.50 F 3.63 new insight into my work. S 3.80
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kacey D Beddoes, Oregon State University; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
., & Goldfinch, T. (2012). EngineeringAcross Cultures. Retrieved fromhttp://aaeescholar.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/61545770/Engineering%20Across%20Cultures%20%5Bdraft%20unformatted%5D.pdf; Williams, B., Figueiredo, J., & Trevelyan, J. (Eds.). (2014). Engineering Practice in a GlobalContext: Understanding the Technical and the Social. Leiden: CRC Press/Balkema.2 Jesiek, B. K., Qin, Z., Woo, S. E., Thompson, J. D., & Mazzurco, A. (2014). Global Engineering Competency inContext: Situations and Behaviors. Online Journal for Global Engineering Education, 8(1), p. 1.3 Lloyd, S., & Härtel, C. (2010). Intercultural competencies for culturally diverse work teams. Journal ofManagerial Psychology, 25(8), 845–875
Conference Session
First-year Programs Division Technical Session 6: Hands-on Projects and Spatial Skills
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Diana Bairaktarova, University of Oklahoma; Matthew Reyes, University of Oklahoma; Nooshin Nassr P.E., University of Oklahoma; Dan Thomas Carlton, University of Oklahoma, College of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
, S. A. (1999). Developing 3D spatial visualization skills. Engineering Design Graphics Journal, 63(2), 21–32.[6] Olkun, S. (2003, April). Making connections: Improving spatial abilities with engineering drawing activities. International Journal of Mathematics Teaching and Learning, 1–10.[7] Sutton, K., & Williams, A. (2008). Developing a discipline-based measure of visualization. UniServe Science Proceedings, 115–20.[8] Martín-Dorta, N., Saorín, S. J., & Contero, M. (2008). Development of a fast remedial course to improve the spatial abilities of engineering students. Journal of Engineering Education, 97(4), 505–13.[9] Guay, R. B. (1977). Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Research
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech; Angela Harris, Stanford University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
abilities? • Career Decision Making: What career goals, expectancies, and values do engineering students have? How do these develop and change over time? What career choices do engineering students make for after graduation, and what role(s) does their career and self knowledge play in their decisions?We are using a multi-method approach to answer our research questions. We have alreadyinterviewed engineering faculty, student advisors, and career services staff at our six partnerinstitutions, to help us understand (1) the career resources available to engineering students onthese campuses, (2) the career pathways that these engineering students typically take, and (3)the skills and abilities they believe students need to find
Conference Session
Ocean and Marine Tech Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert W. Whalin PE, Jackson State University; Qing Pang, Jackson State University
Tagged Divisions
Ocean and Marine
investmentand is hypothesized to contribute significantly to national economic security and nationaldefense. We would like for this paper to stimulate a national dialogue leading to a dynamicrevival of Coastal, Ocean and Marine Engineering research and graduate education in the UnitedStates.Background A compelling argument can be made that the coastal engineering profession was bornwith legislation by the U.S. Congress that established the Beach Erosion Board and subsequentlythe Coastal Engineering Research Board for the purpose of advising the Chief of Engineers onthe direction that coastal engineering research should take to enable the nation to solve pressingbeach erosion challenges. For over 30 years from the 1930's, to the 1960's, the Beach
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Vadim Guliants; Eugene Kopaygorodsky; William Krantz
qs qswhere the subscript s denotes a scale factor and the subscript r denotes a reference factor. Scalefactors are introduced in order to normalize the dimensionless variable to be of order one,whereas reference factors are introduced in order to reference the dimensionless dependent orindependent variable to zero. Note that we have scaled all the dependent and independentvariables. Note also that we have considered the adsorption rate to be a dependent variable that isscaled by qs . It is not necessarily true that the adsorption rate would be scaled by qs t s , sincethe amount adsorbed might not experience a characteristic change of qs over the characteristictime ts . Recall here that our goal is to scale all the above dependent