Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Rocco Ciccolini; Robert Barat

to data that are proportional to the tracer concentration using the Beer-Lambert law (Daniels and Alberty, 1975): I S  A = ln o  = ln w  = cd σ d L (1) I  Sd  Page 8.807.2“Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition,Copyright 2003, American Society for Engineering Education”where Io = incident intensity, I = transmitted intensity, Sw = recorded signal for water (assuming Sis proportional to I), Sd

Conference Session

Academic Standards and Academic Issues

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Walter Tucker; Bob Lahidji

. Theseinstitutions were randomly selected from pool of universities, which offer program in EngineeringManagement. The questionnaire is comprised of the following questions:1. Do you teach online course(s)?2. Are you member of a faculty union?3. Is the online course(s) part of your regular load? If not explain.4. If yes, for purpose of load, does the online course count the same as a live class? Page 8.570.25. If yes, is compensation the same as a live class? If not explain.Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright 2003, American Society for Engineering Education6. Is

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Cutler, Virginia Tech; Walter Curtis Lee Jr., Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Student

be seen in Table1. Each KSA is followed by a K for knowledge, S for skill (or ability), or an A for attitude.Bolded KSAs represent KSAs that are applicable to multiple organizational goals; these appearon the table more than once.Assessing and designing coursework was not included in the table because the KSAs needed toachieve that goal will not be developed in the orientation, but rather throughout the core courseswithin the department. An additional goal of involvement and inclusion into the larger researchcommunity, both within the department and the community as a whole, was included from theconstant emphasis in the interviews.Many of the KSAs in Table 1 were modeled from what current students stated that they wishedthey had known when

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Joey Parker

functions are solved with this single command. The "assign"command is again used to associate the solution with the variable ωL. The first term in the"collect" command in Figure 5 divides the symbolic solution for ωL by the input ea. The"collect" command is used to group all of the terms with the same power of s in the solution forthe transfer function ωL/ea. Unfortunately the denominator of this transfer function is not in thebest possible form. Figure 6 illustrates some of the Maple commands that are available toreformat the denominator of the transfer function for better understanding. The "denom"command separates the denominator from the remainder of the solution for ωL. All terms arealso divided by LaJmJL, which was the coefficient of the

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

M. Kostic

2.241.6 220 VAC LIN D ER C Y ST FLUI (RO SC XI-1000 R TE D S/R2 TE C YLIN

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Nizar Al-Holou; N. Mohankrishnan

5GUUKQP 619#4&56*'+06')4#6+101(%1/276'4$#5'& +05647%6+109+6*/#6.#$ s 0K\CT#N*QNQWCPF0/QJCPMTKUJPCP &GRCTVOGPVQH'NGEVTKECNCPF%QORWVGT'PIKPGGTKPI 7PKXGTUKV[QH&GVTQKV/GTE[ &GVTQKV/+ CNJQNQWP"WFOGTE[GFW#DUVTCEV #WVJQTYCTGsKUCRQYGTHWNRTGUGPVCVKQPOGFKWOHQTVJGFGUKIPQH%QORWVGT$CUGF+PUVTWEVKQPOQFWNGU*QYGXGTQPGNKOKVCVKQPKUVJCVKVKUPQVXGT[UWKVCDNGHQTVJGWUGQHQRGPGPFGFRTQDNGOHQTOWNCVKQPUYJKEJTGSWKTGVJGNGCTPGTVQOCMGRCTCOGVGTEJQKEGUKPVJGUQNWVKQPRTQEGUUUWEJEJQKEGUJCXGVQDGRTGFGVGTOKPGFD

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Juan M Cruz, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Abagael Anne Riley, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

, 2024AbstractThere is substantial opportunity for engineering graduates to enter the workforce to engage in afulfilling career and achieve social mobility. Still, there is a lack of adequate support forlow-income, academically talented students. The purpose of this poster is to describe theinterventions designed to support S-STEM scholarship students at Rowan University in the firstyear of our S-STEM project. Our S-STEM project objectives are threefold: 1) Providescholarships to encourage talented students with low incomes and demonstrated financial need toinitiate and graduate from engineering majors in the College of Engineering at Rowan Universityand subsequently enter the engineering workforce or a graduate program; 2) Develop a supportsystem that

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Savanna Dautle, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

, no. 4, pp. 669–680, 1997, doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.33.4.669.[3] S. Sorby, E. Nevin, A. Behan, E. Mageean, and S. Sheridan, “Spatial skills as predictors of success in first-year engineering,” in 2014 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) Proceedings, Oct. 2014, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1109/FIE.2014.7044005.[4] Y. Maeda and S. Y. Yoon, “Scaling the Revised PSVT-R: Characteristics of the First-Year Engineering Students’ Spatial Ability,” presented at the 2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Jun. 2011, p. 22.1273.1-22.1273.19. Accessed: Dec. 22, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://peer.asee.org/scaling-the-revised-psvt-r-characteristics-of-the-first-year-engineering-students- spatial-ability[5] S. Dautle and S

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

John E. McInroy; Robert F. Kubichek; Raymond Jacquot

both analysis and simulation. Here students have to deal with a third order all-polemodel . (a) Given the three node voltage equations find the transfer function G(s) = V5(s)/V1(s). (b) Plot the poles in the complex s-plane. (c) Find the impulse response function g(t) by inverting G(s). (d) Find the impulse response function g(t) by simulating the filter with a narrow unit area pulse input employing VisSim. Page 4.437.3Exercise 5-Frequency ResponseThis exercise is designed to emphasize the concept of steady-state response of linear, time-invariant systems to sinusoidal driving functions. The gain and phase character of such

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

B. Towers; Max Rabiee

------------------------------[1ST TEMP RANGE]----------------------------130 T = 209135 V = 4.922140 S = .0016145 GOTO 295REM------------------------------[2ND TEMP RANGE]----------------------------150 T = 175155 V = 4.86160 S = .0032165 GOTO 295REM-----------------------------[3RD TEMP RANGE]-----------------------------170 T = 150175 V = 4.784180 S = .0048185 GOTO 295 Page 2.463.9 Session 3220REM-----------------------------[4TH TEMP RANGE]-----------------------------190 T = 125195 V = 4.667200 S = .0082205 GOTO 295REM-----------------------------[5TH TEMP RANGE]-----------------------------210 T

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Williams, Virginia Tech; Erin Crede, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech; Richard Goff, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

many project alternatives that exist for cornerstone courses ([2]), the authors have lookedtowards a service-learning project as a means of achieving their course‟s design learningobjectives [6,7]. Service-learning is defined as a “method under which students learn anddevelop through active participation in thoughtfully organized service” [8]. In the context ofengineering design courses, projects centered in service-learning typically feature the studentteams designing a product or process that meets the needs of a community partner in need.Service-learning activities are becoming more prevalent in engineering curricula as instructorsdiscover that their pedagogical objectives of problem solving, working in groups, andexperiential learning

Conference Session

Unique Laboratory Experiments & Programs Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

James Reising

rolls% Usage: Die10Roll(N)% First attempt to pick random startup state for randrand('state', sum(100*clock))% Define random arrayX=rand(1,N);% Form array of random integers 1 through 6G=floor(10*X);Listing 4 – used to plot experimental data for five six-sided dice. Roll56 creates the data array Roll56d.% IDiceEx.m% Identical Dice Experimental Data% Run data fileRoll56;% Compute the sumsS = sum(Roll56d');% Set up bin centers for histogrambins = 5:31;% Get frequency count and bin centers[n,xout]=hist(S,bins);% Normalize frequency count as fraction of total triesn=n/sum(n);% Create normalized histogram using bar plotbar(xout,n)% Add axes labelsxlabel('Sum of Spots')ylabel('Fraction of Total Tries')% Change default histogram appearanceh

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Magesh Chandramouli, Purdue University Northwest; Kai Jun Chew, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach

Tagged Topics

Diversity

support provided by the National Science Foundation under grantnumber 2315646. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.References[1] K. A. Bartlett and J. D. Camba, “Gender Differences in Spatial Ability: a Critical Review,” Educ. Psychol. Rev., vol. 35, no. 1, p. 8, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10648-023-09728-2.[2] J. Wai, D. Lubinski, and C. P. Benbow, “Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance.,” J. Educ. Psychol., vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 817–835, 2009, doi: 10.1037/a0016127.[3] S. Sorby, “A Course in Spatial

Collection

2006 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

LeeRoy Bronner; Olusola Laniyi

in theconceptual model are mapped to concrete classes, to abstract interfaces in application programinterface (APIs) and to roles that the objects take in various situations. The interfaces and theirimplementations for stable concepts can be made available as reusable services. Conceptsidentified as unstable in object-oriented analysis will form basis for policy classes that makedecisions, implement environment-specific or situation specific logic or algorithms [6] Ite r a te O n A n a ly s is P r o b le m D e fin itio nC la r ify D e fin itio n OOA

Collection

2015 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Corinna Fleischmann; Elizabeth Nakagawa; Tyler Kelley

functions: two opposite perceivingfunctions and two opposite judging functions.”2 Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs theninterpreted Jung’s theory in the MBTI personal type inventory, which is widely used today togive individuals a better understanding of their personality preferences and how they impact theirinteractions with others. Framing the course based on this theory gave the best opportunity toachieve the end goal of being able to excite and reach the entire audience across individuallearning preferences.Employing MBTI as a learning model, instructors focused specifically on the first twodichotomies, Extroversion vs. Introversion (E-I), and Sensing vs. Intuition (S-N). First, the E-Idichotomy focuses on where people direct and get their

Conference Session

Track 3: Technical Session 6: Uncovering the less-heard histories and barriers of Asian and Asian American Students

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Siqing Wei, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Marissa A Tsugawa, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Li Tan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

1 1 Background: Demographics • Asian Americans make up ~5.6% of households in the U.S., the second smallest racial group after First Nation groups [1] • Yet, (non-/immigrant) Asian/Asian Americans (A/AAs) are usually considered non-minoritized groups in postsecondary science and engineering (S&E) education as A/AA takes up 6%, 10%, 12%, and 11% of degree receipts of associates’, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral respectively [2] 2Asian Americans make up approximately 5.6% of households in the U.S. according

Conference Session

Miscellaneous Mechanics: Covid and Free Body Diagrams

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Lord, Virginia Tech; Michael K. Thompson, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

, measure of learning. It has been suggested that instructors maybe more lenient with expectations and award higher grades that normal in an attempt tocompensate for the negative circumstances [10] and that grades during this time period wereinflated [11].To date, the majority of studies that explore student performance compare performance duringthe COVID affected semester(s) to performance pre-COVID. We sought to better understandboth the immediate and the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associatedinstitutional response on our engineering students. We explore student performance in three largemulti-section foundational mechanics courses: Statics, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies(Deformables), and Dynamics. These courses are required

Conference Session

ERM: Mental Health and Wellness

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corin Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles; Lizabeth Thompson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Gustavo Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles; Christina Nazar, California State University, Los Angeles

colleagues at Cal State LA she recently received an NSF grant called Eco-STEM which aims to transform STEM education using an asset-based ecosystem model. She is also a Co-PI on an NSF S-STEM grant called ENGAGE which is working to make a more robust transfer pathway for local Community college students. Dr. Thompson is a Co-PI on an NSF ADVANCE grant called KIND with other universities within the CSU. She is a co-advisor to Engineers without Borders, Critical Global Engagement, and oSTEM at Cal Poly.Gustavo B Menezes (Professor)Christina Restrepo Nazar © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Work-in-Progress: Measuring

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn Y. Stevens, WGBH Educational Foundation; Joshua Littenberg-Tobias, GBH; Ranida McKneally, GBH; Ethan Cayko

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

toward science and engineering we included an adapted version ofthe Middle/High Student Attitudes Toward Science, Technology, Engineering and Math(S-STEM) survey [33]. The scale measures students' attitudes toward their own proficiency inSTEM subjects (e.g., “I know I can do well in science”), the value of STEM toward futureendeavors (e.g., “Knowing about science will allow me to invent useful things”), and interest inSTE|M careers (e.g., “I believe I can be successful in a career in engineering”). The measureshad sufficient levels of reliability on the pre (ɑ = 0.87) and post surveys (ɑ = 0.87) .Additionally, to measure students' perceptions of engineers and engineering we adapted itemsfrom the “What is Engineering?” survey instrument [9]. The

Conference Session

Student Division (STDT) Technical Session 3: Student Innovative Practice

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eisa A. Khawaja, Alpharetta High School; Hoda Ehsan, The Hill School

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

Lab., 2019.[3] D. S. Touretzky, C. Gardner-McCune, F. L. Martin, and D. Seehorn, “Envisioning AI for K-12: What Should Every Child Know about AI?,” In Proceedings of the Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Palo Alto, CA: AAAI Press, 2019.[4] J. McCarthy, “From here to human-level AI,” Artificial Intelligence, vol. 171, no. 18, pp. 1174–1182, 2017.[5] S. Akgun, and C. Greenhow, “Artificial intelligence in education: Addressing ethical challenges in K-12 settings, AI and Ethics, pp. 1-10, 2021.[6] J. Su, and Y. Zhong, “Artificial Intelligence (AI) in early childhood education: Curriculum design and future directions,” Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, vol. 3, 2022.[7

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - WIPS 4: Projects

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fayekah Assanah, University of Connecticut; Kristina Wagstrom; Daniel D. Burkey, University of Connecticut; Marina Creed

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17 (19), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196960. Karimzadeh, S.; Bhopal, R.; Huy, N. T. Review of Infective Dose, Routes of Transmission, and Outcome of COVID-19 Caused by the SARS

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Focus on Student Success I

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brian Scott Robinson, University of Louisville; Tom Tretter, University of Louisville; James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Nicholas Hawkins, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

(for engineering context) 8-item, validated instrument focused on longer-term,maintained interest. The methods that follow were developed to explore a multi-subfactordepiction(s) (from literature) of maintained interest, including conceptualizing and analyzingstudent responses. Two associated research questions thusly addressed in this study are: 1) whatis the strongest factor structure for measuring the construct of first-year engineering students’long-term, stable maintained interest in the choice of pursuing an engineering career?; and 2)how strong is the fit of theoretically-grounded structural models of the construct of first-yearengineering students’ maintained interest in engineering careers? Results show significantempirical support in

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nicholas Tymvios, Bucknell University; John Gambatese, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

California. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Expectations for Future Health and Safety Professionals from Current Professionals in ConstructionAbstractThe Health & Safety (H&S) environment in the construction industry is dynamic, and mustevolve alongside all other construction operations taking place, whether that is theintroduction of new technology, new methods of communication, supervision, or reporting.Safety professionals currently serving in the construction industry have a front and centerview of this evolving world, and have advice, as well as expectations, for the newergenerations of construction industry professionals who

Collection

2013 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Xiang-Fa Wu

project progress and outcomes along with a comprehensive project report onthe detailed design process and results of the individual design project. After the ME 461/462, each involved student group is expected to learn substantial hands-ondesign and manufacturing experiences through a detailed design and prototype manufacturingprocess along with close interaction with the faculty mentor(s). These design projects areformulated by the faculty mentors from industrial sponsors or spinoffs of research projects. Therelatively flexible, independent, and self-consistent nature of the senior design projects providethe opportunities to formulate new design project modules to incorporate new developments ofcontemporary sciences and technologies into the

Conference Session

Changing the Engineering Classroom

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacie I. Ringleb, Old Dominion University; Orlando M. Ayala, Old Dominion University; Jennifer Kidd, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

assignment was due for MAE 434W,which could have influenced questions 8 and 11. Based on the instructors’ feedback, Expertizawas updated between semesters and the scores from the spring semester suggest the studentsfound the newly adjusted system easier to use.Table 2. Average Survey Results per Class from the Fall and Spring Semesters. Survey Question Fluid Mechanics Capstone Design 1. The reviews I received addressed F 3.41 F 3.63 the questions/concerns I had about S 3.79 S 3.43 my work. 2. The reviews I received gave me F 3.50 F 3.63 new insight into my work. S 3.80

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey D Beddoes, Oregon State University; Devlin Montfort, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

., & Goldfinch, T. (2012). EngineeringAcross Cultures. Retrieved fromhttp://aaeescholar.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/61545770/Engineering%20Across%20Cultures%20%5Bdraft%20unformatted%5D.pdf; Williams, B., Figueiredo, J., & Trevelyan, J. (Eds.). (2014). Engineering Practice in a GlobalContext: Understanding the Technical and the Social. Leiden: CRC Press/Balkema.2 Jesiek, B. K., Qin, Z., Woo, S. E., Thompson, J. D., & Mazzurco, A. (2014). Global Engineering Competency inContext: Situations and Behaviors. Online Journal for Global Engineering Education, 8(1), p. 1.3 Lloyd, S., & Härtel, C. (2010). Intercultural competencies for culturally diverse work teams. Journal ofManagerial Psychology, 25(8), 845–875

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 6: Hands-on Projects and Spatial Skills

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diana Bairaktarova, University of Oklahoma; Matthew Reyes, University of Oklahoma; Nooshin Nassr P.E., University of Oklahoma; Dan Thomas Carlton, University of Oklahoma, College of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, S. A. (1999). Developing 3D spatial visualization skills. Engineering Design Graphics Journal, 63(2), 21–32.[6] Olkun, S. (2003, April). Making connections: Improving spatial abilities with engineering drawing activities. International Journal of Mathematics Teaching and Learning, 1–10.[7] Sutton, K., & Williams, A. (2008). Developing a discipline-based measure of visualization. UniServe Science Proceedings, 115–20.[8] Martín-Dorta, N., Saorín, S. J., & Contero, M. (2008). Development of a fast remedial course to improve the spatial abilities of engineering students. Journal of Engineering Education, 97(4), 505–13.[9] Guay, R. B. (1977). Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue Research

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech; Angela Harris, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

abilities? • Career Decision Making: What career goals, expectancies, and values do engineering students have? How do these develop and change over time? What career choices do engineering students make for after graduation, and what role(s) does their career and self knowledge play in their decisions?We are using a multi-method approach to answer our research questions. We have alreadyinterviewed engineering faculty, student advisors, and career services staff at our six partnerinstitutions, to help us understand (1) the career resources available to engineering students onthese campuses, (2) the career pathways that these engineering students typically take, and (3)the skills and abilities they believe students need to find

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Tech Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin PE, Jackson State University; Qing Pang, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

investmentand is hypothesized to contribute significantly to national economic security and nationaldefense. We would like for this paper to stimulate a national dialogue leading to a dynamicrevival of Coastal, Ocean and Marine Engineering research and graduate education in the UnitedStates.Background A compelling argument can be made that the coastal engineering profession was bornwith legislation by the U.S. Congress that established the Beach Erosion Board and subsequentlythe Coastal Engineering Research Board for the purpose of advising the Chief of Engineers onthe direction that coastal engineering research should take to enable the nation to solve pressingbeach erosion challenges. For over 30 years from the 1930's, to the 1960's, the Beach

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Vadim Guliants; Eugene Kopaygorodsky; William Krantz

qs qswhere the subscript s denotes a scale factor and the subscript r denotes a reference factor. Scalefactors are introduced in order to normalize the dimensionless variable to be of order one,whereas reference factors are introduced in order to reference the dimensionless dependent orindependent variable to zero. Note that we have scaled all the dependent and independentvariables. Note also that we have considered the adsorption rate to be a dependent variable that isscaled by qs . It is not necessarily true that the adsorption rate would be scaled by qs t s , sincethe amount adsorbed might not experience a characteristic change of qs over the characteristictime ts . Recall here that our goal is to scale all the above dependent