Collection

2013 GSW

Authors

Andy Walker; Bernd Chudoba

are encouraged to read the latestdesign textbooks, learn how to use a few basic statistical equations, plunge into the details ofparametric mass properties analysis. To manage the growing and ever-changing body of weightestimation knowledge, and bridge the gap in Mass Properties education, a standardizedengineering “tool-box” of conceptual & preliminary design weight estimation methods wasdeveloped for future projects in the UTA AVD Lab. It will also be used as a living body of workfor use by future students in the AVD Lab.  This “tool-box” consists of a weight estimation method bibliography containing unclassified, open-source literature for conceptual andpreliminary flight vehicle design phases. To provide structure, a logic scheme

Collection

2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Nicholas C. Vanderslice; Thomas R. Marrero

Impact of Bio-Char on Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Nicholas C. Vanderslice and Thomas R. Marrero Department of Chemical Engineering University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 65211AbstractA review. A study of Terra Preta do Indio and bio-char was conducted to determine the technicalfeasibility of their use in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide as a summer undergraduateproject for Dr. Tom R. Marrero. Properties of new and old Terra Preta were used. Literature ofthe last 40 years, including the electronic database SciFinder, was used. The educationalcomponent of this project included an assessment of

Collection

2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Beth Richards; Karen Walsh

the same way that they are required to outline the different steps of anengineering project while explaining why it was successful, they were also required to usetextual evidence from the readings and explain how they proved the overall thesis. Thiscommonality between the two types of writings were useful in giving engineering students bothvalue in other non-engineering courses as well as showing them how a composition course canbe useful for their major.Throughout the course, students were asked to write response papers linking ideas from thevarious readings. Although prompt questions were included, students were also given the optionof exploring any ideas in the readings about which they wanted to write. These assignments wereintended to

Conference Session

Empowering Change: Cultivating Inclusive and Sustainable Futures in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaylla Cantilina, Tufts University; Chelsea Joy Andrews, Tufts University; Fatima Rahman, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

technicalengineering course can be perceived as an additional load or “tack on'' by both instructors andstudents. Furthermore, in addition to these structural barriers, sociotechnical content does not bydefault include a justice perspective. As such, an intentional focus on justice is necessary whendesigning pedagogical changes toward more holistic engineering education.In response to these challenges and needs, we were funded by the NSF to conduct a research andpedagogical project in which we are integrating justice components throughout a first-yearcomputing for engineers course. Instead of revising an ethics course or tacking on sociotechnicalcontent to a traditional course, we chose to embed justice into our redesign of the “technical”class as much as

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Johanna Antonia Perasso Adunce, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile.; Angeles Dominguez, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico; Universidad Andres Bello, Chile

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D)

Paper ID #44036Impact of PhET Interactive Simulation in a Hybrid Physics Course: The Caseof Repeating StudentsJohanna Antonia Perasso Adunce, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile. Johanna Perasso is a Physics teacher with over 25 years of experience in teaching sciences at the university level. She completed her master’s degree in Experimental Sciences, focusing on researching students’ levels of scientific thinking in the field of sciences. Johanna has participated in projects for designing and implementing strategies to strengthen competencies in STEM; and she is continually involved in designing and evaluating

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 5

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehmet Ergezer, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Mark Mixer, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Weijie Pang, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA), Diversity

the DS program in the fourth year encompasses a compulsory Machine Learning class,complemented by a diverse array of electives within the Data Science program. Further enriching theirskill set, students embark on their second Co-op work experience during the Spring semester, gaininghands-on exposure to real-world Data Science applications. The program concludes in the Summer with acombination of additional electives and a mandatory Senior Design class. In this concluding phase,students collaborate on a group project throughout the semester, applying their accumulated knowledgeand skills to address complex challenges in the field of Data Science.D. Educational ObjectivesIn this program design, we envision that integrating Computer Science

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 8

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rana Hussein, Boston University; Muhammad Hamid Zaman, Boston University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

Paper ID #44250Forced Displacement and Engineering Education: Developing the Curriculumfor a Course on a Global CrisisMs. Rana Hussein, Boston University Rana earned her B.A. in mathematics and computer science at Boston University in 2022. Throughout her undergraduate years, she worked on a number of research projects in partnership with UNICEF, where she applied mathematical modeling techniques to assess and predict child malnutrition rates in Yemen and other conflict settings. She is now a research associate at the Boston University Center on Forced Displacement (CFD), where she uses her background in data analysis to work

Collection

2010 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Beth Richards; Karen Walsh

the same way that they are required to outline the different steps of anengineering project while explaining why it was successful, they were also required to usetextual evidence from the readings and explain how they proved the overall thesis. Thiscommonality between the two types of writings were useful in giving engineering students bothvalue in other non-engineering courses as well as showing them how a composition course canbe useful for their major.Throughout the course, students were asked to write response papers linking ideas from thevarious readings. Although prompt questions were included, students were also given the optionof exploring any ideas in the readings about which they wanted to write. These assignments wereintended to

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Zebin Pepin; Douglas E. Dow

, concerts, and other large-crowd adaptability to real-time conditions. As event venues continueevents often experience long queues that contribute to visitor to increase in scale and complexity, a more sophisticateddissatisfaction. This dissatisfaction arises not only from extended automated queue management solution is required towait times but also from inaccurate wait-time estimates and dynamically adjust queue regulation and improve fairness.perceived line-cutting incidents. This project aimed to developand test prototype modules for an automated queuing system Numerous strategies have been implemented over theleveraging facial recognition to address these concerns. The years to manage

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Elyas Irankhah; Sashank Narain; Kelilah L. Wolkowicz

C. Data CollectionEmma will try to minimize it. The traversal continues until it The study was a part of a larger initiative at a public K-8reaches a maximum depth or the game ends. Subsequently, the school located in a mid-sized city in the Northeast USA,algorithm evaluates the game state and returns a score based on involving five different projects, each with the objective ofwhether Emma won, lost, or tied. The score propagates back introducing AI concepts to students in an engaging exhibitionup the tree and guides Emma's decision on the best move. [34][35]. The students participating in this project were 1st,According to Fig. 4, it

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Technical Session - Professional Practice 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sydney Donohue Jobe, University of New Mexico; Madalyn Wilson-Fetrow, University of New Mexico; Ruben D. Lopez-Parra, Purdue University; Paris Eisenman, University of New Mexico; Ethan Kapp, University of New Mexico; Carl Lyle Abadam, University of New Mexico; Vanessa Svihla, University of Texas at Austin; Anjali Mulchandani, University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

guest speakers from academia andindustry, individual homework assignments where students reflected on what they learned fromthe speakers, and a group project to design a sustainable human habitat on the planet Mars. InFall 2023, a new instructional team (1 lead professor, 2 undergraduate and 1 graduate courseassistants, and 1 education specialist) was mentored by an instructional team in the Chemical andBiological Engineering Department to redesign the course. The course redesign features twogroup socio-technical design challenges and weekly individual homework for students toresearch disciplinary sub-specialties and career opportunities. During the first month ofinstruction, students are oriented to campus, the major, resources within the

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Auguste, University of Colorado, Boulder; Tanya D. Ennis, University of Colorado, Boulder; Shelly Lynn Miller, University of Colorado Boulder; Joseph L. Polman, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

software and systems engineering and technical project management. Tanya taught mathe- matics at the Denver School of Science and Technology, the highest performing high school in Denver Public Schools. She is a PhD student in the School of Education at University of Colorado Boulder studying Learning Sciences and Human Development.Prof. Shelly Lynn Miller, University of Colorado Boulder Shelly Miller joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, as an Assistant Professor in August 1998. Dr. Miller held the distinguished position of Chancellor’s Post- doctoral Fellow, from October 1996 through August 1998. Dr. Miller completed her PhD in Civil and Environmental Engineering at

Conference Session

Student Feedback and Assessment in Design

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Tiago R. Forin, Rowan University; Cole H. Joslyn, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

; Taylor etal., 2001), inspiring students to take ownership and fostering creative tension (Marin et al.,1999), being an expert or authority (Goldschmidt, Hochman & Dafni, 2010), and modelingdesign acts to students (Cennamo, Brandt, Scott, Douglas, McGrath, Reimer & Vernon, 2001).Pembridge (2011) identified additional roles such as role model, career mentor, and professionalsocialization agent.1.2 Variations in design reviews across disciplinary cultures and over timeAnother issue to consider regarding design reviews is that the structure, content, and goals ofdesign reviews vary across disciplinary cultures and over the course of a single project. Designreviews may take place opportunistically at a student’s desk or at scheduled

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew Perkins Coppola, Purdue University Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

placements for preservice elementary teachers, by grade Grade K 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Total Placements 30 20 14 16 23 18 121 Each PET was expected to teach at least one lesson in each of the four content areas, aswell as to be evaluated by the CT. For science methods, a short engineering design project wassubstituted for the science teaching requirement. A previous study by the author [13] showed thatteaching engineering self-efficacy increased as a result of this approach. Engineering Mini-Units (EMU) were designed to be two-day experiences to introduceK-5 students to the engineering design process (EDP). Preservice

Conference Session

Design Thinking and Creativity

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Iowa State University; Seda McKIlligan, Iowa State University; Kelly Guerin, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, 2018 Design Thinking in Engineering Course DesignAbstractDesign thinking is a robust framework for creatively and effectively identifying and solvingimportant human problems. While design thinking is commonly associated with fields likeindustrial design, it can be applied to many problem types. For example, several recent examplesdemonstrate the applicability of design thinking to the design and development of educationalmaterials, courses, and systems. These results suggest that design thinking could be used as aframework to (re)design and develop effective engineering courses. The goal of this project is tounderstand how nine educators from different backgrounds did or did not use design thinking toredesign a sophomore

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development using Robotics Activities

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veena Jayasree Krishnan, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Sheila Borges Rajguru, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #25283Analyzing Successful Teaching Practices in Middle School Science and MathClassrooms when using Robotics (Fundamental)Mrs. Veena Jayasree Krishnan, NYU Tandon School of Engineering Veena Jayasree Krishnan received a Master of Technology (M. Tech.) degree in Mechatronics from Vel- lore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India in 2012. She has two years of research experience at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. She is currently pursuing Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at NYU Tandon School of Engineering. She is serving as a research assistant under an NSF-funded DR K-12 re- search project to

Conference Session

Preparing for Practice

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Corey T Schimpf, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

and deliver a two with rubrics in class. minute and a ten minute presentation 5. Use video feedback- 3. Students will appraise the presentations of their peers peer & self-appraisal.Comments Task: 6. Pair up students inMisconceptions 1.Use creativity/idea generation techniques for finding class practices to getabout presentation and selecting their course project topics more individualskills and best 2. read text: Winning Presentations in a Day attention through peerpractices in 3. Provide script drafts and

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

presentation and selecting their course project topics more individualskills and best 2. read text: Winning Presentations in a Day attention through peerpractices in 3. Provide script drafts and practice in/out of class their feedback.presentations are two minutes and 10 minute pitches 7. Video tape and postcovered in the text 4. Review and critique videos of previous classes and idea pitch and finaland in readings. winning 2 minute Idea Pitches exam presentations. 5. Reflect on and assess their idea pitch performance 8 Arrange external

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University; Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

University - Brandywine Campus. He is on the Board of the ASEE Minorities in Engineering Division (MIND), and ASEE International Division. He is Vice President of Research of the Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions (LACCEI). Page 15.874.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 MIND Links 2010: Resources to Motivate Minorities to Study and Stay In EngineeringAbstractThe Minorities in Engineering Division (MIND) of the American Society of EngineeringEducation (ASEE) created the MIND Links project in 2004, recognizing that, although there aremany

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 5

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicolas Leger, Florida International University; Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Stephanie Jill Lunn, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA)

projects” [28, p.1 ], or the “procedure of automatic extraction ofdata from websites using software” [34], or “an interactive method for website and some otheronline sources to browse for and access data” [35]. Other definitions also extend thesedefinitions by suggesting the collection of unstructured data from the web into structured ones in“a central database or spreadsheet” [36]. Web scraping is also referred to as web crawling, butsome argue that web scraping is the extraction of data from a website, whereas web crawling isthe identification of target Uniform Resource Locator (URL) links [34]. Broucke et al. extend onthis and suggest that the crawling term refers to the ability of the program to navigate web pageson its own with the

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Yazmine Berenice Rincon, Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation; Sheena M. Reeves, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

different 3D printers – a MakerBot Replicator + or a FlashforgeGuider II. TinkerCAD software was used to design the 3D mold prototypes. For the 3D printers, thesupplied filaments were acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). Thefilaments were available in various colors. After completing the designs in TinkerCAD, the files wereuploaded to the 3D printers using a USB drive. For this study, paracetamol powder was used as thebase material while drops of liquid excipient solutions was placed in each hole. 3D Printed Prototype ResultsSeveral prototypes were created as a result of this project. However, only three specific designs andone alteration are discussed in this paper. Table 1 provides an

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Utomwen David Irabor, Prairie View A&M University; Nabila Shamim, Prairie View A&M University

. Thus, wearing a masktraps heat near the face can feel stifling. The problem worsens when it gets hot and humid. Thehumidity common in Texas prevents sweat from evaporating and cooling people off. Picking acomfortable mask is a battle. Wearers would also want to put on a cover that prevents skin rashand heat exhaustion. Nanofibers with a large surface-to-volume ratio have shown great potentialfor filtration application and biological and chemical contamination. Therefore, it is challengingto design a filtration layer that efficiently removes airborne pollutants with low airflow resistance.In this project, we used Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber, which is biocompatible, and FDAapproved [7], to modify the filtration layer and examine the thermal

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Aniket Patel, Texas A&M University; Seth Polsley, Texas A&M University; Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University

detailedfine motor analysis yet, this effort is part of a larger project to apply sketch recognition toassess children’s fine motor ability, and we focus on vision-based assessment todistinguish approximate ages in order to compare with human expert evaluation on thesame images. Our neural network achieved generalization and validation accuracies of75.0%, with a set of curve drawings, and a generalization and validation accuracy of 72.3%with the corner dataset. By comparison, we also asked two human evaluators to label agegroups based on a portion of the dataset, and they achieved 77.5% and 66.7% for thecurve and corner drawings, respectively. These findings provide support for future workintegrating more sketch recognition features, such as pressure

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division 2 - Engagement in Practice Lightning Round: Equitable Engagement and Transformative Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ezequiel Aleman, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Ethan Paul Ruchotzke; Michael Brown, Iowa State University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

Our workshop grew out of an existing research collaboration at Iowa State University entitledGame2Work aimed at using serious games and gamification to expand pathways to STEM academic majorsand careers. Game2Work brings together interdisciplinary researchers from across the institution to developgames, evaluate implementation strategies, and design novel applications for gamification. The middle school game jam grew out of a project developed by the first author, focused on civicengagement and game design. Game2Work researchers contacted ISU Extension and Outreach whoidentified a need for programming for middle school aged students that could address organizationalpriorities around STEM education and career pathways. ISU Extension

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Siobhan Oca, Duke University ; Genevieve M. Lipp, Duke University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

: The Effect of Summarizing a Research Article on Students’ Area of Robotics Interest1 BackgroundThe need for capable, ethical robotics engineers is growing with the industry valued at 32.32billion in 2021 with anticipated growth of 12.1% from 2022 to 2030 [1], and projected 17,900mechanical engineering job openings each year [2]. It is imperative that undergraduate andgraduate programs prepare engineers for industry positions in robotics, and that they includeand encourage diverse groups of students to enter the field.Additionally, diversity among engineers in general is limited, starting with bachelor’s andbeing further exacerbated when entering engineering professions. For example, 22% of engi-neering bachelor degrees in

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

Ms. LaQuasha M. Morgan; Ms. Faye Moore,; Dr. David A. Kirkpatrick

participating students. Our organization has looked intothis matter by trying to encourage student professional society interaction with thetechnology industry. We feel that all engineering technology departments will benefitfrom advancement in the curriculum. The most common feedback we have obtained tosupport or better this effort for the advancement in curriculum is by including industryfocus in all courses and include new technologies, include project management as aprerequisite to senior design projects, and structure curriculum to produce graduates who“hit the ground, running” in entry-level positions with industry or in government service. Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - Technical Session 7: Making

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Scott Robinson, University of Louisville; Thomas Tretter, University of Louisville; Nicholas Hawkins, University of Louisville; James E. Lewis, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

pedagogy [5], and the course houses the J. B.Speed School of Engineering Cornerstone project. A final relevant staple of ENGR 111 is thepresence of quantitative and qualitative student surveys framed around the expectancy-valuetheory of motivation [8-10]; specifically, student surveys pertaining to Perceived BelongingUncertainty (PBU, often called “sense of belonging”) and (maintained) interest in engineering(IIE) have been a component of the ENGR 111 course culture since its inception.1.2 The Remote Iteration of ENGR 111For the Spring 2021 iteration of ENGR 111, following the peak period of the COVID-19 pandemicand although UofL allowed in-person instruction to resume on campus, course administratorsmade the difficult and challenging decision to

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 13

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janis P. Terpenny, National Science Foundation; Tracee Gilbert, System Innovation

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

-changing digital landscape are needed. Workforce development and shortages are significantwith needs for talent at all levels. For engineers in particular, workers need to be able utilize andadvance technology, excel in the interdisciplinary nature of complex engineering problems,within interconnected digital spaces, make decisions, and be versed in ‘soft skills’ required forcollaboration and communication.Traditionally, undergraduate and graduate engineering education has been siloed according todisciplinary departments. Students navigate their education through a series of courses intendedto prepare them via methods and tools that define the discipline. This approach is based largelyon 20th-century needs. While team-based and project-based

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division (EDGD) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy E. Study, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Steven Nozaki, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics Division (EDGD)

years. Withslight variations in percentage, the paper-based theory exams accounted for around 30% of thecourse grade, a final CAD project consisting of part models, an assembly, dimensioned detaildrawings, and an assembly drawing with BOM around 10% of the grade, practical CAD quizzes7%, and sketching quizzes 5%. The rest of the grade, around 50% of the total possible points,consisted of classwork, homework, and reading quizzes.The COVID-19 pandemic brought many changes to the MET courses at Penn State Behrend [4].In EGT 120, prior to Spring of 2020, theory exams were always administered during the 50-minute lecture period, were on paper, and were not open book. With the closure of campus in theSpring of 2020, and the subsequent requirement of

Conference Session

Mentorship, Retention, Minority Participation, and Examining the Experiences of Women

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Felix F. Udo-Eyo, Temple University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

strategic interventions that may combat observed trends. The intellectual merit of thisresearch project is that it will provide a greater understanding of the disparity between minoritystudents and Caucasian students, as it relates to engineering colleges’ dropout rates, and will helpcollege administrators devise a comprehensive research-based plan that could enhance thepersistence and retention rates of underrepresented minorities within their institutions. The broaderimpact of this research is three-fold: it will (1) strengthen working communities and the nation’sworkforce, (2) advance racial equity and justice, and (3) lead to the building of an economy forall.IntroductionIn the U.S., the social and political climate of the 1970s, including the