Conference Session

Electrical ET Projects and Applications

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Asgill, Southern Polytechnic State University; Thomas Fallon, Southern Polytechnic State University; Walter E. Thain Jr.

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

hands-on experiences in telecommunications networks analysis and thevarious aspects related to the administration and management of such networks. A primary goalof the program from its inception has been to develop a capstone course in which studentsdemonstrate their competence gained via the program by the successful completion of a teamproject and associated report.This paper discusses the development of the telecommunications project course as a capstonecourse for the TCET program at SPSU. The most recent project involved the setting up of avoice-over-IP (VoIP) network using Cisco routers and equipment available in ourtelecommunications laboratory. The VoIP network operated over a Frame Relay (FR) cloud andincorporated security aspects into

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ricardo Jacquez, New Mexico State University; Veera Gnaneswar Gude, New Mexico State University; Michele Auzenne, New Mexico State University; Chris Burnham, New Mexico State University; Adrian Hanson; Jeanne Garland, New Mexico State University

work. In this course the students are required to excel in both areas. Table -6-3 shows a summary of the value assigned to writing in the course compared to the value assignedto the analytical requirements. The distribution of the work shows that 23% of the student’sgrade is attained though their written work. Other junior-level courses, excluding laboratory-based courses, that emphasize development of analytical skills may only assign 0-10% of thegrade to writing efforts.Table 3. Value of Writing Incorporated into Assignments. Assignment Points Description of the task Writing Analytical1) Quizzes

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Innovations

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Godfrey, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Joseph Staier, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

overhaul.During the summer of 2004, the authors rewrote the course, creating a new course that focuseson technology’s impact on society. By removing circuits and machines, the course now covers abroader range of electrical engineering fields such as image and signal processing, datacompression, electronic navigation, communications, and computer networks and security. Thecourse examines current trends; with a focus on how the Coast Guard and Homeland Securityuse technology and discusses the ethical issues that arise with the potential misuse of technology.The authors developed several innovative lesson plans, laboratories and even a series of debatesto improve the students’ understanding of technological trade-offs, while developing their

Conference Session

Standards Based Approaches to K -12 Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Levelle Burr-Alexander, New Jersey Institute of Technology; John Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Ronald Rockland, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Howard Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

engineering/technology applications of the scienceconcepts presented in the textbook [27]. Most textbooks do not have any laboratory activitiesthat allow students to apply engineering principles and design to scientific concepts. Studentsmay use some of the engineering processes, e.g., identify problems or design opportunities, butthey are usually limited to science activities/experiments that do not have real worldtechnological applications. Only occasionally is an engineering activity found in the physics partof a physical science textbook, e.g., design and testing of a model bridge. Teachers can designtheir own activities to give more engineering applications of the science concepts but withoutformal courses in their pre-service programs or in

Conference Session

Energy Curriculum Advancements

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Blekhman, Grand Valley State University; Ali Mohammadzadeh, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

room for a full course on fuel cells.IntroductionIt is surprising to learn that fuel cell technology is over 165 years old, and yet it has made onlymarginal inroads in the modern power production world. William Grove, a British investigator,is generally acknowledged as the inventor of the fuel cell. However, some sources indicate that itmight have been Humphrey Davy who should be credited with this invention in 1801, almostforty years earlier3. The successful development of combustion-mechanical power-dynamotechnology in the early 1900 overshadowed any attempts to commercially develop fuel cells’direct conversion for many years to come. Most fuel cell work was done in a laboratory setting

Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; Juliet Hurtig, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

-nology.com 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www.teach- nology.com/tutorials/teaching/rubrics3. S. M. Blanchard, M. G. McCord, P. L. Mente, D. S. Lalush, C. F. Abrams, E. G. Loboa, H. T. Nagle, Rubrics Cubed: Tying Grades to Assessment to Reduce Faculty Workloads, Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.4. V. L. Young, D. Ridgeway, M. E. Prudich, D. J. Goetz, B. J. Stuart, Criterion-Based Grading for Learning and Assessment in Unit Observations Laboratory, Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.5. What is a Rubric? Relearning by Design, Inc., 2000 [Online]. Available: http://www.relearning.org

Conference Session

Building Communities for Engineering Education Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi Diefes-Dux, Purdue University; Robin Adams, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Deborah Follman, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Then new teams, inwhich each team member had expertise regarding a different learning activity, were formed andcharged to rank the five activities from least- to best-aligned with formal cooperative learningprinciples. In a separate learning activity, student teams postulated the values and philosophy ofan engineering instructor who incorporates cooperative learning in his/her classes.Student teaching and research philosophies and their elevator speeches went through at least oneiteration cycle, with students receiving feedback from classmates, the course instructors, and, inthe case of the teaching philosophies, peers from the Laboratory for User-Centered EngineeringEducation (LUCEE8) at the University of Washington (LUCEE is devoted to

Conference Session

Promoting Scientific and Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suzanne Soled, University of Cincinnati; Patricia McNerney, University of Cincinnati; Laura Koehl, University of Cincinnati; Kelly Obarski, University of Cincinnati; Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, demonstrations, laboratory exercises, individual andgroup projects, and field experiences to: 1) enable high school students to directlyexperience authentic learning practices that require them to use higher-order thinkingskills; 2) encourage creative problem-solving skills that require collaborative learning,teamwork, writing, and presentation; 3) cultivate an interest in service learning, in whichstudents are active participants, achieve outcomes that show a perceptible impact, andengage in evaluative reflection; and 4) better motivate and prepare secondary schoolstudents for advanced education. The Fellows have been and continue to be trained tocreate and implement these activities.Through the course of each year, the Fellows complete a specially

Conference Session

Assessing Design Coursework

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asli Sahin, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech; Timothy Simpson, Pennsylvania State University; Steven Shooter, Bucknell University; Robert Stone, University of Missouri-Rolla

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Specific activities guide learners through a platform planning process. In addition toproduct platforming, the cases promote learning concepts of function-based family design,component sharing, modularity, customer needs-driven approach, market analysis, decision-making, etc.Five senior engineering students have studied these three case activities during their summerresearch experience at SMART (Systems Modeling and Realization Technologies) laboratory atVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University4. The students were sponsored by theNational Science Foundation’s Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) Program forproduct platform planning5. This study involved the students’ learning experiences with the casestudies. First, the students

Conference Session

Web-based learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Animesh Patcha, Virginia Tech; Glenda Scales, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Collaborative Learning: A Comparison between Face-to-Face Tutored Video Instruction and Distributed Tutored Video Instruction (DTVI). Sun Microsystems Laboratories, Inc. TR-99-72, 1999. Available at http://www.sun.com/research/techrep/1999/abstract-72.html [4] Stone, H.R. Economic development and technology transfer: Implications for video-based distance education. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Contemporary issues in American distance education, pp. 231-242, 1990. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. [5] Grabinger RS. Rich environments for active learning. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology pp. 665-692. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan

Conference Session

Capstone Courses II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Mariano Savelski, Rowan University; Robert Hesketh, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

impact of green engineering on both R&D andmanufacturing in several chemical industries. This has been accomplished through industry-university partnerships with pharmaceutical and petrochemical companies. Several grants fromthe US Environmental Protection Agency have supported initiatives in green chemistry,engineering and design. These projects have the broader goal of supporting sustainability in thechemical industry.IntroductionToo often the teaching of a technical subject like green engineering is limited to an individualclass experience or one dimensional laboratory or design experience. The teaching of greenengineering in the curriculum is greatly enhanced by active participation of students throughoutthe curriculum and in real-world

Conference Session

Teaching with Technology in Dynamics and Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Nordenholz, California Maritime Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

2006-434: ANIMATION AS THE FINAL STEP IN THE DYNAMICS EXPERIENCEThomas Nordenholz, California Maritime Academy Thomas Nordenholz is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the California Maritime Academy. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1998. His present interests include the improvement of undergraduate engineering science instruction, and the development of laboratory experiments and software for undergraduate courses. Page 11.215.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Animation as the Final Step in the Dynamics ExperienceAbstractA

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom Carlisle, Sinclair Community College; Charles Winarchick, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

”1 state: “It is said that there is nothing so practical as goodtheory. It may also be said that there’s nothing so theoretically interesting as goodpractice.” Marquardt2 in his “Harnessing the Power of Action Learning” states “...allforms of action learning share the elements of real people resolving and taking action onreal problems in real time and learning while doing so.” This is what our educational approach to engineering technology education has been allabout. To address these issues, we create laboratory problems, institute engineering coopprograms, and do capstone projects, all to get students exposed to “real world problems”.These are all excellent approaches and should be applied wherever practical. There areproblems associated

Conference Session

New Horizons in Academic Integrity

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University; Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

engineer in the state of Louisiana.Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University BILL ELMORE, Ph.D., P.E., is Associate Professor and Hunter Henry Chair, Mississippi State University. His teaching areas include the integrated freshman engineering and courses throughout the chemical engineering curriculum including unit operations laboratories and reactor design. His current research activities include engineering educational reform, enzyme-based catalytic reactions in micro-scale reactor systems, and bioengineering applied to renewable fuels and chemicals. Page 11.562.1© American Society for

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Design Projects in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mindy Breen, Eastern Washington University; Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

noted at that time that the desired learning outcomes were betteraddressed when the students from the various programs worked together. Another course thatwas melded into the capstone course was a production laboratory course. In this course thestudents learned about production methods and had to design a product that they then producedin large quantities. This production class put the students together in a teamwork environmentbut the course was mainly directed towards the manufacturing majors. The capstone, as it existstoday, was created by merging these two courses into a common course for all of theEngineering and Technology majors, and then marrying it to the senior project course for thosestudents majoring in Visual Communication Design

Conference Session

Effective & Efficient Teaching Skills

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

June Marshall, St. Joseph's College; John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

,and a few nothing at all. Page 11.514.2What is a better idea? Try learning. Learning is something students do. It requirescompelling problems and well-designed laboratories, studios, workshops, and playingspaces. It demands strenuous efforts and experts to intercede with stories, admonitions,or principles when students fail, as they must, if they are to learn. Most of the learningthat results in the expertise of the practicing scientist, engineer, or poet is accomplishedthrough hands and minds on a task. Just think of the contrast between the activities ofapprentices in a workshop and the passivity of pupils in a lecture hall.If we refocus our

Conference Session

Recruiting and Retention

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Richardson, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

2003. 5 Funding was used to hire femaleadjunct faculty members teaching in the RIT ET programs to work two hours a weekfacilitating the formation of study groups. Funding is also available to hire peer tutors towork with these female students in the study groups, purchase laboratory kits for thestudents who participate in the study groups, and payment of their expenses to attend aregional conference of the Society of Women Engineers. The retention of womenstudents has improved some in the past three years and we found that students who leftET or RIT did so in the first two years of the program. 6Future DirectionsThe College of Applied Science and Technology (CAST) where the engineeringtechnology programs are housed has participated in all of

Conference Session

Faculty Development Toolkit

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University; Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University; Walter Bradley, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

in the state of Louisiana.Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University BILL ELMORE, Ph.D., P.E., is Associate Professor and Hunter Henry Chair, Mississippi State University. His teaching areas include the integrated freshman engineering and courses throughout the chemical engineering curriculum including unit operations laboratories and reactor design. His current research activities include engineering educational reform, enzyme-based catalytic reactions in micro-scale reactor systems, and bioengineering applied to renewable fuels and chemicals.Walter Bradley, Baylor University WALTER BRADLEY is a Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Baylor University. He has a B.S

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denny Davis, Washington State University; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Olakunle Harrison, Tuskegee University; Phillip Thompson, Seattle University; Michael Trevisan, Washington State University; Benjamin Mount, Washington State University

inputs,and receive from solution requirements an understanding that makes solution assets responsive tostakeholder needs. These four areas of design performance interact synergistically to provide arichness in engineering design performance that enhances development of both the learner andthe solution.Figure 1: Design conceptual model performance areas and interactions Page 11.34.7Capstone Design Course ModelCapstone engineering design courses are important laboratories for student learning of designand venues for the assessment of design achievement. Design projects serve as a catalyst forlearning in the course and as a source of evidence for a

Conference Session

Improving ME education: Broad Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado-Boulder; Derek Reamon, University of Colorado; Lawrence Carlson, University of Colorado-Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

taught Circuits and Electronics, Mechatronics, Component Design and the interdisciplinary First-Year Engineering Projects. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University. His foremost research interests include assessment of student learning, curriculum development and robotic controls.Lawrence Carlson, University of Colorado-Boulder LAWRENCE E. CARLSON is a founding co-director of the Integrated Teaching and Learning Laboratory and Program, as well as professor of mechanical engineering. He received his M.S. and D.Eng. degrees from the University of California at Berkeley. His primary educational passion is real-world design, and he spent his last sabbatical

Conference Session

Design Methods and Concepts

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paris von Lockette, Rowan University; Dom Acciani, Rowan University; Jennifer Courtney, Rowan University; Chenguang Diao, Rowan University; William Riddell, Rowan University; Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Roberta Harvey, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

incorporate feedback from this teaching of the courseand from the follow-on project to improve students' application and written communication ofparametric design techniques.1 J. A. Newell, D. K. Ludlow, and S. P. K. Sternberg, "Progressive development of oral and written communicationskills across and integrated laboratory sequence," Chemical Engineering Education, vol. 31, pp. 116-119, 1997. Page 11.281.122 D. K. Ludlow and K. H. Schulz, "Writing across the chemical engineering curriculum at the University of NorthDakota," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 83, pp. 161, 1994.3 N. Van Orden, "Is writing an effective way to learn

Conference Session

Simulation and Virtual Instrumentation in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Dangelo, Intel Corp.; Rajeswari Sundararajan, Arizona State University; Narciso Macia, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

National Fire and Protection Agency UL Underwriters Laboratory Inc. Table 3. Wire Color Examples Referencing IEC and UL Specifications Abbreviation Wire Color BLK Low Voltage Power Common

Conference Session

FPD4 -- Real-World Case Studies & Projects

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Yao, East Carolina University; Gene Dixon, East Carolina University; William Howard, East Carolina University; Ric Williams; Keith Williamson, East Carolina University; Geoffrey Dieck, East Carolina University; Steve McLawhorn, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

University (ECU),freshmen are introduced to engineering topics that include solid modeling, mechanicalengineering, electrical engineering, and design engineering. Robots inherently integrate all thesedisciplines. At ECU, student teams are used in a cohort learning environment to build robots.The robot building project serves as a platform for experiential learning in engineeringdisciplines and also serves to develop problem solving skills, interpersonal skills, and ethics. Arobotics competition is embedded into the introductory class work to increase levels ofparticipation, interest and challenge for the freshmen. During classroom and laboratory exercisesleading up to the competition, students build mobile robots to compete in a treasure-huntinggame

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Raymond Calluori, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Vladimir Briller, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Eugene Deess, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Kamal Joshi, New Jersey Institute of Technology

of offering meaningful laboratory experiences viathis mode of instruction. In spite of these misgivings, many studies have compared face-to-faceinstruction to distance learning instruction and found no significant differences2,3.This study compares software platforms (WebCT vs. WebBoard/other types e-communications),assesses the efficacy of TLT (Teaching, Learning, Technology) training and teaching technologyformats (multimedia only vs. text based only vs. a mixed format of multi-media and text) andtheir impact on learning outcomes (student performance and satisfaction with the course and theinstructor) at a large public research university with a reputation as a pioneer and leader ininformation technology and distance learning.Student

Conference Session

Design Projects in Wind and Solar Energy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Hazel, Rowan University; Peter Mark Jansson

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

,2:1, Winter 1998, pp. 6-7.[3] NJCEP Rebates http://www.njcep.com, New Jersey Clean Energy Program[4] NJCEP Solar Renewable Energy Certificates http://www.njcep.com/srec/index.html[5] NJCEP Solar Rebates through December 2005 http://www.njcep.com/html/res-installed/solar-install.html#s3[6] NJCEP Program Eligibility http://www.njcep.com/html/3_eligib_guide.html[7] Mesa Environmental Sciences[8] http://www.solarpathfinder.com, Solar Pathfinder Official Website[9] NFPA, “National Electric Code 2005”[10] Solar Radiation Data: http://www.nrel.gov, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Website as interpreted andsummarized by the New Jersey Clean Energy Program in their public presentations to consumers[11] G. A. Masters, “Renewable and Efficient

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Hill, University of Michigan; Dawn Tilbury, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

implementeddigitally. Although the typical undergraduate curriculum is crowded enough as it is, and studentshave the ability to learn how to deal with these difficulties through elective courses and graduatestudy, it is important that the students come away knowing that these subtleties exist and thatthere are techniques out there for dealing with them. Much of the advancement taking place incontrols education seeks to address these deficiencies through laboratory work and project-basedlearning.1 2 A specific area of control system design and analysis that even many advanced graduatestudents are unaware of is that of discrete event system (DES) control. Discrete event control isoften confused with digital control. Whereas digital control systems

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ross McCurdy, Ponaganset High School

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

School curriculum is ongoing and includes the development of a fuel cell curriculum,classroom “field” testing of fuel cell laboratory experiments, and consulting on fuel cellintegration in the classroom. Information has also been shared through an interactive web-basedfuel cell bulletin board. Furthermore, fuel cell demonstration performances have been sharedwith BPA, with highlights of the Protium performance at the Miami Fuel Cell Seminar currentlyavailable on the BPA website: www.bpa.gov/Energy/N/projects/fuel_cell/FuelCellVideos.shtml Media coverage of the Fuel Cell Education Initiative has been a major asset in sharing theresults of the program and has been instrumental in furthering the program itself. Articles on

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Beckman, University of Pittsburgh; Gena Kovalcik, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Robert Ries, University of Pittsburgh; Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh; Laura Schaefer, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

research using bothexperimentation and analysis methodologies. UNICAMP or in some cases an industry, non-governmental organization (NGO) or governmental partner will provide field laboratory space.3.4 Preparation for Study in BrazilExposure to international sustainability issues is an integral part of the proposed IGERTeducation program. In order for the IGERT Fellows to more effectively study, research and livein Brazil for an extended period of time, they will take three semesters of Brazilian Portuguese Page 11.331.8and a one semester IGERT seminar. The first two semesters of Portuguese will be existing five-credit courses that

Conference Session

Computing Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Price, DeVry University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

hypermedia system users are needed to maximize the usability,functionality, and success measures of adaptive hypermedia systems.Cognitive Styles: Definition, Models, and RelationshipsResearch on cognitive styles dates back to laboratory studies by Witkin et al. 10 with their ideasof field dependence-independence becoming one of the most widely studied dimensions of anindividual’s preferred and habitual approach to accepting, organizing, and representinginformation 14. Witkin et al. (1977) introduced the term cognitive style to describe the conceptthat “individuals consistently exhibit stylistic preferences for the ways in which they organizestimuli and construct meanings for themselves out of their experiences.” Witkin’s definition ofcognitive style

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Techniques in Mechanics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso; Arunkumar Pennathur; Elsa Villa, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

. Page 11.1280.2Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Support was also from the PACE program(www.PACEpartners.org) and the authors gratefully acknowledge their support.Introduction Student enrollment in the College of Engineering at the University of Texas El Paso is veryhealthy. With student demographics in excess of 70% Hispanics and large class sizes, UTEP isone of the largest producers of undergraduate Hispanic Engineers. UTEP graduates can be foundin the nation’s top graduate schools, in the upper echelons of the nation’s leading corporations, inNational Laboratories and as entrepreneurs. In