Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Svetlana Korotkova, University of Northern Iowa; Alan Czarnetzki, University of Northern Iowa; Keith McCready, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Professor of Meteorology Education: • Ph. D. Meteorology (1992), University of Wisconsin-Madison • M. S. Meteorology (1986), University of Wisconsin-Madison • B. S. Meteorology (1984), University of Wisconsin-Madison Research Interests: • Middle latitude cyclones (dynamic and synoptic meteorology) • Thunderstorm phenomena (mesoscale dynamics) • Air quality • Meteorological decision support systems that can be used by decision makers, planners, and emergency managers charged with protecting communities in the path of potentially adverse weather.Keith McCready , University of Northern Iowa Software Engineer, currently with Rockwell Collins, Inc. Education

Conference Session

FPD3 -- Professional Issues for First-Year Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sven Bilen, Pennsylvania State University; Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

11.1315.5Table 2. Type and Level of Assessment of OME over the Course of its Development. Phase Univ. & Term Pre-Course Post-Course Likert 5-pt Scale Open-Ended Questions I NU: F ’03-04 ~ √ ~ √ II PSU: S 2005 ~ √ √ √ III NU: F 2005 √ √ √ √Phase I, NU: In an effort to develop and improve public speaking, the Demo Minute2 wasinitiated at Northeastern University, which subsequently spawned what is now the OME. At theend of the

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom Roberts, Kansas State University; John Mingle, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

2006-1823: ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGING: CROSSING DOMAINSTom Roberts, Kansas State UniversityJohn Mingle, Kansas State University JOHN O. MINGLE, Ph.D., J.D. Emeritus Professor of Engineering, Kansas State University First started teaching chemical engineering in the late 1950’s and experienced significant changes in engineering education during the 1960 - 70’s. Obtained J.D. in the 80’s, retired from teaching nuclear engineering in the early 90’s and continues to practice patent law. Served as professor and advisor for co-author Roberts in the 60’s-70’s. Page 11.570.1© American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina; Beverlee Kissick, Kansas State University-Salina

President?s Council on Multicultural Affairs and the Tilford Group at Kansas State University at Manhattan. Beverlee is known for her presentations on Practical Humanities.Saeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina SAEED KHAN is an Associate Professor with the Electronic and Computer Engineering Technology program at Kansas State University at Salina. Dr. Khan received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Connecticut, in 1989 and 1994 respectively. He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1984. Khan, who joined KSU in 1998, teaches courses in telecommunications and digital

Conference Session

Use of Technology to Improve Teaching and Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margherita Landucci, Liceo Artistico Statale; Fabio Garganego, Municipality of Venice

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

into any meaningful parts.In contrast, the words trees, eating seem to be made up of two parts: the word tree, eat plusan additional element, -s (the ‘plural’) or –ing (the ‘past o present participe’). In the sameway our intuition tells us that the chemical word Fe can not be broken down into anymeaningful parts. In contrast, the word Fe(s) seems to be made up of two parts: the word Feplus an additional element (s), wich indicates the solid state of aggregation.Inflectional versus derivative morphemes‘Tree’, ‘eat’ and ‘Fe’ are called free morphemes; while ‘–s’, ‘-ing’ and ‘(s)’ are calledbound morphemes. Two or more morphemes in combination give a complex morpheme (acomplex word).Bound morphemes can be inflectional morphemes as in the above

Conference Session

ECET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Harding, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

interestedreader can download a sample lesson outline and associated PowerPoint slides.IntroductionFor the purpose of this paper, timing jitter is defined as “the phenomenon seen when a digitalwaveform’s transition appears before or after the expected time.”1 When jitter displaces thesignal’s transition so much that it happens in an adjacent clock cycle, the result is a data error onthe bus. Because of the high speeds and compact designs of today’s systems, jitter that used tobe negligible is now very significant, and can prevent a system from working correctly.1Today’s designers need the ability to analyze jitter, trace its root cause(s), and mitigate oreliminate the cause(s).In order to effectively analyze jitter, one must understand its nature, the

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kedmon Hungwe, Michigan Technological University; Seyed Zekavat, Michigan Technological University; Glen Archer, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

2 Male FemaleBasic digital systemsWomen with research experience background rated both Combinatorial Logic and SynchronousLogic marginally higher than those who did not except for women faculty who rated the topics lower. Page 11.664.9The results for males were the opposite, that is, research experience was associated with lower ratingsfor males (see Figure 5). F ig u re 5 : R e sp o n d e n ts w ith re se a rc h e x p e rie n c e : S y n ch ro n o u s L o g ic 2 .5

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Farrow, University of Tennessee-Martin

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

material properties and verify the results with known values ofpressure from the internet and/or canning facilities. Multiple brands of soda are analyzed and asingle factor ANOVA is performed to determine if soda brand has any effect on internalpressure. A demonstration of mounting strain gages is given by the instructor.Reports are due the week following the lab sessions. The instructor is usually able to providefeedback within a week after submission, and makes every effort to do so.Table 2 shows how the labs are related to the earlier-listed course topics. Table 2. Relation of Laboratory Experiences to Course Topics p => primary topic of lab s =>

Conference Session

Mechanical ET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Earley, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

software of the profile of a two dimensional plate cam. Figure 1 P r o b l e m 3 -4 6 s u m X --> A (8 . 8 4 ) + C ( 3 . 7 5 ) + B ( 1 3 ) = 2 5 . 5 9 s u m Y --> A ( 8 . 8 4 ) + C ( -6 . 5 ) + B (-7 . 5 ) = -5 . 1 6 R = s q r t (2 5 . 5 9 ^ 2 + 5 . 1 6 ^ 2 ) = 2 6 . 1 t h e t a = i n v t a n ( -5 . 1 6 / 2 5 . 5 9 ) = -1 1 . 4 d e g Page 11.1334.4 Figure 2

Conference Session

ECET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine Cooney, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Administration requirements, andeven taking attendance at schools. The compact size of the readers (the size of a text book),affordability of the tags (less than $1 each), and usability of the reader software makes this anideal technology for use in the teaching laboratory. Introducing RFID into the ECET curriculumserves two purposes: it teaches modern tools of the industry, and it gives a practical way to teachimportant radio frequency concepts.How RFID worksThere are four main components in an RFIDsystem: the interrogator or reader, the antenna(s)connected to interrogator, a computer interface,and the tag. (See Figure 1) The interrogator,antenna, and interface will all be part of aninstallation or a handheld system, while the tagwill be attached in

Conference Session

Improving ME education: Broad Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B.K. Hodge; Rogelio Luck, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the firstreservoir. A pump with a characteristic curve (increase in head versus the flow rate) W s= 403.33 − 0.127 ⋅ Q + 0.004362 ⋅ Q 2 − 0.00003911⋅ Q 3 for 0 < Q < 150 gpm (7)where Ws is in ft-lbf/lbm when Q is in gpm, is in the system. The system consists of 2000 ft ofschedule 40 nominal 3-inch commercial steel pipe. Minor losses total K = 1000 and C = 0. Findthe flow rate the pump will produce in the system.Solution:The unified approach solution is provided in Figure 3. Much of the contents of the figure arespecifying the system boundary conditions, the physical properties, the friction factorrepresentation, and the units. As with the other examples, the solution is accomplished in thesolve block. Prior to the solve

Conference Session

Innovative Lower Division Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Srikanth Pidugu, University of Arkansas-Little Rock; Swaminadham Midturi, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

2006-1668: EDUCATIONAL MODELS FOR ENERGY WORKFORCEDEVELOPMENTSrikanth Pidugu, University of Arkansas-Little RockSwaminadham Midturi, University of Arkansas-Little Rock Page 11.510.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 ASEE 2006-1668 Educational Models for Energy Workforce Development S. Midturi and S. B. Pidugu, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Department of Engineering Technology 2801 S. University Avenue Little

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehrdad Razavi, McFarland Clinic, University of Iowa; Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

of what MD need to know, and gives them a realistic perspective of the issues, in casethey would like to pursue studies in medicine.For future research, the author propose that Engineering and Medical curricula officials actuallysit together and formalize common classes (pathways) in their programs, which could lead toenhance collaboration and ease transition of students (and faculty) across programs anddepartments.References1. “Current trend of American medical education-the place of alternative medicine,”Chakraborty, J.; Elkatib, M.; Purohit, A.; Kalla, S.; Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1995 and 14thConference of the Biomedical Engineering Society of India. An International Meeting, Proceedings of the FirstRegional

Conference Session

Capstone Courses II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Mariano Savelski, Rowan University; Robert Hesketh, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

engineering solutions.Educational ApproachThe traditional and probably most common method of introducing aspects of green engineeringhas been through a senior and graduate level elective course on environmental engineering, withan emphasis on process treatment. Courses were developed that focus on methods to minimizeor prevent waste streams from existing chemical plants in the 1990’s. The educationalprogression mirrors the progression in industry. In industry initial efforts were applied to wastetreatment whereas current efforts are aimed at reducing the total volume of effluent treated aswell as the nature of the chemicals treated. Currently, many of the environmental and pollutionprevention courses have been replaced by courses in green engineering

Conference Session

Assessing Perceptions of Engineers and Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Cunningham, Museum of Science, Boston; Cathy Lachapelle, Museum of Science, Boston; Anna Lindgren-Streicher, Museum of Science, Boston

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

many years of teaching experience s/he had, the amount of time they spendteaching science, and their work and learning experiences with science, technology, andengineering. Page 11.528.2 Proceedings of the 2006 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2006, American Society for Engineering EducationAdditionally, we asked some of the teachers who completed the survey to complete twoinstruments that we had developed to measure students’ understandings of technology andengineering: the What is Engineering and What is Technology instruments [10] (see Appendix Afor copies

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denny Davis, Washington State University; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Olakunle Harrison, Tuskegee University; Phillip Thompson, Seattle University; Michael Trevisan, Washington State University; Benjamin Mount, Washington State University

set of institutions and disciplines offers potential for establishing validmeasures of design performance as well as a basis for benchmarking performance within andacross courses and institutions. The authors welcome feedback on the conceptual model to guiderefinement that will achieve greatest value to engineering students and educators.References1. National Research Council (2001). Knowing What Students Know: The Science and Design of Educational Assessment. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.2. Dym, C. L., A. M. Agogino, O. Eris, D. D. Frey, and L. J. Leifer. (2005). “Engineering Design Thinking, Teaching, and Learning.” Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1): 103- 120.3. Dutson, A. J., R. H. Todd, S. P. Magleby and C. D

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Techniques in Mechanics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ing-Chang Jong, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

vector is BB¦ ? L tan fs ? L ÇÉfs - 13 (fs )3 - 152 (fs )5 - 315 17 (fs )7 - ©©©Ú L fs (3) fl¦¦ can be taken as equal as fs › 0 in theIn Fig. 2, the lengths of the chord BB¦ and the arc BBlimit. Equation (3) shows that the magnitude of the compatible virtual displacement of point Bmay indeed be computed by using the radian measure formula in calculus; i.e., s ? rs (4)where s is the arc subtending an angle s (in radians) included by two radii of length r

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Stanfield, North Carolina A&T State University; Caroline Moineau, North Carolina A&T State University; Shona Morgan, North Carolina A&T State University; Silvanus Udoka, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Science from North Carolina A & T State University.Shona Morgan, North Carolina A&T State University Shona Morgan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Business Administration at North Carolina A&T State University. She received her B. S. from Spelman College, and M. S. and Ph. D. in Industrial Engineering from North Carolina State University.Silvanus Udoka, North Carolina A&T State University Silvanus J. Udoka is an Associate Professor with a joint appointment in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering and the Department Business Administration at North Carolina A&T State University. He received his B. S. from Weber State University, and M. S

Conference Session

Assessing Design Coursework

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Denny Davis, Washington State University; Phillip Thompson, Seattle University; Michael Trevisan, Washington State University; Olakunle Harrison, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

., Beyerlein, S., Thompson, P., and Harrison, Kunle. (2006) Evidence of Effective Formative Assessment in the Capstone Design Literature, Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference, Chicago, IL.3. Adams, R.S., J. Turns, and C.J. Atman. (2003). Educating Effective Engineering Designers: The Role of Reflective Practice. Design Studies 24: 275-294. Elsevier Science Ltd.4. Atman, C.J., J.R. Chimka, K.M. Bursic, and H.L. Nachtmann. (1999). A Comparison of Freshman and Senior Engineering Design Processes. Design Studies 20 131-152, Elsevier Science Ltd.5. Cardella, M.E., C.J. Atman, R.S. Adams, and J. Turns. (2002). Engineering Student Design Processes: Looking at Evaluation Practices

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Guevara, University of Puerto Rico; Ismael Pagan-Trinidad, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Didier Valdes-Diaz, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Eileen Pesantes, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Francisco Maldonado-Fortunet, University of Puerto Rico; Miguel Pando, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Page 11.743.15 S ampl e o f des ign • Beam Design Propiedades de los Elementos Estructurales para Diseño por Momento h b Astop Asbottom Varillas Varillas Descripción y Ubicación (in.) (in.) 2 (in. ) (in. ) 2 Top Bottom

Conference Session

Computed Simulation and Animation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Jacquot, University of Wyoming; Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Robert Kubichek, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Table 1 Data for a RG58A/U ___________________________________________________________ L’ = 2.5x10-7 H/m C’ = 1.01x10-10 F/m R’ = 0.028 Ω/m -14 G’ = 5.9x10 S/m L = 1000 m f = 3x105 Hz Vg = 10 /0° V ZL = 100 Ω Zg = 50 ΩFigure 2 illustrates the line voltage as a function of location on the line for twenty values of time.It is easy to note the attenuation of the voltage signal as it propagates down the line toward theload due to the lossy nature of the line. There are several ways of presenting the solution to thisproblem in addition to that of employing t as a parameter as in Figure 2. Figure 3

Conference Session

Computing Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bailey, Brigham Young University; Barry Lunt, Brigham Young University; Gordon Romney, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

scientists have a long tradition, continuing to the present, of lively debateconcerning the nature of their discipline.”2 The same could be said about each of theother disciplines discussed here. The approach used herein is to use the definitions asstated in the literature of the epochs examined.Computer ScienceComputers first began appearing in US universities in the 1930’s and early 40’s at MIT(differential analyzer), Harvard (Mark 1) and Penn (ENIAC and EDVAC). At first thesewere mechanical, followed by electro-mechanical, analog, and finally by digital as thecomputational research of the second world war filtered back into the universitylaboratories.3 It is interesting to note that academic departments devoted to the studies ofcomputers did not

Conference Session

Curriculum for Green Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natalie Becknell, Garver Engineers; Micah Hale, University of Arkansas; Seamus Freyne, University of Oklahoma; Stephan Durham, University of Arkansas; Anthony Lamanna, Tulane University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

reacting with products formed during thehydration of cement. Equations 1 and 2 show the hydration reactions of portland cement.Calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) is the major contributor to concrete strength. SCMs such asslag cement and fly ash contain amorphous silica (S) which reacts (Equation 3) with calciumhydroxide (CH) to form additional C-S-H thereby improving strength. The equations shownbelow are in ceramic notation. 2C3S + 11H → C-S-H + 3CH (1) 2C2S + 9H → C-S-H + CH (2) CH + S + H → C-S-H (3)In addition to improving hardened concrete properties, SCMs are also used to produce “green”structures. The force

Conference Session

Assessing Design Coursework

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martha Green, Texas A&M University; Parag Ravindran, Texas A&M University; Rita Caso, Texas A&M University; Jeffrey Froyd; Xiafeng Li, Texas A&M University; L. Alan Minnick, Texas A&M University; Ram Shukla, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

study was based. Results and conclusions expressedin this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of theBoeing Corporation.2) Assessment instruments used were significantly adapted from TIDEEDesign assessment tools. The authors are indebted to the inspiration and models providedby Denny C. Davis, TIDEE project director, Washington State University, PO Box646120, Pullman, WA 99164-6120. Phone: 509-335-7993.Email: davis@wsu.edu(For those who are interested in the actual assessment tools used in this study pleasecontact authors.)Bibliography1. Davis, D., Gentili, K.L., Trevisan, M., Calkins, D.(2002). Engineering Design Assessment Processes andScoring Scales for Program Imporvement and Accountability. Journal of

Conference Session

Outreach and Recruitment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Kuyath, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Deborah Sharer, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

toparticipate in the clubs and activities. To receive funding to support their club and activities, theclubs must consist of a minimum of 50% membership from students traditionallyunderrepresented in engineering10. Project monies are used to provide start-up materials to theclubs and an annual stipend of $1500 has been provided to each school for club sponsor(s).The Diversity in Engineering Technology Project is executed by the project PI on the UNCCharlotte campus, a key individual at each of the community college partners and the clubsponsor(s) at each of the high schools. Competition judges, mentors and support personnel havebeen university and community college faculty, staff and student volunteers, in addition to localmembers of industry and

Conference Session

NEW Lab Experiments in Materials Science

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Materials

as change of state. Electro- and magneto-rheological fluids, for example, canchange viscosity over many orders of magnitude upon application of an externalmagnetic or electric field. This change of state has the potential to revolutionize thecontrol aspects and responsiveness of hydraulic power transmission.Research during the 1960’s and 70’s was focused on devices such as: satellite antennas(NASA) that would unfold and expand when exposed to the heat of the sun; engines thatwould run on hot and cold water; automatic temperature-controlled greenhouse windows; Page 11.922.2and car fan clutches that would engage only when the engine warmed-up.One of the

Conference Session

Internet and Distributed Computing

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shelton Houston, University of Southern Mississippi; Christopher Herrod, University of Southern Mississippi; Steven Blesse, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

laboratories.Because of the small sample size, questions were limited to a small number that could beused to improve the learning experience for other students. Each survey question wasexplained to the students to eliminate confusion and allow students to provide an honestevaluation of their experience. For the convenience response, students were asked to ratethe user interface and their ability to access the remote server at any time. Equipmentaccess was related to their ability to schedule an equipment pod(s) needed for a Page 11.885.7laboratory exercise. The next question was directed toward the student reservationsystem, e.g. ability to reserve desired time(s

Conference Session

Back to Basics in Mechanics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Malmgren, University of Pittsburgh-Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

. Another distinct advantagewith CAD visualization involves being able to modify the problem. As an example, whathappens to the tension in the cables if the angles of cables A and B are increased or decreased?Can you visualize that from the picture?Another basic problem which would not intimidate a CAD novice involves EngineeringDynamics to include the mysterious “acceleration” term which tends to bewilder students. Theproblem focuses on determining the total acceleration of a sliding collar on a straight rod rotatingabout a vertical axis when the rod’s current position is at 45° as shown in Figure 2 on the left. Atthis instant, the point P on the collar has a outward velocity along the rod of 4 m/s (relative to therod as shown) when the distance

Conference Session

Design Projects in Wind and Solar Energy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Lakeou, University of the District of Columbia; Esther Ososanya, University of the District of Columbia; Ben Latigo, University of the District of Columbia; George Karanja, University of the District of Columbia; Wagdy Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia; Wilfried Oshumare, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Figure 4.The controller must interface with the DC motors through an H-Bridge structure. A complexprogrammable logic device (CPLD) feeds the H-Bridge with two signals, S for activating themotor and D for the direction of the rotor movement. The duration of the signal S is calculatedbased on the amount of rotation required for every angular step and on the gear ratio selected forthe gear motor, and the panel-to-motor transfer gear ratio.Initially, once the location is selected, the azimuth angle range is determined with a tilt angle θcalculator, and the angular step value is subsequently set. The total number of tilt steps is 12 (6 ineach direction) for covering the whole calendar year. During the course of the year, the arraywill be tilted

Conference Session

Approaches to Emerging Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence Boyer, St. Louis University; Dane Johnston, St. Louis University; Wesley Karmazin, St. Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

™ uses this theory over the entirety of an aircraft. By sectionalizing the fuselage, wings,tail, control surfaces, and other independent surfaces, individual forces are then calculated in realtime into a resultant force that is worked into a function of velocity to give an accurate real timeflight model.According to the creators, the software calculates its flight model using BEMT in the followingorder:a) Element Break-DownX-Plane™ breaks the wing(s), horizontal stabilizer, vertical stabilizer(s), and propeller(s) (ifequipped) down into a finite number of elements.b) Velocity DeterminationThe aircraft linear and angular velocities, along with the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical armsof each element are considered to find the velocity vector