Conference Session

Implementing the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norb Delatte, Cleveland State University; Paul Bosela, Cleveland State University; Kevin Rens, University of Colorado-Denver; Kenneth Carper, Washington State University; Kevin Sutterer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

assessment will be fed back into future workshops.At present, workshops are planned for 2007 and 2008. Rubrics for scoring case analyses werediscussed in the 2006 workshop as part of the assessment module. The case study binder is also being developed as a book through ASCE Press, with ananticipated publication date of late 2007. The book will roughly follow the Table 1 outline, withadditional cases developed.Summary and Conclusions Engineering failures have had a substantial impact on practice. The study of failure casescan improve civil engineering education and make it easier to include discussion of professionalpractice issues (as mandated by ABET and the ASCE BOK). A considerable amount of failure case study information is

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University

the students to explore how existing fatiguetheory might be modified to accommodate the effects. The overall results were positive. Manystudents asked insightful and relevant questions regarding the incorporation of shot-peen data.The students were less effective at developing a plan for creating a graphical output useful forthe client. They seemed either unwilling or had difficulty in placing themselves in the role of theclient, and had trouble understanding what they would want to aid in the design of shafts. Lastly,the exercise seemed to take the majority of students more than the three hours to complete. Page 12.668.8Because an overriding

Conference Session

Distance, Remote, and Virtual Experiments

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Yongjin Kwon, Drexel University; Shreepud Rauniar, Drexel University; Horacio Sosa, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

of this type of control, a batch processing requireshighly sophisticated PLC programming and engineering. Figure 7 shows the control circuits for integration of PLC sequence with a robot andmechanical systems for a simulated process through the Internet. The control is planned fora logical system by labeling inputs and outputs. The students have to make sure that thesequence programming is in agreement with the logical system and the required electriccircuit is connected with the interconnect wiring to the Yamaha RCX40 controller, as wellas the input and output modules. The material handling system uses a diaphragm-typevacuum cup as it provides large suction force for small suction volumes. The FESTOsuction cup, with a diameter of 15

Conference Session

Aspirational Visions of Civil Engineering in 2025 & Policy 465

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Evans, Bucknell University; Daniel Lynch, Dartmouth College; David Lange, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

educationaloutcomes closely followed those of ABET20007. Interestingly, prior to ABET2000,ABET criteria explicitly required the inclusion of ½ year of study of humanities andsocial sciences. The explicit requirement is no longer the case. ASCE is currentlyworking on revisions to the BOK and plans to publish a second edition to the BOK inearly 2008.As argued in the first portion of this paper, the technical component of the education offuture civil engineers needs to be supported by math, natural science, humanities andsocial science. Presented on Figure 1 is a graphic that attempts to capture this centralidea. Technical Depth Technical & Professional Breadth

Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Graphics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Priti Bhatnagar, Daniel Webster College; Christopher McInnis, Daniel Webster College; Chad Hebert, Daniel Webster College; Sonja Crowder, Daniel Webster College; David Guo, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

-world applications, and communication skills. Theformation of the CDIO Initiative was a response to feedback from industry surveys whichcommunicated that although today’s engineering graduates are technically competent, theygenerally need one to two years of additional training before they are ready to function asengineers. Some of the common weaknesses cited are communication skills, including graphics,the ability to work in teams, and design skills. This paper will present a plan for a five-semesterconcurrent engineering design sequence, as well as an expanded use of design experiences incore engineering courses. Students will present an aerodynamics CDIO project that enhancestheir understanding of the effect of planform shape on finite wing

Conference Session

Computer Education Management Tools

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard House, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Anneliese Watt, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Institute of Technology, currently serves as Technical Communication Course Coordinator. She teaches writing, public speaking, and humanities elective courses to engineering and science students. Her graduate work in rhetoric and literature was completed at Penn State, and her recent research often focuses on engineering and workplace communication.Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Julia M. Williams is the Executive Director of the Office of Institutional Research, Planning and Assessment & Professor of English at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. Her articles on writing assessment, electronic portfolios, and ABET have appeared in the IEEE Transactions on

Conference Session

Innovations for the Senior Year of the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Abdul Jalloh, Alabama A&M University; Ruben Rojas-Oviedo, Alabama A&M University; Mohamed Seif, Alabama A&M University; Amir Mobasher, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Fig. 4. Here, thehorizontal axis denotes the item numbers described in Table 7, and the vertical axis denotesthe average rating by the students. This feedback from the graduating engineers helps tomeasure the success of the design course in preparing the students to perform as a successfulmechanical engineer, and also tells about the areas which probably need more attention. FromFig. 4, it can be seen that, according to the student response the ME Capstone Design Coursewas very successful in training the students for Teamwork, Communication, etc, but probablyneed more work in Design for Safety, Environment, Project Management Tool, etc. In future,it is planned to conduct the same survey among the alumni working in different industries, tohave

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kris Mattila, Michigan Technological University; Ke Li, Michican Technological University; James Pocock, U.S. Air Force Academy

), “Construction Labor Motivation”, A-2, P5-9, Rep. of the Constr. Industry Cost Effectiveness Proj., New York.10. Maloney, William F., (1983) “Productivity Improvement: The Influence of Labor”, J. Constr., Engrg. And Mgmt., ASCE, Sep., 109(3), 321-334.11. Borcherding, John D. (1977). “Participative Decision Making in Construction”, J. Constr., Engrg. And Mgmt., ASCE, December, 103(CO4) 567-575.12. The Associated General Contractors of America, (1994), “Constrcuction Planning & Scheduling”, Pub. NO. 1107.1, P31, 2nd Printing, Alexandria, VA.13. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001–04. www.bartleby.com/65/. July 20, 2006..14. Rodda Chris (2001), “The law of diminishing (marginal) returns

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Ivey; Anna Lambert, University of Memphis

analysis ofKolb’s Learning Styles Inventory, and qualitative individual interviews with a sample of studentswho made the decision to leave engineering. Differences between retained and not retainedstudent scores in one of the combined scores from the Kolb Learning Style Inventory werestatistically significant for students majoring in Mechanical Engineering at The University ofMemphis. Retained students had a stronger preference for abstract conceptualization, whilestudents that were not retained preferred concrete experience. Future plans seek furtherexamination of these findings through refinement of the study instruments combined with repeatdata collection and expansion of the methodology to include data from three other engineeringinstitutions

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Miles, United States Military Academy; C.M. Chewar, United States Military Academy

subject. The plans for class instruction werereinforced through homework assignments and then tested on exams. Two multi-part projects(labs) involved applying various concepts learned in the class in a design fashion. It was atypical introductory course, in that the book presented problems which sometimes requireddesigning and implementing a solution, but which all had a definitive right answer that thestudents could shoot for. The two labs were larger problems that involved more effort from thestudents, but also had an approved solution that was non-negotiable. With the intention of concurrently redeveloping and teaching the course, we looked forimprovements that could be made to invoke a deeper learning experience. For the first half

Conference Session

Learning Needs and Educational Success

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Lin, North Dakota State University; G. Padmanabhan, North Dakota State University; Robert Pieri, North Dakota State University; Floyd Patterson, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

students isaddressed by frequent contact opportunities for the faculty through this and other components ofthe outreach program. The second factor is addressed by including hands-on activities in thelesson plans and providing opportunities for the students to work on exploratory projects and toparticipate in ongoing research projects. A companion paper in this conference specificallyaddresses this aspect (Lin et al. 2007). The third factor is addressed through individual or smallgroup mentoring. In fact the faculty team made every effort to do all that and has been successfulin retaining the students in the program and sustaining their interest in STEM areas.Some of the challenges we faced in the camp operation are discussed below. These are

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd Morton, Western Washington University

multiple memorymaps.In Western’s junior-level course, students are introduced to D-Bug12 resident on the target forthe first five labs. This simplifies the task of writing the programs and introduces them to asimple command-line resident debugger – a tool they are likely to encounter in industry. Thenonce they are introduced to the required startup code, they jump to using the D-Bug12 monitoron the POD. From that point, all of their labs are programmed into target flash and are essentiallyfinal products. As Freescale develops a better CodeWarrior interface with the new serial monitor,we plan on transitioning from the D-Bug12 POD to the serial monitor POD.Software Tools and Teaching MaterialsIn addition to the 9S12UB hardware, Freescale has done a

Conference Session

Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Lee, University of South Florida; Linda Nook, Riverview High School; William Massolio, Riverview High School; Robert Liming, Riverview High School; Nancy Smith, Riverview High School; Susan Pantling, Riverview High School; Rodeny Jones, Riverview High School; Jan Davis, RIverview High School; Judy Meksraitis, Riverview High School; Effa Beauette, Riverview High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

(plan to) attend college. Page 12.84.10 Table 2 School environment relationship to student=s VPA talent (Analysis addresses students with VPA talent only)PARENT SURVEY Total IB TE magnet Genera HSVPA students 48 27 (56.3%) 12 (25.0%) 9 (18.8%)VPA students/total 48/129 27/45 12/38 9/46students in program (37.2%) (60.0%) (31.6%) (19.6%)VPA activities occur mainly: At school 30(62.5%) Away from school 12 (25.0

Conference Session

Sustainability & Environmental Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sonya Quinn, University of Limerick; William Gaughran, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

are reached will have an encouragingimpact; these celebrations will involve the whole school and again bring positivepublicity and awareness to the issue of sustainability.Each school could set up their own action programme, which is suited to their school.An action programme should be part of a whole school process and implemented overa period of years not months. Students will need to see that the teachers, support staffand senior management are serious and committed to finding solutions and applyingnew strategies and supporting real changes for the long term.The definition of a strategy itself is, a long term plan of action designed to achieve aparticular goal. It is not something that can be achieved overnight; time and energymust be put

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to ME

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Corder, Lamar University; Jiang Zhou, Lamar University; Kendrick Aung, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

that the flat plate heat exchanger design is best thermalcontrol system for the Lunar Lander. The final magnesium ITCS flat plate heat exchangerdesign used ¼” ID connections with 0.10” wall thicknesses. The overall dimensions were3”x8”x2.32”. It had 21 plates and a total empty weight of 3.5 lbs.The final magnesium ETCS design is shown in Figure 1.2. It also utilized ¼” ID connectionswith 0.10” wall thicknesses. The overall dimensions were 3”x8”x1.64” and had 14 plates. Itweighed about 2.5 lbs while transferring 7.56 kW. Figure 1.2: Flat Plate ETCS Heat ExchangerThe team’s final report is provided on the Mechanical Engineering Department’s website.Design of the ETCS radiator is planned for the second senior design

Conference Session

Preparing Engineering Students for International Practice

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Korth, Brigham Young University; Owen Carlson, Brigham Young University; Mason Webster, Brigham Young University; C. Greg Jensen, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

. Currently he is working for ATL technology as a Global Product Developer.Mason Webster, Brigham Young University Mason Webster is a graduate of Brigham Young University with a BS in Mechanical Engineering. He is fluent in Mandarin Chinese and has completed two internships in China at a Lithium-ion battery manufacturing plant. Next year, he plans on attending graduate school to pursue a Master of Business Administration degree.C. Greg Jensen, Brigham Young University Dr. C. Greg Jensen is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Brigham Young University. He has also worked for Boeing, Lockheed, and United Technologies. His current research interests are in the area of integration

Conference Session

The Critical First Year in Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Budny, University of Pittsburgh; Alaine Allen, University of Pittsburgh; Jessica Quarcoo, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

that have changed or have beenreplaced [13]. The first year college adjustment embodies both a loss experience as well as anexciting set of new opportunities [14]. These changes can affect the students’ first yearexperience, including their performance in the classroom and their desire to stay in school. Theculminations of such experiences are recognized within three major areas of transition:Academic TransitionsThe first transition that many engineering students encounter is within the academic milieu,which is often compounded by the additional challenges these changes elicit. As a studentmoves from high school to college he/she is channeled through the high school highly structureddaily schedule of planned activities. Upon entering college

Conference Session

K-12 Programs (Co-sponsored by K-12 Division)

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Stwalley, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

major challenge of thismethod is providing consent from the parent and child.A significant difference of the presented results between now and what would have been seen adecade ago, is that boys and girls are both most interested in the major category of electronicsand are consistently not interested in household items. This should help individuals plan for whattechnical information can be highlighted in the elementary arena which will excite girls and stillhold interest to the boys within the classroom.AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to acknowledge the Flour Corporation for funding this research. Manythanks also go to Samia Twainy, an undergraduate in the School of Mechanical Engineering, fortransferring all the data from the surveys into

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Engineering Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron Newberry, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

and wireless plan for your needs, or even how to download ringtones ontoyour phone.In the end Bucciarelli determines that he has a pretty good understanding of how the telephoneworks in some of these senses, a more limited understanding in others, but is relatively cluelessas to the rest. So who has the complete understanding? “I can claim fairly confidently,” heconcludes, “that there is no single individual alone who knows how all the ingredients thatconstitute a telephone system work together to keep each of our phones functioning.” That is,there is no one who is technologically literate about telephones in any absolute andcomprehensive sense. Yet we all adapt them to our own needs and purposes.Another example of an engineer expressing

Conference Session

Practice/Partnership/Program Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Alahmad, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Matthew Pfannenstiel, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Douglas Alvine, Alvine Engineering; Clarence Waters, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

concepts they have acquired. The goal of thelab is to reinforce the material covered in the classroom and to develop an understanding ofbuilding power system design and effective production and design methods. At the beginning ofthe semester, the class is presented with preliminary plans for a building previously designed bythe industry professional dictating the lab. Students are then asked to complete a series of designtasks each week in the order they would occur in a professional environment. Each week thestudents are issued a set of drawings and necessary information to complete the task. They areasked to analyze, design and document their results and show their designs on the drawingsproviding all information pertinent to a practical and

Conference Session

EMD Curriculum Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Krizek, Northwestern University; Ahmad Hadavi, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

interest appeared in the trade magazines. Now we know Page 12.570.2 we need papers designed to advance the theory and practice of planned engineering construction among construction engineers; papers that will make better engineers by stimulating discussion based on valuable experience.”Interestingly, the second issue of the Journal, published in February of 1959, consisted of fivepapers about Engineering Education and the Construction Industry. In the 1950s, fiveuniversities developed programs in CE&M. By the mid-1990s, the master’s degree had becomereasonably widespread and about 40 to 50 universities were awarding this

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Howard Pearlman, Drexel University; Greg Biren, Rowan University; John Chen, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Ali Navvab, Gloucester County College; Anthony Marchese, Rowan University; Robert Sterner, Rowan University

introduced in these modules have been described and will be integrated throughoutthe engineering curriculum beginning in 2007. Plans for vertical integration include engineeringand health sciences core courses, laboratory courses, and advanced senior and graduate levelelective courses. In addition, a senior elective in “Engineering Principles in Sports” is beingdeveloped by faculty in Mechanical Engineering and Health and Exercise Science. Future workincludes some assessments of student learning and use in outreach programs for K-12 studentsand teachers.AcknowledgmentsFunding for this project was obtained from the National Science Foundation, Division ofUndergraduate Education (NSF DUE #0536307). The authors would like to thank students

Conference Session

Internet Delivery of Mechanics Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Boyle, Saint Mary's University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

instructor’s control. Ongoing and adequate emergency plans should be on hand to prevent a “house of cards” condition in the event of, for example, an unexpected server interruption.Effort, Reward and PotentialThis paper’s title promises revelations on these topics. Effort refers to the instructor’s labourcommitment, over and above that of a non electronically bundled course. Considerable front-endeffort makes an ePAC format worthwhile only if the format is to be used in a series of courses.Reward refers to benefits arising from features that are unique to an ePAC. Potential refers topossible development of the ePAC, with some of the improvements lying outside this author’scontrol. Effort Rewards/Achievements

Conference Session

Ethical Responsibilities of Engineers in the World of Corporate Business / Engineering and Poverty

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York-Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, 2002.20 Brian Deal, The Next Industrial Revolution: William McDonough, Michael Braungart and the Birth of the Sustainable Economy, Journal of the American Planning Association, January 1, 2004.21 Engineering Accreditation Criteria 2007-2008, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, http://www.abet.org/Linked%20Documents-UPDATE/Criteria%20and%20PP/A004%2007- 08%20Accredition%20Policy%20and%20Procedure%20Manual%2011-10-06.pdf Page 12.616.15

Conference Session

ChE: Innovations in undergraduate and graduate programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lale Yurttas, Texas A&M University; Zachry Kraus, Texas A&M University; Jeffrey Froyd, Texas A&M University; Jean Layne, Texas A&M University; Mahmoud El-Halwagi, Texas A&M University; Charles Glover, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

material. The pre-test might be especially valuable for studentswho are using the ICC for review. Students who are learning about applications of CoM for thefirst time may find the pre-test helpful in organizing their prior knowledge8 about the topic. Theweb site also displays a score for the student who takes the test and provides a chance to improvethis score after going through the topic notes, exercises, and examples in the ICC. Pre-testquestions are being revised and updated continuously. A future plan is to ask the students takingthe material and energy balances course in each semester to develop new concept questions andcontribute to the concept inventory. This technique is especially useful as the students oftenidentify a difficult concept

Conference Session

Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Jokar, Washington State University-Vancouver; Hakan Gurocak, Washington State University-Vancouver; Dave Kim, Washington State University-Vancouver; Xiaolin Chen, Washington State University-Vancouver; Hamid Rad, Washington State University-Vancouver

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

taking fundamental science and general education courses. The Mech 101 isthe only chance they can learn about their future department. An advantage of using multi-instructors in this freshmen course was that the students could get to know the faculty membersof the program in person and communicate with them closely.In order to let the freshmen get in touch with other students in the department, the HPV group ofthe ASME chapter was invited to the class to encourage them in joining the group. Some of theactive HPV members showed up in class with last year’s HPV entry. They presented the funaspects of the project and explained their plan for going to the competition again with a newvehicle this year. At the end of session, 15 freshmen registered as

Conference Session

FPD4 -- Hands-on & Real-World Studies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Bland, John Brown University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

funding from the U.S. Departmentof Education. The university core curriculum now requires every student to take at least onethree-hour global studies course in fulfilling degree requirements. The Department ofEngineering has embraced this activity and is working to incorporate global issues into coursesthat span the typical four-year course plan. This initiative is seen as an opportunity to Page 12.872.3significantly strengthen the engineering program, improve ABET outcomes, and furtherstrengthen ties with our liberal arts colleagues. For course purposes, globalization is defined asexposure to other cultures, understanding how problems are

Conference Session

New Models for Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Llewellyn Mann, University of Queensland; Gloria Dall'Alba, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, to analysis. Most importantly, the research should havea clear purpose, and all efforts should be planned around that purpose42. The research subjects areidentified in the planning stage of the research due to their relationship with the specific aspect ofthe world under consideration. They should also be selected to obtain as much variation in theirexperiences as possible, but still within the purpose of the study. Phenomenographic datacollection usually revolves around interviews51, which have an open ended format withinterviewees responding to an initial question or problem. “The researcher and researched mustbegin with some kind of (superficially) shared topic, verbalized in terms which they bothrecognize as meaningful”52(p299). The

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Smith, University of Arkansas; Waleed Al-Assadi, University of Missouri

, Synopsys, and Cadence), which areused in almost all U.S. universities. Note that the VHDL library is platform independent and istherefore already compatible with Synopsys.5.2 Future WorkThe authors are planning to expand upon this work through the following:1) Develop new educational modules focusing on additional asynchronous circuit topics, such that asynchronous circuit concepts can be incorporated into a larger variety of Computer Engineering courses.2) Develop semi-static VHDL, transistor-level, and physical-level libraries of fundamental Page 12.911.11 asynchronous components, such that students can easily compare asynchronous circuits

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dorin Patru, Rochester Institute of Technology; Daniel Phillips, Rochester Institute of Technology; Eric Peskin, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

concept of managing their time in a diligent manner oncethey have been given access to the facilities to work on their laboratory assignments in a muchless time-constrained fashion. Despite definite statements that indicate that the laboratoryassignments are analogous to conventional homework assignments, it usually takes one or twoweeks to realize that the assigned activities can not be accomplished within the confines of theassigned laboratory sessions. The students come to realize that additional time is necessary, notonly to execute the laboratory assignments, but just as importantly, to plan how they will beaccomplished, put together a well considered design of software, in the case of themicrocomputer course, or hardware, in the case of the