Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Engineering Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Tebbe, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Stewart Ross, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Brian Weninger, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Sharon Kvamme, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Jess Boardman, Minnesota State University-Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Engineers (ASHRAE).Stewart Ross, Minnesota State University-Mankato Stewart Ross is the founding Director for the Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning at Minnesota State University. He holds a Master’s Degree and Ph.D. in Music Education from Northwestern University. He is an active presenter at colleges round the country on “Integrated Course Design.” He was Director of Bands at the university for 21 years prior to his appointment in the Center.Brian Weninger, Minnesota State University-Mankato Brian Weninger is a graduating senior in the Mechanical Engineering program at Minnesota State University, Mankato. Following graduation he is pursuing a Master of Science degree at

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janice McCain, Howard University; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Dawn Williams, Howard University; Kimarie Engerman, University of the Virgin Islands

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Undergraduate Program grant designed to increase the number of underrepresented minorities who pursue degrees in engineering, mathematics, and science. She serves as the Principal Investigator of an NSF grant designed to study the post baccalaureate decisions of high achieving Black STEM students. She is also a 2005 Scholar at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.Dawn Williams, Howard University DAWN G. WILLIAMS is an Assistant Professor and Master's Program Coordinator in the Department of Educational Administration and Policy at Howard University. Dr. Williams serves as a faculty researcher for the Center for Advancement of Engineering Education. She is also the Co

Conference Session

Student Teams and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology; Daniel Ferguson, Illinois Institute of Technology; Rachel Wasserman, Illinois Institute of Technology IPRO Program

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

first time this semester. 4 Measuring teamworkis crucial if we are to evaluate the extent to which we are, in fact, developing teamwork skills,and to assess the impact of interventions designed to enhance teamwork skill learning. However,as Immekus et al. pointed out 2, the measurement of teamwork is especially challenging, sincethe sub-domains used to represent teamwork are inconsistent across studies, and most of theliterature on teamwork comes from industry-based rather than academic teams. Probably because effective teamwork is so important to workplace success, a good dealof research has focused on the personal qualities of team members, the kinds of interactionscharacterizing various types of teams, and the functional outcomes of

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Collura, University of New Haven; Samuel Daniels, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; W. David Harding, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Education, 2007 The Current Generation of Integrated Engineering Curriculum - Assessment After Two Years of ImplementationAbstractIn September of 2004 our university adopted the Multidisciplinary Engineering FoundationSpiral Curriculum as the basis for disciplinary engineering programs in Chemical, Civil,Electrical, Mechanical and General Engineering. The curriculum includes a sequence of firstand second year engineering courses, matched closely with the development of students’mathematical sophistication and analytical capabilities and integrated with course work in thesciences. Students develop a conceptual understanding of engineering basics in this series ofcourses which stress practical applications of these principles.The

Conference Session

Cognitive and Motivational Issues in Student Performance I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dawn Williams, Howard University; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Marcus Jones, Howard University; Ashley Griffin, Howard University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

is a graduate research assistant for the Center for Advancement of Engineering Education. His research interest include the academic achievement of African American males and the factors that influence attrition of engineering students.Ashley Griffin, Howard University ASHLEY GRIFFIN is a Developmental Psychology doctoral candidate at Howard University. Ashley is a former graduate research assistant for the Center for Advancement of Engineering Education. Her research interest include culturally relevant teaching practices and their impact on engagement, motivation, and performance surrounding African American students

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E. Bernard White, George Mason University

of issues that are fueling the need for non-traditionalprograms as well as approaches that some institutions are taking to address the changing needs.We examine how the pool of students available for various types of majors is affected byprogram requirements for more traditional majors and examine the impact that non-traditionalprograms and their degree requirements are having on this pool. We conclude with a summaryof some of the types of challenges and opportunities that will continue to present themselves toprogram designers and administrators.2. Reasons for Declining Student Interest in Engineering and Computer Science MajorsFewer high school graduates are selecting computer science and engineering majors for anumber of reasons

Conference Session

Computer Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xuefu Zhou, University of Cincinnati; James Everly, University of Cincinnati; Max Rabiee, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

) and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. His expertise and current research interests lie on wireless communications, wireless and mobile networks, cross-layer design for wireless networks, signal processing, DCS and SCADA systems. He is a member of IEEE and ASEE.James Everly, University of Cincinnati James O. Everly is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology at the University of Cincinnati. He received a BSEE and MSEE from The Ohio State University in 1969 and 1970, respectively. He is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a registered professional engineer in the state of Ohio. He is currently

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Part 2

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russell Korte, University Of Minnesota; Karl Smith, University of Minnesota

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

studyaddresses is to what extent student survey responses and focus group comments provide supportfor the presence of the best-practice factors in education. These factors include higher levels ofstudent interaction other students and with faculty, cooperative and active learning, usefulfeedback and guidance, and accommodation of diverse learning needs. This paper will presentthe views of students engaged in engineering education at this institution. In addition, we willpresent some implications for engineering education. We proceed with a brief overview of thestudy design.Study Design, Methods, and ImplementationThis study was an extension of the Academic Pathways Study (APS) developed by the Center forthe Advancement of Engineering Education (CAEE

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Mariasingam, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thomas Smith, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Gregory Moses, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

International

an aging population. A large percentage of the current trained and experienced workforce is due for retirement. 16Impact of global trends on the engineering enterpriseImpact on the nature of businessesGlobalization has changed the nature and character of businesses. Director 18 observes that 1)companies are employing engineers who are multi-national, geographically distributed, conductbusiness globally, and must deal with diverse business cultures and governmental regulations;and that 2) designs need to take account of both local and global cultural perspectives (e.g.environmental impact). He asserts that the impact of globalizations is that engineering practiceshave changed. These variations in engineering practice are due to

Conference Session

Manufacturing Education Curriculum II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Farrow, University of Tennessee-Martin

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

with concentrations incivil, electrical, industrial, and mechanical engineering disciplines. Implemented on a semesterschedule, the degree program consists of a 50-hour core curriculum for all concentrations, 51hours of general education requirements, and 27 hours of concentration-specific upper divisioncurricula, including 9 hours of electives. Thus, the degree comprises 128 credit hours. Passingthe NCEES Fundamentals of Engineering Exam is a further requirement for graduation. Thereare approximately 250 students and ten full-time-equivalent faculty members.Need for CourseTo provide wider educational breadth for upper division mechanical and industrial concentrationstudents, engineering department faculty in those concentration areas

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane Brown; Devlin Montfort; Kip Findley

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

increased effect on engineering faculty. Itwould be a significant finding to describe even one passing student with an insufficientconceptual understanding of stress.Although high-performing students were chosen to increase the impact of the study’sfindings, it is important to emphasize that any students could have been selected for thepurposes of this research. It is not assumed that these three students represent anypopulation other than themselves. It had been induced from theory that very few studentsin any class would have a conceptual understanding of stress states, so case studies wereundertaken with the goal of finding and describing their particular understanding andapproach to solving problems.Possible threats to internal validity

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Zoltowski, Purdue University; William Oakes, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Engineering’s Bernard M. Gordon Prize and the 2004 NSPE Engineering Education Excellence Award. He is a past-chair of the ASEE IL/IN Section, and board member of Freshman Programs and Educational Research Methods Divisions. Page 12.488.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Developing an Understanding of Instructors’ Design Learning Philosophies in a Service-Learning ContextIntroductionEngineering design involves the creation of an artifact which impacts and becomes a part of theworld. Although design is generally considered an essential activity

Conference Session

IE Program Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Jackson, East Carolina University; Sherion Jackson, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

Technology and Computer Scienceincorporating best practices into the development of these courses in order to avoid impedinginnovation in Web-based learning and meet the highest standard with in courses .10 As stated, theB.S.I.T. program is a 2+2 undergraduate program aligning with AAS degree of the NCCCS andproviding high-quality content. The learning module design paradigm as it addresses the growingdemand through the scalability inherent in the proposed model, is a framework which willaddress innovation and embrace anytime, anywhere, any pace learning. Once developed, these modules will be used to create other offerings for specific targetmarkets within North Carolina and outside the state. Additionally, these cost projectionspresented to

Conference Session

FPD3 -- Professional Issues for First-Year Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Rebecca Damron, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2007-1744: ARE FRESHMAN ENGINEERING STUDENTS ABLE TO THINKAND WRITE CRITICALLY?Karen High, Oklahoma State University KAREN HIGH earned her B.S. from the University of Michigan in 1985 and her M.S. in 1988 and Ph.D. in 1991 from the Pennsylvania State University. Dr. High is an Associate Professor in the School of Chemical Engineering at Oklahoma State University where she has been since 1991. Her main research interests are Sustainable Process Design, Industrial Catalysis, and Multicriteria Decision Making. Other scholarly activities include enhancing creativity in engineering practice and teaching science to education professionals. Dr. High is a trainer for Project Lead the Way pre

Conference Session

IE Program Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Batson, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

Page 12.102.8(g) an ability to communicate effectively(h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context(i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning(j) a knowledge of contemporary issues(k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.The six letters (l) - (q) refer to the following six outcomes, which are unique abilities to be foundin every graduate of the University of Alabama B.S.I.E. program:(l) an ability to understand the human components of a system(m) an ability to apply statistical process control and continuous improvement tools(n

Conference Session

Who Should Teach the BOK

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

curriculahave been based largely on an “engineering science” model, referred to as the “Grinter Model”,in which engineering is taught only after a solid basis in science and mathematics(1) .Theresulting engineering graduates were perceived by industry and academia, at the time, as being“ill-prepared” for the practice. Despite steps taken to remedy the situation, through greaterindustry-academia collaboration; both design faculty and design practitioners argue that furtherimprovements are necessary. Design faculty across the country and across a range of educational Page 12.92.2institutions still feel that the leaders of engineering schools( deans

Conference Session

Capstone Design & Project Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne Walter, Rochester Institute of Technology; Jeffrey Webb, Rochester Institute of Technology; Mark Smith, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth DeBartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology; Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology; George Slack, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, thinking as part of a team, and thinking and communicating inseveral “languages” of design. Fry12 has also discussed the importance of “design thinking” inengineering education and underscores the value of multidisciplinary teams. Until designpractices are fully integrated into engineering curricula, capstone design programs will bear asubstantial burden to better prepare undergraduates for careers that inevitably emphasize the“practice” of design.At RIT, the infusion of multidisciplinary design into the curriculum represents a strategicimperative for the KGCOE. Without strong top-down commitment, the likelihood of making anoticeable impact on the broader challenge outlined above seems remote. In addition to theMSD program discussed in this paper

Conference Session

Who Should Teach the BOK

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randel Dymond, Virginia Tech; Howell Simmons, Paciulli, Simmons & Associates; Derrick Cave, Kimley-Horn Assoc.; Robert Jansen, KB Home

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

preparation of site plans; paving, grading, drainage, and utility plans; stormwater management design; sanitary sewer lift station design; and off-site improvements. In addition, Derrick is one of Kimley-Horn’s regional practice coordinators within the firm’s Wal-Mart development program. Derrick has a BS in Civil Engineering from Virginia Tech.Robert Jansen, KB Home Robert F. Jansen is Vice President of Land Development for the Mid Atlantic Division of KB Home. He is responsible for overseeing all entitlement and land development activities for all of KB Home’s communities throughout the Mid Atlantic area. Bob has spent 26 years in the field of Land Development. Upon graduation from Virginia

Conference Session

Retention Programs for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helene Finger, California Polytechnic State University; Tracy Van Houten, University of Southern California; Barbara Curry, California Polytechnic State University; Jennifer Harris, United Parcel Service; Malia Francisco, United Parcel Service; Betsy Sale, United Parcel Service

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Ph.D. in Economics and Operations Research from the Colorado School of Mines. Her research has primarily focused on retention of female engineering students, including her dissertation entitled, “Female Retention In Undergraduate Engineering Majors: The Effects Of Individual Characteristics, Career Characteristics, And Demand Discrimination”.Jennifer Harris, United Parcel Service Jennifer Harris graduated from Cal Poly in 2003, receiving a B.S. in Industrial Engineering and a M.S. in Engineering with a Specialization in Integrated Technology Management. She served for five years on the SWE Executive Council at Cal Poly including serving as President in 2001-2002. Ms. Harris is currently

Conference Session

The Challenges of Tech Transfer

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmo D'Cruz, Florida Tech; Dr. Shoaib Shaikh, Nothrup Grumman Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

network of laboratories and technical expertise, andaccess to investment by university foundations.All the above mentioned research findings and other issues and environmental factors wereconsidered when designing the engineering entrepreneurship programs at Florida Tech.Additionally, leading entrepreneurship programs in the country were benchmarked and the bestpractices were adopted.25, 26, 27, 28, 29Why Systems Engineering Entrepreneurship?Henry Ford can be considered a pioneer in the field of Systems Engineering Entrepreneurship. In1902, the initial investors forced Henry Ford out of the Henry Ford Company they hadestablished to manufacture the car that Henry had designed. They wanted to manufacture smallquantities of expensive cars for the

Conference Session

ChE: Innovations in Student Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent Young, University of Auckland; Robert Kirkpatrick, University of Auckland; William Svrcek, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. (1962) and Ph.D. (1967) degrees in Chemical Engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton. Dr. Svrcek’s teaching and research interests centre on process control and design. He is a registered professional engineer in Alberta and Ontario and is actively involved in research with industry. Page 12.581.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Effective Teaching and Learning in Chemical Process Engineering Design1. IntroductionBefore the age of electronic calculators, mainframe or personal computers, engineers coulddesign many of the structures and

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering and Pre-College Outreach Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kauser Jahan, Rowan University; Kathleen Sernak, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2007-1125: ENGINEERING CLINICS FOR TEACHERSKauser Jahan, Rowan University Kauser Jahan is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rowan University. She completed her Ph.D. studies in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis in 1993. After completion of her graduate studies, she worked as an environmental engineer for the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP). Her research interests include bioremediation of contaminated groundwater and soils; the fate and transport of pollutants in the environment; and applied microbiology in environmental engineering. She is also actively involved in encouraging

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Sheryl Sorby, Michigan Technological University; Dana Johnson, Michigan Technological University; Kris Mattila, Michigan Technological University; John Sutherland, Michigan Technological University

, manufacturability, and sustainability (d) An ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams (e) An ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems (f) An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) An ability to communicate effectively (h) The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context (i) A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning (j) A knowledge of contemporary issues (k) An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice (l) An ability to use engineering judgment to make decisions relating

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders: Programs Involving Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Richard Devon, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

studying the changes inpopulation, human resource flows (migration), the changing distribution of design andmanufacturing/construction work, urbanization, diseases, resource management, environmentaldegradation, economic integration, knowledge dissemination, information technology,biotechnology, nanotechnology, conflict, and governance.2 Therefore, the best way to conciliateboth pro and against positions is to understand the unavoidable changes and take the necessarysteps in minimizing their impact in the society.These rapid changes in the world entail a change in the role of engineers in the global economyand, as a consequence, in the engineering education. There is an increasing perception of theneed to educate competent engineers for the global

Conference Session

Design Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Farris, Grand Valley State University; Paul Lane, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

determine, with confidence, how much potentialcustomers in the target market would expect to pay for a machine that produced the freshestpossible coffee at home by roasting, grinding and brewing green coffee beans. A new productmarketing class that tackled this challenge also discovered that the potential customers valuedthe connection to the coffee farmers as much as the machine’s ability to produce the freshestpossible coffee. This insight, as well as other information produced by additional business classprojects, will have a significant impact on the next iteration of the design of the coffee machine.IterationWhen the results of the focused projects are received, new student teams are charged withcritically reviewing the new information and

Conference Session

Critical Success Factors for Technopolis Creation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmo D'Cruz, Florida Tech; Frank Kinney, Florida Tech; Vaidy Vaidyanathan; Tom O'Neal, University of Central Florida; Clifford Bragdon, Florida Tech; Dennis Kulonda, Florida Tech; Grisselle Centeno, University of South Florida; Jose Zayas-Castro, University of South Florida; Lynda Weatherman, Space Caost EDC

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

universities and colleges, plans to dramaticallyreduce this problem by methodical research and facilitation of best practices for technologytransfer and commercialization leveraging a unique educational program in experientialentrepreneurship and technology commercialization.SCION Objectives:The SCION Partnership objectives are to:1) Develop education and experiential entrepreneurship programs to promote technologycommercialization and entrepreneurship awareness2) Increase the number of technology entrepreneurs and high tech entrepreneurial start-ups in theSpace Coast Region3) Methodically research the effectiveness and organizational impact of the “EngineeringEntrepreneurship” program and workshops on the participants, their organizations, local

Conference Session

Meeting ABET Requirements

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

availability precludeoffering ME Lab each semester. Another concern is that the students’ major lab experienceoccurs in what is usually the last semester of their academic career. Recently, Baylor Universityhas increased its emphasis on faculty research. With the current curriculum, students are nottruly prepared to support the research initiatives until they graduate. This has prompted a seriesof discussions about shifting the lab experience to the sophomore year. Students would then bebetter prepared for future laboratory and research experiences. A one credit hour fluids/thermolab would occur in the fall of the senior year leaving the spring semester of the senior year totake the capstone design course. Schedule changes are being considered and

Conference Session

Introductory Materials Science for the 21st Century

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Kitto, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

, and a new student research group was formed.This paper describes the exercises and demonstrations that have been used in our IntroductoryMaterials Engineering course that have stimulated enthusiasm for materials engineering and havecontributed to measurable enhancements to the course. The paper also describes those activitiesthat might be transferred to other types of institutions to accomplish materials awareness andexcitement. Specific materials science properties as they relate to stringed instrument design aregiven so that others adapt them for their own use. In addition, this paper contains acomprehensive literature search of the materials science aspect of musical instrument design tomake it easier for others to adapt the ideas

Conference Session

Undergraduate Spacecraft Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Smetana, University of Michigan; Suzanne Lessack, University of Michigan; Thomas Liu, University of Michigan; Rebecca Wind, University of Michigan; William Woelk, University of Michigan; Theresa Biehle, University of Michigan; Laura Dionisio, Loyola Marymount University; Rafael Ramos, University of Michigan; Nathaniel Gallaher, University of Michigan; Katie Thorne, Michigan Technological University; Brian Gilchrist, University of Michigan; Peter Washabaugh, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Machining team, a TSSIT team member workeddirectly with them as the TSSIT representative. This reduced the lead time for machining theparts, since questions that arose during the fabrication and assembly process could be promptlyanswered. The relationship also benefited the C-9 project in that the Machining team’s memberswere able to suggest improvements that contributed to the final design of the end masses. TheMachining team made use of the equipment available in the Wilson Student Project Center,including Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines, lathes, drill presses, and assorted sawsand hand tools, to complete the fabrication of hardware for flight.3.2.4 Summer research studentsAs part of the Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU

Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

included in this category are: an understanding ofprofessional and ethical responsibility; an ability to communicate effectively; the broadeducation necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic,environmental, and societal context; a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage inlife-long learning; and a knowledge of contemporary issues. In addition, ASCE advocates theadoption of the Body of Knowledge (BOK) by civil engineering programs, which includesadditional “soft” outcomes on public policy and leadership. How to insure students are obtainingthese outcomes is obviously program specific and many programs struggle with how to includethese outcomes in an already “packed” technical curriculum. As such