Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeff Wiegley, California State University-Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-2097: DEVELOPMENT OF ENGAGING PROJECTS FOR EMBEDDEDAPPLICATIONSJeff Wiegley, California State University-Northridge Page 13.430.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Development of Engaging Projects for Embedded ApplicationsAbstractIn response to results from assessment activities and the growing industrial de-mand for small, portable embedded devices, CSU Northridge added a course inEmbedded Applications to its Computer Science undergraduate and graduate cur-riculum in 2004. The purpose of the course is to cover theoretical and practicaltopics that address the unique challenges that small, low cost, specialized hardwarepresents to software engineers. Course

Conference Session

Mobile Robots in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Reed, Louisiana Tech University; Taylor Creekbaum, Louisiana Tech University; Matthew Elliott, Louisiana Tech University; David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Davis Harbour, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-2360: UTILIZING ROBOTICS TO FACILITATE PROJECT-BASEDLEARNING: A STUDENT PERSPECTIVEAnthony Reed, Louisiana Tech University Anthony Reed is a sophomore at Louisiana Tech University majoring in biomedical engineering. He graduated from a residential high school in Louisiana and plans to pursue a career in medicine after graduating.Taylor Creekbaum, Louisiana Tech University Taylor Creekbaum is a sophomore at Louisiana Tech University majoring in biomedical engineering. He graduated from the same residential high school as Anthony Reed, and he has a special interest in computer applications.Matthew Elliott, Louisiana Tech University Matthew Elliott is a freshman at Louisiana Tech

Conference Session

Computer Simulation and Animation I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Black, American University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-2818: A PROCESSOR DESIGN PROJECT FOR A FIRST COURSE INCOMPUTER ORGANIZATIONMichael Black, American University Page 13.86.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 A Processor Design Project for a First Course in Computer OrganizationAbstractAlthough many of today’s students are savvy computer users, paradoxically they often findcomputer design abstract and difficult to visualize. To make the material more tangible, we havedeveloped a novel three part term project that requires students to develop and simulate their ownprocessor. Students work in teams to devise and encode their own instruction set, design adatapath and

Conference Session

Computer Education Management Tools II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Hadgraft, The University of Melbourne

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-1332: COMPUTER-AIDED LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT: THENATURAL PARTNER FOR PROJECT-BASED LEARNINGRoger Hadgraft, The University of Melbourne Roger Hadgraft is a civil engineer with more than 15 years involvement in engineering education research. He has published many papers on engineering education, with a particular focus on problem/project-based learning and the use of technology to support learning in this way. He was instrumental in introducing a project-based curriculum into civil engineering at Monash University, commencing in 1998. From 2002-6, his work at RMIT was in curriculum renewal to embed graduate capabilities, specifically through a stream of project-based courses/subjects, one

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-142: INTEGRATION IMAGE ANALYSIS PROJECTS IN ANINTRODUCTORY COMPUTATIONAL METHODS COURSE USING MATLABSOFTWARE ENVIRONMENTAbhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland Eastern Shore Abhijit Nagchaudhuri is currently a Professor in the Department of Engineering and Aviation Sciences at University of Maryland Eastern Shore. Prior to joining UMES he worked in Turabo University in San Juan , PR as well as Duke University in Durham North Carolina as Assistant Professor and Research Assistant Professor, respectively. Dr. Nagchaudhuri is a member of ASME, SME and ASEE professional societies and is actively involved in teaching and research in the fields of engineering mechanics, robotics

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Craig, North Carolina State University; Lisa Bullard, North Carolina State University; Jeff Joines, North Carolina State University; Tom Miller, North Carolina State University; Carolyn Miller, North Carolina State University; Dianne Raubenheimer; George Rouskas, North Carolina State University; Larry Silverberg, North Carolina State University; Eric Wiebe, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

computing in their education. This premise served as the basis for a projectfunded by the National Science Foundation CISE Pathways to Revitalized UndergraduateComputing Education (CPATH) initiative in 2007. The project is being carried out by theauthors comprised of a multidisciplinary team of faculty from six departments in the College ofEngineering and one from the College of Education at NC State University.The project has two overarching goals: (1) create a computational thinking thread in theengineering curriculum that spans from the freshman to senior years and bridges the dividebetween freshman year computing and computing in upper-level classes, and (2) enable studentsto take computing competency to the next level, where they are able to

Conference Session

Educational Software

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sam Shearman, National Instruments; Erik Luther, National Instruments; Ed Doering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

other types of multimedia that augment learningwith content that is interactive, engaging, and readily available. Lectures, in-class demos, andlaboratory projects for the Rose-Hulman ECE481 music synthesis and audio signal processingcourse, have been deployed as a set of learning modules hosted on Connexions(http://www.cnx.org), encouraging free distribution, customization, and localization of thecontent. The course materials include “screencasts” – narrated videos of computer screenactivity. The screencasts embody the theoretical exposition with handwriting, diagrams, andanimations drawn on a tablet device, and also demonstrate LabVIEW programming techniquesto implement the concepts. In addition, downloadable LabVIEW simulations (VIs) offer

Conference Session

Hardware Descriptive Language Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harry Franz, University of Houston-Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. The LabVIEW software is used for both the design and simulation of fire alarmlogic systems. In addition, the students use Honeywell commercial fire alarm control processorsto perform practical system setup programming for vendor specific applications. The focus ofthis paper is on the programmable logic control teaching techniques that are used in the ENGR-1403 course and the respective student exercise and project workThe students in the ENGR-1403 course have various levels of experience and academicbackgrounds. Students in the course often have experience in the installation or maintenance offire alarm systems. Typically the preponderance of the class students does not have a significantamount of experience using programmable logic. While

Conference Session

Computer Education Management Tools II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Raubenheimer, North Carolina State University; Rebecca Brent, Education Designs Inc.; Jeff Joines, North Carolina State University; Amy Craig, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Education, 2008 Integration of Computer-Based Problem Solving into Engineering CurriculaAbstractThe primary objectives of this engineering project are (1) to examine how to develop students’problem solving and computational skills early in their program of study and (2) to furtherenhance these skills by building upon critical computing concepts semester after semester. Theproject is a component of NC State University’s quality enhancement plan, which focuses on theuse of technology in enhancing student learning. The project stems from new introductorycomputer-based modeling courses that were created in two engineering departments, and hasexpanded to include other departments. We give an overview of the

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Holden, California Maritime Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-1513: THE UBIQUITOUS MICROCONTROLLER IN MECHANICALENGINEERING: MEASUREMENT SYSTEMSMichael Holden, California Maritime Academy Michael Holden teaches in the department of Mechanical Engineering at the California State University Maritime Academy. Page 13.1275.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 The Ubiquitous Microcontroller in Mechanical Engineering: Measurement SystemsIntroductionThis paper will describe a project aimed at integrating microcontrollers in several classesthroughout the mechanical engineering curriculum at the California State University MaritimeAcademy (CMA). The goal is to give our

Conference Session

Computer Simulation and Animation I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Essam Zaneldin, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne; Suleiman Ashur, Indiana University - Purdue University Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

designed for each project to beused for estimating and control purposes.Ickert and Huston4 developed a spreadsheet that can be used to analyze multiple solutions forengineering problems efficiently and accurately, and to produce graphs that convey the solutionto the end users. Thiriez5 developed several spreadsheets as educational tools for students. Oneexample is to use the drawing capabilities of Excel to represent decision trees and where window Page 13.1356.2switching and macros allow the educator to animate his presentation. Another example presentedby Thiriez5 is the use of Excel in dynamic programming, deterministic or stochastic, where

Conference Session

Mobile Robots in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Chad Hager, University of Wyoming; Mike Yurkoski, University of Wyoming; Robert Lewis, University of Wyoming; Matthew Jespersen, University of Wyoming; Zachary Ruble, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

years we have used student designed and developed laboratory equipmentwith great success. Typically a student team will design and fabricate a prototype of anext –generation piece of laboratory equipment. Other students are then hired tofabricate multiple production run pieces of the equipment. Student developed laboratoryequipment solves two challenging problems confronting most engineering programs: 1)the need to update laboratory exercises and equipment without adequate funds and 2)satisfying Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) requirements fora major design experience within the curriculum. In this paper we will briefly reviewprevious projects completed such as a Motorola HC12 microcontroller based teachingplatform, a

Conference Session

Computer Education Management Tools II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Bowman, Clemson University; Elizabeth Stephan, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Her education includes a B.S. in Bioengineering from the University of Vermont, and M.S. and Ph.D.degrees in Bioengineering from Clemson University. Page 13.642.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 GEO: A Web-based Event Registration and Communication ToolAbstractThe first-year engineering courses at Clemson University involve various out-of-classrequirements, such as departmental tours, exams, team projects, and presentations. Enrollmentin the first semester course typically exceeds 850 students, and the number of students who canattend any single out-of-class event has physical and logistical

Conference Session

Re-Imagining the Higher Ed Classroom -- Tablet PCs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vinod Lohani, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Ricky Castles, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Aditya Johri, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Dewey Spangler, Virginia Western Community College; David Kibler, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Page 13.203.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Analysis of Tablet PC Based Learning Experiences in Freshman to Junior Level Engineering CoursesAbstractVirginia Tech announced a Tablet PC initiative for its engineering program in summer 2006. Infall 2006 Tablet based in and out of class activities were implemented in the freshmanengineering program. In fall 2007, Tablet based instruction activities were implemented in upperlevel engineering courses. Typical examples of Tablet based instruction included electronic notetaking, use of inking features to review homework solutions, completing skeleton PowerPointslides, and setting up online collaboration sessions to do group design project and problemsolving

Conference Session

Web-Based Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Quweider, The University of Texas at Brownsville; Fitra Khan, U of Texas at Brownsville; Juan Iglesias, The University of Texas at Brownsville

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

primary goal of this infrastructure is toenhance the existing curriculum in the undergraduate level by providing a state-of-the-artenvironment, isolated from the university campus network, in which Computer and InformationSciences (CIS) students can get hands on experience in areas such as Networking, Ad HocComputing, Wireless and Mobile Networking, Operating Systems, Image and Video Processing,Computer Vision and Distributed Processing.The involved faculty, joined by top selected students, went through three distinct phases increating the networking and distributed processing lab (NDPL): design and setup, specificationand implementation, and integration into CIS curriculum. The design phase of the project relatesto setting up the physical and

Conference Session

Computer Simulation and Animation II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Avanzato, Pennsylvania State University, Abington Campus

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

initiatives in Second Life, and thethird goal was to evaluate the challenges of utilizing Second Life with students from an Page 13.1067.2instructor’s perspective.This class of 14, first-semester, traditionally-aged students represented a variety ofmajors, including science, information sciences and technology (IST), engineering,computer science, business and physical therapy. None of the students had any priorexperience with Second Life virtual worlds. The course, entitled “Information, People,and Technology,” explores the nature of digital technologies and their impact on society.The 15-week, project-based course comprised of 3 modules: podcasting and

Conference Session

Computer Education Management Tools I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sabina Jeschke, University of Stuttgart; Olivier Pfeiffer, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Thomas Richter, University of Stuttgart

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

University of Stuttgart. Additionally, she holds a co-professorship at the TU Berlin, in particular targeted towards the co-ordination of the design of new curricula in technology-oriented studies and the coordination of several eLearning and eResearch projects.Olivier Pfeiffer, Technische Universitaet Berlin Olivier Pfeiffer received his M.Sc. in Mathematics at the Berlin University of Technology in 2002. His thesis in numerical mathematics investigated “Error Control using Adaptive Methods for Elliptic Control Problems in Matlab”. He has been working in several eLearning projects at the TU Berlin, beginning as a student assistant in the Mumie project - a platform using new

Conference Session

Hardware Descriptive Language Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Han-Way Huang, Minnesota State University-Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

program execution process. From there, studentslearn to locate the source of errors.Programming style is another area that deserves a lot of attention. By following certainguidelines, many syntax errors can be avoided while at the same time programs becomemore readable and extensible. Students were taught to write reusable code. They weretaught to convert common operations into functions and group them into files so that theycould be included in other projects and be reused.The choice of microcontroller to teach in an embedded system course is also important.There are several microcontroller families with good development tools and demo boardssupport. We have taught the Freescale HCS12, Microchip PIC18, and Silicon LaboratoryC8051 in the embedded

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mathieu Desnoyers, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal; Michel Dagenais, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-1339: TEACHING REAL OPERATING SYSTEMS WITH THE LTTNGKERNEL TRACERMathieu Desnoyers, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal Mathieu Desnoyers is the maintainer of the Linux Trace Toolkit (LTT) project since November 2005, taking over the development with the new LTTNG. He is the author of Linux Trace Toolkit Next Generation (LTTNG) and the main developer of Linux Trace Toolkit Viewer (LTTV) since the project started in 2003. He did an internship at the IBM Research T.J. Watson Research Center in 2006 where he applied tracing in commercial scale-out systems. In 2007, he did an internship at Google, where he integrated ideas from Google ktrace into LTTng to merge themin a single project. He

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Bradshaw, U.S. Naval Academy; Jack Nicholson, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-755: THE INERTIAL NAVIGATION UNIT: TEACHING NAVIGATIONPRINCIPLES USING A CUSTOM DESIGNED SENSOR PACKAGEJoe Bradshaw, U.S. Naval Academy Electronics Technician at the US Naval Academy for the Weapons and Systems Engineering Department for 7 years. Design special hardware and develop software for projects and labs.Jack Nicholson, U.S. Naval Academy Page 13.1241.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 The Inertial Navigation Unit: Teaching Navigation Principles using a Custom Designed Sensor PackageAbstractThis paper describes the application

Conference Session

Re-Imagining the Higher Ed Classroom -- Tablet PCs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliot Moore, Georgia Institute of Technology; Monson Hayes, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

at four different universities. Oneof the primary initiatives at GTS is to develop a blueprint for building a campus that utilizescomputer-based technology to enhance the effectiveness of education in synchronous DLenvironments (i.e., live classroom instruction transmitted to remote sites).This paper describes how Tablet PCs installed with Dyknow Vision software are being used inclassrooms at GTS to improve student learning in a distributed learning environment. The TabletPC is an attractive technology for use in synchronous distributed learning environments becauseof its mobility, and its ability to not only serve as an effective note taking device but also as ahigh-resolution course content viewing device. In this project, the instructor

Conference Session

Web-Based Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ece Yaprak, Wayne State University; Karen Tonso, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

1999 Mary Catherine Ellwein Outstanding Dissertation Award (Qualitative Research Methodology) and the 1998 Selma Greenberg Distinguished Dissertation Award (Research on Women and Education) from the American Educational Research Association. She received the 2006 Distinguished Paper Award for her article “Engineer Identity” from Cultural Studies of Education. She is currently the PI of ESCALATE: Engineering & Science Careers in Academia, Learning from ADVANCE and Translating Effectively, an NSF ADVANCE-PAID Project. Address: #319 Education, 5425 Gullen Mall, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, 313-577-1764 (v), 313-577-5235 (f), ag7246@wayne.edu

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Bishop, U.S. Naval Academy; Joel Esposito, U.S. Naval Academy; Jenelle Piepmeier, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

walkingrobot.The projects discussed in this paper have the following set of objectives. 1) To introduce and explore methods for locomotion other than wheels and tracks. 2) To demonstrate the methodology for both structural design and gait synthesis in articulation-based locomotion. 3) To demonstrate a methodology for extrapolating biological locomotion methods to robotic systems.The metrics for success in these endeavors involve measurement of the performance of thestudents’ designs as well as evaluation of the insight generated during the exercise. As such, allprojects receive a performance grade separate from the report grade, wherein students maymitigate some of the poor performance of the system through careful exposition and

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Richardson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-2928: EVALUATING DEVELOPMENT BOARDS FOR LABORATORYBASED EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER COURSES: A FORMALEVALUATION MATRIXJeffrey Richardson, Purdue University Jeffrey J. Richardson is an Assistant Professor for the Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Department at Purdue University where he teaches introductory and advanced embedded microcontroller courses as well as project development and management courses. At Purdue, he is active in the recruitment and retention of students, applied research and has written several conference papers related to teaching embedded microcontroller systems

Conference Session

Computer Simulation and Animation II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Chandler, Rochester Institute of Technology; James Vallino, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

controllers for simplified Hardware-in-the-Loop plants such as a digital servo motor. Designing controllers for complex physical plants isdifficult due to prohibitive costs or the risk of accidents caused by faulty controllers. Thesedifficulties can be overcome if a simulator replaces the hardware-in-the-loop physical plant.We designed and implemented the Control System Plant Simulator (CSPS) as a flexibleframework for simulating plant models in control system implementation projects. Theframework allows the user to model continuous and discrete plants defined as transfer functionsor systems of state-space equations. This paper describes the design of the CSPS framework byhighlighting the expansion and modification flexibility it provides with its

Conference Session

Hardware Descriptive Language Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Hill, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

presented in steps, with increasing levels of focus.First interrupts can be presented from an abstract point of view using a text book such asTanenbaum1. Next, the nod4 architecture provides a more deductive approach, wherestudents can study an example assembly language program that uses interrupts. The nod4project8 is a resource and many of the documents also include homework questions.Finally, students can study an actual implementation of nod4 and see all the fine detail,clock cycle by clock cycle, showing exactly how interrupts are invoked.The nod4 Microprocessor ArchitectureThe name nod4, pronounced "node four" refers to a computer architecture developed foruse in undergraduate projects involving computer architecture. The author7 provides

Conference Session

Re-Imagining the Higher Ed Classroom -- Tablet PCs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camilla Saviz, University of the Pacific; Abel Fernandez, University of the Pacific; Ken Hughes, Unversity of the Pacific; Megan Kalend, University of the Pacific; Cherian Mathews, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

waslocated in the room, and power cords could easily be accessed, if needed.Both the students’ and the instructor’s impression of the Tablet PCs' usefulness in this particularsituation was generally favorable. Previously, students would either have to take notes from thePowerPoint slides projected while trying to follow the instruction, or they printed hard copies ofthe PowerPoint slides and took notes on them. Tablet PCs allowed students to do both thingssimultaneously.Only two disadvantages were noted while using the Tablet PCs in this course, one logistical, andthe other, possibly inherent to students’ use of computers in a classroom. First, occasionalreliability issues with the wireless network would cause a student to lose connectivity and so

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Hill, University of Hartford; Akram Abu-aisheh, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

laboratory settings,as well as in independent projects. The toolkit is being used with students during the spring 2008semester. Preliminary results will be available for the 2008 ASEE convention and alldocumentation for the toolkit is freely available on the project website1.IntroductionOptical fiber technology provides very high quality data communications over great distances.With the growing and now common use of optical fiber in industry and high-end consumerelectronics, the use of optical fiber should be more widely taught. For this purpose we aredeveloping an educational optical fiber data communications toolkit that provides students withthe means to investigate the physical layer in such a network. We first used the toolkit duringthe spring

Conference Session

Hardware Descriptive Language Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Hill, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

settings to introduce students to the fundamentals of engineering. In some cases,students are provided with a kit that allows them to experience the process of building the robotas well as the design and programming aspects.Our project uses the advantages of both approaches to target multiple audiences. Each of thefollowing groups will benefit from the various types of interaction that are possible, rangingfrom graduate students participating in design and prototyping to high school students observinga control system demonstration. The toolkit is ideal for addressing different levels of interest andinvolvement. The possible audiences include: 1. High school students interested in engineering 2. University or community college technology

Conference Session

Re-Imagining the Higher Ed Classroom -- Tablet PCs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dewey Spangler, Virginia Western Community College; Kimberly Filer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-547: IMPLEMENTATION OF TABLET PC TECHNOLOGY IN ME 2024 -ENGINEERING DESIGN AND ECONOMICS AT VIRGINIA TECHDewey Spangler, Virginia Western Community College Dewey Spangler is an instructor in the department of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Tech. Mr. Spangler holds an M.S. in Civil Engineering and a P.E. license in the Commonwealth of Virginia. He has served as faculty advisor to over two hundred mechanical engineering sophomores in the area of product design and has taught over the last nine years in the areas of physics, engineering mechanics, object oriented programming, geographical information systems, engineering economics, project management, product design, and contract law. His