Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Golanbari, University of the Pacific; Rick Garlikov, Garlikov.Com

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

communications,and senior capstone design project courses, teaching laboratories and projects helpedimprove student participation, got the students actively involved and excited about theprojects and the material being taught, motivated the students to better master coursecontent and taught the students to learn to think and reason more clearly, accurately,relevantly, logically, rationally, ethically and responsibly.This paper discusses how the judicious, sensible and affable use of the Socratic Methodin the aforementioned educational settings facilitated the development of students whoare learning to possess the basic skills of thought and reasoning such as the ability to:identify, formulate and clarify questions; gather relevant data; identify key

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

therewas nothing to be done inside the classroom. Another exhortation is to give an additionalassignment grade free to every student if the class achieves an Evaluation Fill-In Rate above aspecified level. Many of us, including those who have decided to ignore the “Evaluation” andsuch other beauty contests, remain rather skeptical about the ethics behind such moves.Symptoms of The AilmentAnecdotal evidence suggests that there is a problem, with employers cited as grumbling that theyno longer could be sure of what they were getting when they hired a student with a given GPA.A senior professor was recently overheard telling his teaching assistant about his policy on

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nina Dahlmann, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Maria Elsner, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Sabina Jeschke, University of Stuttgart; Nicole Natho, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Olivier Pfeiffer, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Christian Schroeder, Technische Universitaet Berlin

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

-technical subjects. In the bachelor program, students acquire necessaryknowledge and familiarize with methods for the solution of problems in natural sciences. Thisideally enables them to transfer this knowledge to practice and creates the basis for continuingeducational studies on a higher level (master programs).Particularly we intend to teach the following social skills and cross-technical competencies: • Ability for “lifelong learning” • Analysis of problems and development of problem solution concepts • Inclusion of social, scientific, gender-specific and ethical points of view in action and decision strategies • Interdisciplinary and inter cultural communication skills and capacity for teamwork • Presentation skills

Conference Session

Applications of Engineering Economy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Robertson, Arizona State University; Michael Kozicki, Arizona State University; Slobodan Petrovic, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

, environment, ethical applications and warranty have to evolve and be met. It is a long slow process to establish the required track record in these areas but if they are not met, the technology will not progress to successful maturity 4.These three constraints are a formidable ‘catch-22’ that is rarely featured in technical Page 13.234.3papers and even less in degree programs. However, most of today’s high-impacttechnologies had to overcome similar challenges 5. The important message for studentsand technology executives alike is that innovation does not stop when the papersdescribing the original concept have been published. The typical

Conference Session

Software Engineering Course Content

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

6: An understanding of Evaluation Tools: CD, HE professional and ethical Assessed Tasks: Collaborative problem solving, Role responsibilities. plays, Inspection meeting, Pair programming. Assessment: 100% of the class scored 80% or more Outcome 7: An ability to Evaluation Tools: CD, PD, HE, RP communicate effectively. Assessed Tasks: Class participation, Project report and presentation, Role Plays, Inspection meetings, Pair programming, Research paper analysis. Assessment

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University; John Harb, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University; Chelita Pate, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

understanding regarding learning versus “seeing the sights.”We decided in 2008 to augment this program with a program of our own in Europe. This newprogram is being patterned after the successful China program. We think a more structuredprogram and a greater emphasis on the academic purpose for being in Europe will result in betterachievement of objectives.RomaniaThe program in Romania was an extended field trip format. Students were invited to Romania tomake presentations to Romanian engineering students on engineering ethics. While there, theyalso toured major construction sites. Seven students participated. We are unsure of the long termoutlook for this program; however, a similar invitation has been extended for a student group thiscoming year in

Conference Session

Public Engineering of Engineering, K12 Standards, and Overview

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Welty, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Linda Katehi, University of Illinois; Greg Pearson, National Academy of Engineering; Michael Feder, National Research Council

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

review of the materials uncovered isolated instances where someform of analysis was used to define and clarify the problem, to make informed design decisions,or to predict and assess performance. For example, in several curriculum projects, students areasked to manipulate and test variables to discover patterns that can be used to inform or optimizea design. This form of inquiry was very evident in A World in Motion, City Technology,Engineering is Elementary, and the Material World Modules. However, analysis was rarely areoccurring theme throughout a design process.Another concept that was considered to be an integral part of engineering was constraints. Anyattention given to the physical, economical, political, social, ethical, aesthetic, and

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry Cumbie, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University; P.K. Raju, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

stakeholders represented in thesampled population. For instance, an important limitation of adoption of disaster recovery wasthat data are dispersed across a network of stakeholders. Condominium owners and theinsurance industry were identified as part of the stakeholder network but were not represented inthe data of this study.This research addresses what are critical data and information should be backed up by thecommunity but does not address issues regarding how this should be done. Many technical andsocial issues abound including any ethical implications of developing such a system, that is, eventhough much of the information is public record, should it be made freely accessible on a website. Another question is what formats (e.g. portable

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Ciaraldi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David Cyganski, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Michael Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Michael Demetriou; Fred Looft; William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Bradley Miller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Eben Cobb, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Lance Schachterle, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kenneth Stafford, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Yiming Rong, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Gretar Tryggvason, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; James Van de Ven, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

leadership roles in the industry. Thus,the program objectives are to educate men and women to: • Have a basic understanding of the fundamentals of Computer Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Systems Engineering. • Apply these abstract concepts and practical skills to design and construct robots and robotic systems for diverse applications. • Have the imagination to see how robotics can be used to improve society and the entrepreneurial background and spirit to make their ideas become reality. • Demonstrate the ethical behavior and standards expected of responsible professionals functioning in a diverse society.Thus, the program tackles head-on the challenges of providing

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lynita Newswander, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

it to meet the needs of students at anumber of levels. In a journal club, “[a]t its best, the larger scientific community reinforces and extends the development of scientific values that is the most important product of graduate education. Through its various activities and discussions, members of the [journal club] express a set of standards for the quality of scientific inquiry, for what constitutes an interesting problem, for … rigor, and for ethical … behavior that becomes the foundation for a future…career.”9 Page 13.822.3We suggest that the same benefits may be found in engineering journal clubs

Conference Session

Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Programs and Program Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Green, University of Maryland; Georgina Johnston, University of Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

measurement system. 1. Mission: To foster an entrepreneurial spirit, create a sense of community and cooperation, and develop ethical leaders. 2. Vision: To unify and invigorate campus entrepreneurial efforts by creating a multidisciplinary environment where students can develop into the business leaders of tomorrow who will infuse the economy through thriving new ventures 3. Goals: To prepare select University of Maryland undergraduates for entry into the entrepreneurial community by developing their entrepreneurial mindsets and functional skill sets to succeed as leaders. 4. Activities: (1) Living – Residence within the Program and community building activities (social & philanthropic) to connect and engage

Conference Session

Challenges of CE Education in a Global World

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ressler, United States Military Academy; C. Conley; Richard Gash, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

language—English, French, German,or Turkish—with over half of the cadets in a typical class taking English. The remaining 15courses constitute a major in one of four academic disciplines—civil engineering, informationtechnology, law and political science, or English. Each major provides for the development ofintellectual depth in a subject area deemed to be of importance to the future of Afghanistan. CADET BASIC TRAINING Afghan, Regional, Information Pre-Calculus & Ethics, Moral Intro to the Military1 Foreign Language Composition & Islamic Culture Technology Modeling Theory & Islam

Conference Session

1553 FPD3 - Computer & Programming Tools in First Year Instruction

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jess Everett, Rowan University; John Chen, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

150-minute laboratory session each week. Students from all four disciplines are mixed insections of approximately 20 students each. The course serves as both an introduction to collegeand an introduction to engineering. Lectures focus on survival skills and other topics importantto freshman engineers, such as note taking, problem solving, engineering estimation, significantfigures, professionalism and ethics. Approximately eight of the laboratory sessions are devotedto open-ended project-based learning used to reinforce lecture topics. The rest are used forexams, to view and discuss videos, etc.Freshman Clinic I is additionally designated as a “Rowan Seminar” course. Rowan Seminarclasses are university-wide courses designed to help freshmen

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part Three

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thorsten Wagener, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

positiveimpact on student learning due to the closer link between the course material and real-worldexamples.IntroductionHydrology has evolved from a mainly problem driven, applied engineering discipline to one ofthe building blocks of the geosciences and environmental sciences. Hydrology deals withwatersheds (or units at other scales) as complex environmental systems without losing its focuson real world applications. The complexity of hydrologic investigations has increased over timebecause of the necessary inclusion of chemical and biological aspects of the hydrological cycleto address topics such as water quality and ecosystem function, as well as a need for awarenessfor social and ethical issues related to water. At the same time, climate and land

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margot Vigeant, Bucknell University; James Maneval, Bucknell University; Michael Prince, Bucknell University; Michael Hanyak, Bucknell University; William Snyder, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, incorporating economics, process simulation, control, Proceedings of the 2008 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2008, American Society for Engineering Educationtransport, material and energy balances, thermodynamics, safety, and ethics (among otherelements). Due to the scope and scale of these projects, they are generally completedthrough calculation and simulation only.Senior design at Bucknell University is a two-semester sequence composed of two four-credit courses. In this paper, we describe how we moved from the traditional seniordesign sequence, in which both semesters focused on a single simulation-based design ofa styrene plant for a simulated company to one

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Gattis, University of Arkansas; Shannon Davis, University of Arkansas; Bryan Hill, University of Arkansas; Patricia Kirkwood, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

facing the engineering community totake advantage of the untapped talent among underrepresented ethic minorities and highlights thefact that these groups remain overlooked by current recruitment and retention approachesemployed by universities.This paper introduces the Engineering Career Awareness Program (ECAP) at the University ofArkansas. This program is an engineering diversity recruitment-to-graduation initiative toincrease the number of underrepresented students entering and graduating from engineeringdisciplines. This program combines several piloted and proven recruitment and retentionstrategies into one cohesive program to recruit and retain minority students. The recruitmentstrategy is grounded in the education of students previously

Conference Session

Gender & Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Thompson, Purdue University; Pamela Turner, Purdue University EPICS; William Oakes, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

engineering stereotypes were nowgone. Another said, “My views/ideas of engineering have changed as far as seeing howwe can offer engineering as a social responsible career option”.When participants were asked after the workshop if they thought that, based on theirstudents’ culture, race, and/or ethic identities in their classroom and school, studentswould find EPICS relevant, responses were that they hoped EPICS would open theirstudents’ eyes and blur ethnic boundaries. While one participant felt these things made nodifference, another felt EPICS was very relevant because their culture is their community. Page 13.1162.5School modelsHigh schools are

Conference Session

Educating Graduates in Engineering for a Flat World

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Douglas Matson, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

International

fulfills EngineeringCriteria 2000 (EC 2000) established by Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology(ABET) effectively and efficiently, while adding a unique dimension to engineering education.ABET EC 2000 set forth the following requirements for engineering universities: (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as analyze and interpret data (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs (d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Ruhala, University of Southern Indiana; Laura Ruhala, University of Southern Indiana; Eric Sprouls, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

education activity class Fall Semester Î Second Year Spr ing Semester Î Second YearENGR 107 Î Introduction to Engineering ENGR 108 Î Introduction to DesignMATH 330 Î Calculus II PHYS 206 Î Intermediate Physics IIPHYS 205 Î Intermediate Physics I MATH 335 Î Calculus IIIENG 201 Î Rhetoric & Composition I Ethics/Philosophy General Education Course Fall Semester Î Thir d Year Spr ing Semester Î Thir d YearENGR 235 Î Statics ENGR 255 Î Electrical Circuits (w lab)ENGR 225 Î Thermodynamics ENGR 275 Î DynamicsCHEM 261 Î General Chemistry MATH 433 Î

Conference Session

Mentoring

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terri Camesano, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David DiBiasio, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kristen Billiar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Marsha Rolle, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Susan Zhou, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

week for students to learn about topicsincluding career choices, balancing work and family issues, graduate school applications,funding for graduate school, ethics in bioengineering research, use of statistics, writing, and oralpresentations. During a two-week period within the REU program, the undergraduate studentsbecame mentors to middle-school girls for the Bio-Discovery Program. Some training wasprovided on how students learn and how to present material to this age group. This training wasprovided by numerous individuals, including Prof. DiBiasio, who is an expert in experience-based learning and in engineering pedagogy, and staff members from the Office of Counselingand Development and the Office of Women’s Programs at WPI. The main

Conference Session

Issues in the Professional Practice of Faculty Members in Civil Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Rose, University of Pittsburgh -Johnstown; Norman Voigt, Penn State, New Kensington

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

courses may occasionally occur.Engineering courses with technical content and significant writing assignments can beperceived as working the students too hard for the credits earned. This may come fromother faculty as well as from the students themselves. Additionally, many full-timefaculty involved in significant research or other activities may have difficulty finding timefor arranging field trips and planning and grading writing assignments. Thus adjunctfaculty requiring more work from students than full-time research faculty may bepenalized on student evaluations and in relationships with the full-time faculty. It istherefore best to understand the work ethic of the students and the culture of thedepartment and plan course content and

Conference Session

Best Practices in Aerospace Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Hannigan, Mississippi State University; Keith Koenig, Mississippi State University; Lorenzo Coley, Mississippi State University; Christopher Hamm, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

shall: 1. Demonstrate a good understanding of mathematics, basic physical sciences, and engineering sciences. 2. Show proficiency in the use of analytical and problem-solving skills. 3. Be able to apply their design skills. 4. Be proficient in written, oral, and graphic communication. 5. Demonstrate an appreciation for the arts, humanities, and social sciences. 6. Conduct themselves ethically and professionally, and exhibit personal integrity and responsibility in their actions. 7. Be able to work in a multi-disciplinary team environment, and lead when necessary to accomplish a given mission. 8. Appreciate the need for lifelong learning.Program Outcomes:Our Program Outcomes are linked to the

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vukica Jovanovic, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mileta Tomovic, Purdue University; Richard Mark French, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. To integrate critical and systematic approaches in design analysis and innovative methods in product development; to understand business considerations needed to produce products with superior quality. 2. To develop the ability to employ state-of-the-art technology in product and process development. 3. To develop skills to support product realization, including communications, technical writing, and customer needs analysis. 4. To learn independently and continuously as a lifelong learner, and to work effectively in a global team environment. 5. To develop awareness of professional ethics and social responsibilities to develop methods necessary to achieve quality.2. The Current Stage of the ProjectThe

Conference Session

Best Practices in Aerospace Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristi Shryock, Texas A&M University; Helen Reed, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

(d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems Page 13.995.3 (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering

Conference Session

Accreditation and Assessment Concerns in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thuy Nguyen, University of Texas at Austin; Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas at Austin; William O'Brien, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

is built upon thedevelopmental models established by William Perry and Douglas Heath in the 1960s. It definesthe developmental progress of a learner in five stages from low to high levels of intellectualdevelopment: Functional and Perceptual Knowledge, Multi-Tasking, Synthetic Awareness,Competence, and Multi-Dimensional. Five skills or literacies under consideration can beassessed against these scales to determine an individual’s current status of knowledge; these are:Information/Computer Literacy, Interactions Literacy, Values Literacy, Ethical Literacy, andReflective Literacy. Our baseline technology skills assessment tool is built upon the concepts ofLanger and Knefelkamp’s model. However, we modified the specific definitions of

Conference Session

Capstone Design III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed El-Sayed, Kettering University; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, consistency, ethical, and professional demeanor in engineering practice and relationships b. Embraces and employs appropriate professional codes, standards, and regulations c. Engages with engineering professionals and organizations to support excellence in engineering practice d. Demonstrates citizenship through service to society on local, national and/or global scales e. Brings responsible engineering perspectives to global and societal issuesCreating an engineering capstone courseCreating a program or a course starts with a vision. In this vision, the program or the course

Conference Session

Impact Student Success

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Communications, Digital SignalProcessing, Image Processing, RF and Microwaves, Mechatronics and Control and Microelectronicsand Nanotechnology.The core of the Masters degree Electrical Engineering program is the following sets of courses: Fourcourses in Applied Mathematics (8 units), One course in Digital Systems (Logic Design orSynthesis) (2 units), One course in Electromagnetics (2 units), One course in Electronics (2 units),One course in Electric Modern Networks (2 units), One course in Control Systems (2 units) and Onecourse in Applied Ethics (or Professional Practice) (2 units).Out of a 45 units required for graduation, this MSEE core takes up 20 units. The original intent wasto ensure a breadth of knowledge of electrical engineering at the

Conference Session

STEM Pipeline: Pre-College to Post-Baccalaureate

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Healy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lynn Rathbun, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

for the E.U.The need for a skilled workforce to meet this challenge has been highlighted in two recentreports: Innovate America4 and Engineering Research and America’s Future: Meeting theChallenges of a Global Economy5 which stress the critical importance of technologicalinnovation in U.S. competitiveness, productivity, and economic growth. Nanotechnology is seenas one of these technologically important fields and as noted in Innovate America,“nanotechnology could impact the production of virtually every human-made object.” The NNIcontinues to recognize the importance of education through increased allocations to the NSFbudget. NSF’s budget for education, ethical, legal, and social issues has increased from $29.1million in 2005 to $33.4

Conference Session

Accreditation and Assessment Concerns in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nirmala Gnanapragasam, Seattle University; Katie Kuder, Seattle University; Dragovich Jefferey, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

) Hydraulics & Hydrologic Systems (4)Ethics (4) Legal & Professional Aspects (2)Fluid Mechanics (8) Soil Mechanics & Foundation Design (4)Mathematics (15) Structural Analysis (4)Statics (8) Engineering Surveying (4)Mechanics of Materials (8) Water Purification & Treatment (4)a Fall quarter simulates the FE morning examination; winter quarter simulates FECivil Engineering afternoon examinationThe morning section of the FE examination covers a broad array of topics outsidethe civil engineering discipline, including, electrical circuits, material science andthermodynamics. Similarly, the afternoon section of the FE (civil engineering)examination covers topics other than

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer - I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Kean, California Polytechnic State University; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; Tamara Moore, University Of Minnesota; Barbara Olds, Colorado School of Mines; Eric Hamilton, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

-solving strategies from studentsin mathematics classes, but have now been expanded to other disciplines including ethics andengineering science2,3.Through a collaborative, large-scale National Science Foundation project, MEAs are now beingdeveloped to elicit student misconceptions about important but poorly understood concepts inthermal science. For example, misconceptions about the second law of thermodynamics and itseffect on energy quality are being explored in an MEA where students estimate the overallthermal efficiency of electric vs. hybrid vs. gasoline cars. Student teams must use a systemsapproach and include all relevant energy conversion steps in their problem solving process.In this paper, we will describe MEAs and how they are being