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Displaying results 841 - 870 of 1202 in total
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Megan Arnold, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Aman Yadav, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gregory Shaver, Purdue University; Eric Nauman, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Program at Purdue University. In addition to his PhD in Educational Psychology and Educational Technology, Dr. Yadav also has Bachelors in Electrical Engineering and Masters of Science in Electrical Engineering. Dr. Yadav has undertaken both quantitative and qualitative research projects and has a strong familiarity with both types of analyses. His research includes the use of case-based instruction in STEM disciplines.Gregory Shaver, Purdue University Greg Shaver is an assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering at Purdue University. He is also a graduate of Purdue University's School of Mechanical Engineering, having obtained a Bachelor's degree with highest distinction. He holds a Masters
Conference Session
Learning from Entrepreneurship Programs
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey Blessing, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Kristen Mekemson, Kern Family Foundation; David Pistrui, Illinois Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
. Prior to his academic career, has worked for three Fortune 500 companies and has owned and operated two small businesses.Kristen Mekemson, Kern Family Foundation Kristen Mekemson joined the Kern Family Foundation in April 2007. She works with senior program staff to oversee, monitor, and evaluate grants and projects. She also conducts program research, site visits, and other investigative activities in support of program development, program exploration, and grant making. Kristen received a B.A. in Writing-Intensive English and French and M.A. in British and American Literature from Marquette University. She was on the development staff at Lawrence University for two years. Prior to her
Conference Session
Innovations in Biological/Agricultural Education-I
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ernest Tollner, University of Georgia-Athens
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
pointsof convergence/discharge and they typically do not.SolutionSsegane (2007) was doing watershed assessment work in Africa and project requirements wereto develop an erosion sensitivity map. Although the thrust of the project was to use advancedGIS techniques, we also wanted to develop a quick, back-of-the-envelope approach usingapproaches such as GoogleEarth. He developed a methodology for making area and lengthmeasurements with good success. Elevation measurements were also made. The Google TM EarthPro coordinates were translated using three dimensional (3D) modeling software to generate vectordiagram depicting runoff direction, site contour map, and a three dimensional representation of thewatershed. The vector map was overlaid over the
Conference Session
Global Engineering in an Interconnected World
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Javier Paez Saavedra; Lina Margarita Prada Angarita
Tagged Divisions
International
summer courses; increasingknowledge of others cultures through exchange programs, lectures, special lectures and othermulti-cultural activities.The Universidad del Norte has a special interest in achieving international accreditation2 withone of the agencies of the US. For this reason it has advanced the respective contacts and theinternal preparation. Particularly in the Engineering College, the strategy of internationalizationgoes back to 1993, when seeking to have international projection, the college looked for theABET accreditation (Substantially equivalent that was offered to the programs of engineeringout of the US) which was achieved in 1996, and it was renewed in 1999. Unfortunately, thetravel warning for Colombia mentioned by the
Conference Session
Instructional Innovations in AEC Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammed Haque, Texas A&M University; Pallab Dasgupta, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
AC 2008-325: AN ARCHITECTURAL WALKTHROUGH USING 3D GAMEENGINEMohammed Haque, Texas A&M University Dr. Mohammed E. Haque is a professor and holder of the Cecil O. Windsor, Jr. Endowed Professorship in Construction Science at Texas A&M University at College Station, Texas. He has over twenty years of professional experience in analysis, design, and investigation of building, bridges and tunnel structural projects of various city and state governments and private sectors. Dr. Haque is a registered Professional Engineer in the states of New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan, and members of ASEE, ASCE, and ACI. Dr. Haque received a BSCE from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, a MSCE and
Conference Session
At The Institutional Level
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Judy Loveless-Morris, University of Washington; Priti Mody-Pan; Robert Embrey, Highline Community College; Kali Kuwada, Seattle Central Community College; Marisela Mendoza, Columbia Basin College; Robert Olsen, Washington State University; Eve Riskin, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
Community College Robert Embrey is the Project Manager for the NW Engineering Talent Expansion Partnership at Highline Community College.Kali Kuwada, Seattle Central Community College Kali Kuwada is a Counselor for engineering at Seattle Central Community College.Marisela Mendoza, Columbia Basin College Marisela Mendoza is the NW Engineering Talent Expansion Site Coordinator at Columbia Basin College.Robert Olsen, Washington State University Dr. Robert Olsen is the Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs and Student Services and Boeing Distinguished Professor of Electrical Engineering within the College of Engineering and Architecture at Washington State University. He is a principal
Conference Session
Materials Education Perspectives
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rajiv Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout
Tagged Divisions
Materials
, 2008 Writing a Book on the Role of Materials Science in Manufacturing for Instruction and Research: Lessons LearnedAbstractIn 2006, the author and two colleagues published a materials science book that tried to integratebasic elements of processing science and manufacturing technology from a materials scientist’sviewpoint. The book project essentially evolved as a scholarly experiment designed to 1) addressopportunities and challenges faced over a decade of instructing students from diverse disciplines,and 2) create a cross-over instructional resource that emphasized the solid role of materialsscience in manufacturing for use chiefly by students of engineering studying manufacturingprocesses and materials science. The goal
Conference Session
Accreditation Issues
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
world news. More specifically, if contemporary issues pertain to thediscipline of engineering, students will do little to maintain their knowledge apart from what isdiscussed in the classroom context. In reality, this topic must be more intentionally interjectedinto the curriculum to show application of engineering principles.Two categories of courses come to mind that should adequately support “soft” outcomes. Onesuch course would be a senior capstone design course. Berg and Nasr discuss such a course.1 Itis true that the capstone design course should be the pinnacle of an engineering program, wherestudents are able to integrate all aspects of their education into a challenging project. It is anatural place to discuss topics in the
Conference Session
Intellectual Property and Entrepreneurship
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Harpal Dhillon, Excelsior College; Salahuddin Qazi, SUNY Institute of Technology; Sohail Anwar, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona College
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
AC 2008-1519: MITIGATION OF BARRIERS TO COMMERCIALIZATION OFNANOTECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW OF TWO SUCCESSFULUNIVERSITY-BASED INITIATIVESHarpal Dhillon, Excelsior College Dr.Harpal Dhillon is currently the Dean of the School of Business and Technology at Excelsior College. In the past, he has taught graduate and undergraduate courses in Information Systems, Software Engineering, and Project Management at University of Maryland, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, and George Washington University. Dr.Dhillon worked as owner/senior executive in three systems engineering companies over a period of 20 years. His research interests are in the areas of Human-Computer Interaction, Quality Assurance, and
Conference Session
Anything New in the Mechanics of Materials?
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rani Sullivan, Mississippi State University; Masoud Rais-Rohani, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
conducting experiments using the BTS whereas those in the control group only performed theanalysis part. Based on the performance of the two student groups on a common exam problem,the experiential learning is found to have a positive impact. Moreover, the students’ responses toan anonymous survey indicate that the students in the experimental group generally showed ahigher degree of satisfaction with the class projects than those in the control group.IntroductionEngineering education in the early to mid twentieth century relied heavily on the use of physicalmodels and experiments to enforce the topics covered in an engineering course. However, overthe years, this important practice was deemphasized as hands-on activities were reduced andrelegated
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics III
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Godfrey, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Todd Taylor, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Corinna Fleischmann, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Daniel Pickles, U.S. Coast Guard Academy
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
instructors of each major’s seniordesign capstone project began holding multi-disciplinary “Engineering Ethics Lunches”.Students and faculty form small groups during scheduled lunches to discuss specificethical topics related to the engineering profession. The discussions are based uponassigned readings and suggested talking points developed jointly by the faculty.Afterwards, the students are required to submit essays reviewing their discussions andanswering an ethical question based upon the topic.Now in its fourth semester, the multi-disciplinary ethics lunches have receivedoverwhelmingly positive feedback from both the instructors and students. This paperwill discuss the format of the multi-disciplinary ethics discussions, the type of
Conference Session
Methods & Techniques in Graduate Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rebecca Brent, Education Designs Inc.; Richard Felder, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
A Professional Development Program for Graduate Students at North Carolina State UniversityI. Introduction The traditional engineering graduate school experience involves taking courses, selectinga dissertation or thesis advisor and project, performing the research under the advisor’ssupervision, and completing and defending the dissertation. Such an experience trains graduatestudents to carry out research on a problem someone else has defined and gotten funded. It doesnot, however, prepare them for anything else they might be called upon to do in graduate schooland in their professional careers, including: • Teaching assistant responsibilities. Grade assignments, projects, and tests; supervise laboratories
Conference Session
FPD4 - Teaching Methods for First Year Students
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
J. Roger Parsons, University of Tennessee-Knoxville; Rachel McCord, University of Tennessee-Knoxville; J. Elaine Seat, University of Tennessee-Knoxville; Thomas Scott, University of Tennessee-Knoxville
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
profession could lead to the neglect of the human side of projects,an undervaluing of the opinions of the “feelers” on the work team, and a lack of emphasison explaining and selling projects to the public, because “the logic speaks for itself.” Shepoints out that intuitive students have an advantage over sensing students on standardizedaptitude tests commonly used for college admissions, and this extends to all timed teststhat are conceptual or symbolic in nature. Intuitives experience learning as rapid leaps ofinsight, while sensors emphasize thoroughness of understanding, and work in a slower,more linear fashion. An important conclusion of this first study was that people reachtheir potential when their profession requires them to use the
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Education: Unique Approaches
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shawn S Jordan, Purdue Univeristy; Robin Adams, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
13.1.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 “…A Good Imagination and a Pile of Junk”AbstractThe engineering workplace is placing more emphasis on teamwork in interdisciplinaryenvironments, out-of-the-box thinking, creative engineering, and brainstorming. These skills aretaught to varying degrees in standard engineering curriculums, and often the most fruitfulopportunities exist for students to learn in venues outside of the classroom.This paper will show how building Rube Goldberg machines is a fantastic way for learners fromvarious disciplines to get hands-on project experience in a team environment. Intensebrainstorming and work sessions result in inventive and unique machines that are fascinating forboth
Conference Session
Educational Software
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Michael Morrow, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Mark Allie, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Thad Welch, Boise State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
to outreach activities,we also use these real-time DSP tools in several of our regular ECE courses.In the capstone design course ECE 468, “Computers in Control and Instrumentation,” winDSK6is used as an example of an appropriate student project outcome. The student projects must uti-lize the DSK6713 which includes the HPI daughtercard. The winDSK6 program is also used todemonstrate some of the DSP software that the students need to write for their projects. The audioeffects, FIR and IIR filter routines, and the scope/spectrum analyzer are used as a reference for thefunctionality of the project code. The audible effects of aliasing and quantization noise are alsodemonstrated in class using winDSK6.In ECE 330, the first signals and systems
Conference Session
Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ann McKenna, Northwestern University; Robert Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; Matthew Glucksberg, Northwestern University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
computational decisionsthat arise when developing solutions. To address these issues we have created a classroom andassessment activity modeled after the IPL approach. The overarching pedagogical goal is tobetter prepare students to apply computational (or disciplinary) knowledge as appropriate fortheir particular design project. Page 13.288.7The method, including instruction and assessment, that we have designed is shown in Figure 2. IPL couplet 1. “Invention” activity: students review 2. Direct instruction: in-class previous teams’ report and generate list
Conference Session
Advancing the Global Capacity for Engineering Education Research: A Year of International Dialogue
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jack Lohmann, Georgia Institute of Technology; Erik De Graaff, Delft University of Technology
Tagged Divisions
International
from Virginia Tech is serving as the principal ethnographer forthe initiative. The project has received IRB approval.Conference ScheduleThe past and future international engineering education meetings in which sessions have beenheld or are planned, including the session chairs and speakers, are the following.1 _ 1st SEFI-IGIP 4 Joint Annual Conference, 1-4 July 2007, Miskolc, Hungary Session Chairs: Jack R. Lohmann, Editor, JEE; Jean Michel, Editor, EJEE Speakers: Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech, USA; Erik de Graaff, Delft University of Tech- nology, The Netherlands; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University, USA; Anette Kolmos, Aalborg University, Denmark2 _ 6th Global Colloquium on Engineering Education 5 , 1-4 October 2007
Conference Session
Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Lori Heymans, Northern Essex Community College; Paul Chanley, Northern Essex Community College
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
has been determined, the energy (kw-hr) for each Page 13.1003.7appliance can be calculated. Energy is the amount of power used in a given time.An excellent design project was the follow up to the energy and power activity. Theparticipants, working in pairs, were instructed to calculate “A Modern Kitchen’s CarbonFootprint.” The teachers designed their modern kitchen by choosing and listing theelectric appliances they would like to have. Their assignment was to determine thekitchen’s lighting scheme and wattage of various kitchen household appliances. (A list ofappliances and wattage ratings was provided). Once they knew their appliances andwattage
Conference Session
New Ideas for ChEs I (aka ChE Potpourri)
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; H. Scott Fogler, University of Michigan; Valarie Thomas, University of Michigan; Don Chmielewski, Illinois Institute of Technology; Michael Gross, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
Fuels Group Enterprise – this introduces students to alternative energy technology through project work. Projects have been sponsored by the United States Army Tank Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) and Army Research Laboratory (ARL), and have focused on integration of commercially available fuel cells into small and large vehicles. More information on this curriculum is available elsewhere3-5. Page 13.271.3 • Fuel Cell Fundamentals Course – this is a 1 credit elective course introducing fuel cell technology to chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering students. More
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Becker, Montana State University
University to help students develop an increasingly deep and broadunderstanding of high frequency electronics is described. The materials are being developed tobe integrated in several courses taken by undergraduate students beginning in freshman year andinclude lecture demonstrations, laboratory exercises and design projects. The development ofthese materials is motivated by the need for engineers well-versed in high-frequency electronics,the desire to cast common concepts learned at the foundation of the curriculum in terms ofpractical engineering applications and to introduce students to one of the many specialties inelectrical engineering. Particular attention is given to materials developed for the freshman levelintroductory
Conference Session
Mentoring
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suzanne Zurn-Birkhimer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Beth Holloway, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
engineering graduate students, several successful outcomes are achieved: more studentsare being reached, students are choosing to participate in the type of program that best suits theirneeds, and students who need more frequent mentoring take the opportunity to interact withother members a minimum of once each week.References[1] Walthall, L.M., Holloway, B.M., and Reklaitis, J.K. (2006). Bridging into Graduate Studies: Purdue University’sWomen in Engineering Graduate Mentoring Program. Proceedings of the WEPAN Conference, June 11-14,Pittsburgh, PA[2] Hall, R.M. and Sandler, B.R. (1982). The classroom climate: A chilly one for Women? Project on the Status andEducation of Women, Association of American Colleges, Washington, DC.[3] Sandler, B.R. and
Conference Session
CAD/CAM in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adrian Teo, Arizona State University; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University; Trian Georgeou, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
network via standardfile transfer protocols.Modern CNC controls come with block look ahead where the controller loads in multiple lines(typically 30 or more lines) of CNC code ahead of the current code block being executed. Thepre-loaded blocks are preprocessed by the CNC controller, allowing it to adjust the optimumfeedrate for the projected toolpath, and eliminate inherent delays in the servo system, whichincrease with higher feedrates.Modern CNC controllers are able to automatically maintain a constant surface feedrate for atoolpath. This feature helps HPM by maintaining a constant cutting load, improving surfacefinish, tool life, and reduces the probability of tool chatter.At high cutting rates, abrupt direction changes can cause a loss of
Conference Session
Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ken Barnard, K-State at Salina; Greg Stephens, K-State at Salina; Raju Dandu, Kansas State University at Salina
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
from around the world to be trained at the Climate Project founded by the Honorable Al Gore. Ken is active on the lecture circuit addressing climate change issues.Greg Stephens, K-State at Salina Greg Stephens teaches business and management courses in the Technology Management program at Kansas State University at Salina. He is an Associate Professor and serves on several non-profit organization boards. Greg also produces local TV programs for Community Access. He served as chair for the Institute for Rural America and has worked with sustainable agriculture organizations for over 30 years. In 2007, he was awarded The Inspire by Example faculty award for community service by K-State.Raju
Conference Session
Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mir Atiqullah, Southern Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
impact properties are studied as part of overall materials education within anundergraduate curriculum. Materials and mechanical design are interrelated which wasorchestrated by this project. A student group designed and built a bench top tensile impact testerfor polymers. The prototype is successfully tested. Experimental procedure has been laid outclearly for easy experimentation. The quality of data and confidence in procedure can beimproved by using standard and accurately produced specimens. The design can be scaled up fortesting stronger or larger specimens as energy is limited by the arm length and weight of thependulum. However, it is not practical to keep building new testers but a well calibrated testerand carefully designed laboratory
Conference Session
IT-based Instructional Technologies
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Edward Gehringer, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Information Systems
what pagesthey can edit, but usually each page can be edited by multiple students and/or each student canedit multiple pages. This makes assessment a challenge, since it is difficult to keep track of thecontributions of each student. Several assessment strategies have been proposed. To ourknowledge, this is the first attempt to compare them. We study the assessment strategies used insix North Carolina State University classes in Fall 2007, and offer ideas on how they can beimproved.1. IntroductionAs an instructional medium, wikis have many advantages. Their collaborative nature enables aclass to tackle projects larger than a single individual could attempt. The ability of students toview their colleagues' work allows cross-fertilization of
Conference Session
Web-Based Learning in Engineering Technology
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sohail Anwar, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona College; Harpal Dhillon, Excelsior College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Dhillon is currently the Dean of the School of Business and Technology at Excelsior College. In the past, he has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in Information Systems, Software Engineering, and Project Management at University of Maryland, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, and George Washington University. Dr.Dhillon worked as owner/senior executive in three systems engineering companies over a period of 20 years. His research interests are in the areas of Human-Computer Interaction, Quality Assurance, and Applications of IT in Telemedicine and Web-based Distance Learning. Dr. Dhillon is a member of the Executive Board of the NASA Oklahoma Space Grant Consortium
Conference Session
Successful Outcomes of Student Entrepreneurship
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Timothy Faley, University f Michigan; Peter Adriaens, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
innovation) in the context of identifying market opportunities. Since this course immersesthe engineering students in the language and thought-processes of business, it also serves as aprerequisite for later-stage joint-enrollment courses. These courses, in the later Phases ofbusiness development continuum, include business assessment and business plan development.Modifying existing experiential entrepreneurial programsThe creation of these two new courses and their integration with the existing courses (productdesign, business assessment, and business plan writing) gives us a set of courses that cover thecontinuum of product design and new business development. While each of these individualcourses incorporates hands-on projects, we wanted to
Conference Session
Programming for Engineering Students I
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Birmingham, Grove City College; Vincent DiStasi, Grove City College
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
OneNote™ which directly support note taking (andenhance it by allowing notes to be automatically indexed by desktop search engines). Mostimportantly, the Tablet PC allows the student to use the modality with which he or she feels mostcomfortable: typist, writer or a combination of both.Finally, every seat in classrooms at Grove City College have network access through wiredand/or wireless connections. In addition, all students have network folders for backup, sharedproject space and course folders.While most faculty expected that Tablet PCs would be used in the classroom for note taking,running demonstration projects, and so forth, this was not occurring at the rate in which weexpected. We observed over the years that Tablet PCs (and the laptops
Conference Session
Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Abbott, University of Missouri; Katie Lough, University of Missouri
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Background2.1 Approach in Design CurriculumThe functional modeling method has been or is currently used in several design relatedcourses at the Missouri University of Science & Technology (Missouri S&T and formerlyknown as the University of Missouri-Rolla) such as IDE 20 Introduction to EngineeringDesign with Computer Applications, IDE 105 Design Representations, IDE 106 DesignPerceptions, IDE 220 Engineering Design Methodology, IDE 315 InterdisciplinaryDesign Project, IDE 420 Modern Product Design, IDE 427 Function-Based RiskAnalysis, and ME 161 Introduction to Design. Other universities also apply functionalmodeling techniques such as Penn State, Carnegie Melon University, University of Texasat Austin, Virginia Tech, and Bucknell University
Conference Session
FPD2 - First-Year Advising and Transition
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kate Baxter, University of Southern California; Louise Yates, University of Southern California
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
within common parameters set for the program.The seminar is not meant to be rigorous in content but rather interactive and high energy,introducing thought provoking activities that introduce the student to the world of engineeringoutside of the technical realm. The seminar is intended to enable students to visualize the linkbetween what they are currently learning in their core classes and what they will do in futureyears in both academia as well as industry. Class syllabi include presentations by guest speakersfrom various engineering departments to industry professionals to prominent engineering alumniand friends. In addition, there are class projects surrounding problem solving approaches thatinclude building trebuchets and catapults