Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Moore, Carnegie Mellon University; Cheyu Lin, Carnegie Mellon University; Katherine Flanigan, Carnegie Mellon University

course of the semester.We also collected qualitative data by asking students about their experience. Along with ourresults, we share ideas for improving the project.Methods Our Civil and Environmental Engineering junior project course consists of studentsmajoring in Civil and Environmental Engineering. In Fall 2021, 26 students took the course. The course intends to provide opportunities for students to engage engineering challengesin real-world contexts. We intend for students to advance their design, communication, andteamwork skills through hands-on experiences. We also aim for students to improve theirunderstanding of the professional and ethical aspects of engineering projects. Every fall thecourse features three open-ended

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rustin Webster, Purdue University, New Albany; Joseph Ottway

certification bodies—typically nonprofit organizations, professional associations, industry/trade organizations, or businesses— based on an individual demonstrating, through an examination process, that she or he has acquired the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to perform a specific occupation or job. Depending on the certification body, they may be called industry or professional certifications. Although training may be provided, certifications are not tied to completion of a program of study as are certificates. They are time limited and may be renewed through a recertification process. In addition, some certifications can be revoked for a violation of a code of ethics (if applicable) or proven incompetence after

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dennis Rogalsky, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Bart Johnson, Itasca Community College; Ronald Ulseth

questioning techniques; accumulate knowledge with an eye towards long-termreflection; apply engineering principles to multiple open-ended problems; and use reflection andmetacognition as ways to promote technical knowledge transfer [14].Professional learning happens across multiple domains. Professional responsibility is modeledand practiced throughout as timeliness, respect, appropriate dress, appropriate language are allmade explicit with continuous feedback coming from faculty and staff. Teamwork skills areprovided in seminars and practiced in design teams. Multiple workshops per week address topicssuch as: inclusion, ethical action, leadership, reflection, management, happiness, life-workbalance, overcoming adversity, and communication. Each week

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carly Eressy, University of Texas at Austin; Brittain Sobey, University of Texas at Austin; Margo Cousins, University of Texas at Austin

engineering problems by applying principles of engineering, science, and mathematics. (ABET SO 1) Question 99: I have the ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specific needs with consideration of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, societal, environmental, and economic factors. (ABET SO 2) Question 100: I have the an ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences. (ABET SO 3) Question 101: I have the ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed

Conference Session

ERM: Mentoring for Everyone! And Let's talk about Graduate Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; Sabina Schill, University of Colorado Boulder; Haley Passov

CU since 1996, serving in various roles including Faculty Director of the Sustainable By Design Residential Academic Program (2014-2017), Director of the Environmental Engineering program (2006-2010), and ABET Assessment Coordinator for the CEAE Department (2008-2018). Bielefeldt is active in the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), serving on the Civil Engineering Program Criteria Task Committee (2019-2022) and the Body of Knowledge 3 Task Committee (2016-2018). She is the Senior Editor for the International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering (IJSLE) and a Deputy Editor for the ASCE Journal of Civil Engineering Education. Her research focuses on engineering education, including ethics, social

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 1: Diversity, Equity, Inclusivity (DEI)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuliana Flores, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington

injustice is a stepping stone for students to notice and be able todescribe their experiences and no longer be victims of the structures of higher education.ReferencesBaber, L. (2015). Considering the Interest-Convergence Dilemma in STEM Education. Review of Higher Education, 38(2), 251-270.​Beeby, L. (2011). A Critique of Hermeneutical Injustice. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 111(3pt3), 479-486. Brennan, J., & Naidoo, R. (2008). Higher education and the achievement (and/or prevention) of equity and social justice. Higher Education, 56(3), 287-302. Fricker, M. (2007). Hermeneutical Injustice. In Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. chapter, Oxford University Press. Kant, J., His Horse Is Thunder

Conference Session

LEAD Technical Session 1: Fostering Leadership Identity Development and DEI in Engineering Students and Professionals

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Komarek, University of Colorado Boulder; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado Boulder

Service Learning in Engineering (IJSLE) and a Deputy Editor for the ASCE Journal of Civil Engineering Education. Her research focuses on engineering education, including ethics, social responsibility, sustainable engineering, and community engagement. Bielefeldt is also a Fellow of the American Society for Engineering Education.Daniel Knight (Assessment Specialist) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Self-Assessment of Leadership Behaviors Over Time Among Students in A Mechanical Engineering Capstone Design CourseAbstractWith the changes in accreditation requirements, engineering programs are deciding how to

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Technical Session 5: Strategies for Increasing Classroom Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tooran Emami, United States Coast Guard Academy

should research the ethical and professional responsibilities to enhance education inrenewable energy sources. Table 3 shows the contents and order of this course's topic andlaboratory for the last part. Table 3 Electrical Energy and Machines Topic and Laboratory Topic Rotating Magnetic Field-AC Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor Laboratory 6: DC Motors- Shunt and Series Power Analysis and Speed-Torque of Induction Motor AC Synchronous Machines AC Synchronous Generators AC Synchronous Generators Parallel Operation: House Diagrams-Part 1 AC Synchronous Generators: House Diagrams-Part 2 AC Synchronous Generators: House Diagrams-Part 3 Laboratory 7: Operating

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Bahar Memarian, University of Toronto

survey of student engagement: Conceptual and empirical foundations,” New Dir. Institutional Res., vol. 141, pp. 5–20, 2009.[9] D. Simmons, Y. Ye, N. Hunsu, and O. Adesope, “Development of a survey to explore out- of-class engagement of engineering students,” Int. J. Eng. Educ., vol. 33, pp. 1213–1221, 2017.[10] C. Finelli et al., “An assessment of engineering students’ curricular and co‐curricular experiences and their ethical development,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 469–494, 2012, doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb00058.x.[11] C. H. Passow, H. J., & Passow, “What competencies should undergraduate engineering programs emphasize? A systematic review,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 475

Conference Session

Intersections of Identity and Student Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice Technical Session 10

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachael Cate, Oregon State University; Aiden Nelson

previoussection fit well within these frameworks and principles, as they are extremely complementary. Itis one of our hypotheses that this alignment is no mistake or coincidence. Rather, for the samereasons educational programs are transformative, CoPs also work to support collaborativelearning and authentic development effectively. Underlying both of these sets of influencers ordefining characteristics is a community culture that is open, equitable, inclusive, and supportive.A sense of belonging among all participants as well as ethic of responsibility to the communityare key motivating factors in keeping the community cohesive and successfully functioning as atransformative learning space. As such, the conditions that make all of these characteristics

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cara Poor, University of Portland; Kyla Burrill; Mason Jarvis

, T., Dillon, H., Lulay, K., Eifler, K., and Hensler, Z. (2017). Design and implementation of an aspirational ethics laboratory course. Proceedings of the 2017 Annual Conference of the American Society of Engineering Education, Paper ID# 17634, Columbus, OH. 6. Hotchkiss, R.H. (2001). Flow over a “killer” weir design project. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 127(12): 1022-1027.7. Chanson, H. (2004). Enhancing students’ motivation in the undergraduate teaching of hydraulic engineering: role of field works. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 130(4): 259-268.8. Brown, S., Easley, A., Montfort, D., Adam, J., Van Wie, B., Olusola, A., Poor, C., Tobin, C., Flatt, A

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 12: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cyril Okhio, Clark Atlanta University; Sade Tramble, Kennesaw State University; Amy Buddie, Kennesaw State University; Ayse Tekes

” is far more than a single event, program, or course. These includerecruitment and admissions efforts; new student orientation programs; welcome week activities,rituals, and traditions; first-year, summer, or common reading programs; first-year seminars;academic advising; academic support centers; supplemental instruction; undergraduate researchinitiatives; learning communities; service learning; and residence education initiatives.To meaningfully integrate what students already know, do and value, into the curricular and co-curricular programs, deliberate efforts are made to create a framework where we integrate thefollowing six principles of undergraduate learning: 1) critical thinking, 2) values and ethics, 3)core communication and

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xi Wang, University of Mount Union; Charles Cope, Case Western Reserve University

realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political,ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability." [4] Various approaches havebeen found to be successful through the assessment of sustainability knowledge and skillslearned in activities, modules, and courses and across the civil engineering curriculum [5].Among those approaches, integrating sustainability in the capstone design is one of the mosteffective teaching approaches. A capstone course is an integral part of Civil Engineeringundergraduate education. It requires students to apply knowledge and skills acquired in earliercourse work from a Civil Engineering curriculum in a design that solves real-world problems ormimics real-world projects [6

Conference Session

ERM: Problem Solving and Conceptual Understanding

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Therriault, University of Florida; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Emily Buten; Elizabeth Bates, Michigan Technological University; Jeremy Waisome, University of Florida; Marah Berry, University of Florida

. Douglas is Professor of Environmental Engineering Sciences and Engineering Education, and Distinguished Teaching Scholar at the University of Florida. His research interests are in engineering problem solving, diversity and inclusion, and social justice for engineering ethics. Dr. Douglas has served as Associate Editor and Deputy Editor of the Journal of Engineering Education, Chair of the Educational Research & Methods Division of ASEE, and Program Director for Engineering Education at the US National Science Foundation. He received S.B. degrees from MIT in 1988 and a Ph.D. from the University of Massachusetts – Amherst in 1993.Emily Buten Emily is a recent graduate from the University of Dayton where she studied

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akmal Zakwan Bin Zulkifli, Nanyang Technological University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University; Farhan Ali, Nanyang Technological University

affect the targeted study group. After obtaining the necessary ethical procedures (e.g., IRB), student researchers postedan invitation to participate in the survey via various social media platforms. A consent form wasthen sent out through email detailing the specificities of the survey process, the aims of the study,as well as a confirmation to participate willingly, and was completed by the interestedparticipant. Participants were informed that the duration of the study would take approximately30 minutes to an hour and how their data would be used. This form was sent back to the studentresearcher before the participant proceeded to complete the survey. At any point, should theparticipant be uncomfortable, he or she can withdraw from the

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan David Ortega-Alvarez, Virginia Tech (primary) and Universidad EAFIT (secondary); Matthew James, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Catherine Twyman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Benjamin Chambers, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tahsin Chowdhury, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

EngineeringEducation and contributes to the broader First-Year Experience. At its core, the program consists of atwo-course sequence and access to a maker space. The two-course sequence, denominated Foundations ofEngineering, aims at helping students develop 1) an understanding of different engineering disciplines tomake an informed choice of major; 2) professional skills in engineering like communication, teamwork,and ethical reasoning; 3) an ability to apply engineering design to solve problems. This paper focuses onthe second course in the sequence, referred to as ENGE 1216, which is a PjBL course that emphasizesengineering design and teamwork outcomes. In Fall 2020 the entirety of the first course in the sequencewas offered online for the first time, and

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Bowman, University of North Dakota; Bethany Klemetsrud; Emine Ozturk; Julie Robinson, University of North Dakota

educationBethany Jean Klemetsrud Beth grew up in Devils Lake and on the White Earth Nation. Klemetsrud, who teaches unit operations, ethics, and lab classes, conducts research in renewable energy, broadening participation, and sustainability assessment. She is currently an assistant professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of North DakotaJulie Robinson (Professor)Emine Ozturk © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Using Engineering Design Tasks to Create Indigenous Cultural and Community Connections with the Classroom for Elementary and Middle School Students (WIP, Diversity)BackgroundThis work

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 4: Student Experience & Competencies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camila Olivero Araya, The Ohio State University; Julie Martin, The Ohio State University

, “The future of Engineering Education,” Chem. Eng. Educ., p. 10, 2000.[13] X. Tang, “From ‘Empathic Design’ to ‘Empathic Engineering’: Toward a Genealogy of Empathy in Engineering Education,” in 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, Salt Lake City, Utah, Jun. 2018, p. 30538. doi: 10.18260/1-2--30538.[14] J. Walther, S. E. Miller, and N. W. Sochacka, “A Model of Empathy in Engineering as a Core Skill, Practice Orientation, and Professional Way of Being: A Model of Empathy in Engineering,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 123–148, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1002/jee.20159.[15] J. Hess, J. Strobel, and A. O. Brightman, “The Development of Empathic Perspective‐ Taking in an Engineering Ethics Course,” J. Eng

Conference Session

ETD - A Technology Potpourri I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Anderson, Austin Peay State University

the AAS mechatronics concentration degree from regional industrial partners guidedthe direction of the technical curriculum for the summer camp. Just as importantly, soft skills, orqualities such as promptness, courtesy, responsibility, and work ethic, ranked highly amongcharacteristics that industrial partners sought in young employees.In conversations with the ET department, one prominent regional industrial employer remarkedthat the company would invest money and time training young, operator-level employees only tohave them consistently arrive at work late or not at all. Further, this lack of personalresponsibility was a reoccurring theme that regional employers were experiencing with youngsemiskilled employees. The industrial partners

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Goncher, University of Florida; Mengyu Li, University of Florida; John Mendoza, University of Florida

protocols followed IRB at the home institution of the authors.Systems Thinking Assessment ToolThe activity focuses on students' responses to a given scenario, and the prompts provided in the activityare intended to guide respondents in a systems-thinking approach. The problem scenario and rubric [7]were developed to measure systems thinking competencies in contexts beyond self-reported attitudes andbehaviors. The problem scenario is a hypothetical vignette that asks students to consider multiple detailsin an ill-structure problem context. The scenario provides information that possibly representsengineering and technical skills, economic feasibility, ethical considerations, and cultural sensitivity,which can be considered when studying potential

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Sullivan, Virginia Military Institute; Craig Altmann, Virginia Military Institute; Jon-michael Hardin, Virginia Military Institute

again in higher level courses. The results ofthe survey suggest that the project will enhance long term student learning outcomes by givingstudents the opportunity to refresh their skills in the context of a comprehensive design problem.In addition to promoting student skill sets in many different areas including CAD, andprogramming, the project directly addresses ABET student learning outcomes 2 and 4 whereby itis stated that students should have: 2. An ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts. 4. An ability to apply engineering

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Wyrick, York College of Pennsylvania; Alison Kennicutt, York College of Pennsylvania; Bridgette Hagerty, York College of Pennsylvania; JESSICA NOLAN, York College of Pennsylvania; Karl Kleiner, York College of Pennsylvania; Most Tahera Naznin, York College of Pennsylvania

Integrate information from multiple sources View issues from several different perspectives Understand the research process Make connections across disciplines Identify, analyze, and solve problems through critical Make connections between the classroom and real world investigation Understand environmental, ecological, and ethical impacts related to a project Personal Engagement Overcome obstacles to my progress Master fundamental concepts and methods within my Manage my personal schedule to achieve my optimum major academic performance

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cyrus Habibi, University of Wisconsin - Platteville

course and bring hands-on experienceto their students.IntroductionLaboratory work has a strong impact on students’ learning and play important role in engineeringeducation. Labs help students to learn the concepts in depth and to gain practical skills, so theycould succeed both academically and in their careers. In the labs students learn how to integratetheory and practice. The labs also teach students hypothesis forming, experimental design andevaluation of results. In most cases, students work as a team in labs which help them with ethics,communications, report writing and team working skills. A survey of student perceptions of thelab work has been published [1]. They found that engineering students see themselves asessentially practical, and

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Barton, Mississippi State University; John Aaron Grimes, Mississippi State University; Shelly Sanders, Mississippi State University; Alexis Nordin, Mississippi State University

Paper ID #37463WIP: Comparing Engineering Faculty’s Perceptions ofUndergraduate Student Writing Abilities with Students’ Self-PerceptionsAmy K Barton (Coordinator and Instructor) Coordinator of the Shackouls Technical Communication Program at Mississippi State University; research interests include engineering ethics, faculty development, writing in the disciplines, professional communicationJohn Aaron Louis Grimes (Instructor) (Mississippi State University) Aaron is currently an instructor in the Shackouls Technical Communication Program in Mississippi State University’s James Worth Bagley College of Engineering

Conference Session

WIED: Activities and Programs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mayari Serrano, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Suzanne Zurn-Birkhimer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

and Work Engagement are highalthough they decreased. On the other hand, the decrease in Social Responsibility after the sixthsemester is consistent with Cech 13 , who observed a decline in public welfare throughoutundergraduate students’ education. However, the sample Social Responsibility rate remains highdespite the decrease. It is plausible that working for the Women in Engineering Program providesexperiences that become pillars to sustain student workers’ Social Responsibility. WIEP studentworkers are exposed to multiple experiences that encourage public welfare considerations andactively engage students workers’ ethical and cultural beliefs.Our results show that WIEP student workers have a high Work Meaningfulness and

Conference Session

Military and Veterans Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janice Higuera, University of Colorado Boulder; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder

(2016-2018). She is the Senior Editor for the International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering (IJSLE) and a Deputy Editor for the ASCE Journal of Civil Engineering Education. Her research focuses on engineering education, including ethics, social responsibility, sustainable engineering, and community engagement. Bielefeldt is also a Fellow of the American Society for Engineering Education. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com AbstractMilitary training programs, such as the Security Cooperation Humanitarian Assistance (HA)program for international engagements and the Innovative Readiness Training (IRT) program

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Konstantinos Apostolou, McMaster University; Amin Rajabzadeh, McMaster University

Research Ethics Board, students will beasked to report on the usability and effectiveness of the OER through Likert questions and aroundtable run by a student researcher. To investigate if their perceptions towards OpenEducation Resources in general changes through the textbook’s use, certain questions will beasked both at the beginning and the end of the semester. Towards the end of the term, studentswill also be challenged to contribute to the Open textbook through an assignment on creating aninteractive textbook element (e.g., a drag-and-drop task, a matching task, or a quiz). Selectedstudent works, as voted by the students themselves, will then be incorporated to the text. We arereally excited about this upcoming collaboration with students in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Frary, Boise State University; Donna Llewellyn, Boise State University; Paul Simmonds, Boise State University; Julianne Wenner, Clemson University

= not confident at all; 5= absolutely confident), theaverage response increased from 3.59 in the pre-survey to 4.29 on the post-survey (P=0.003). Tothis point, GS6 stated, GIFT has made me consider how I will represent my discipline as a STEM professional. This includes making ethical research decisions, not ignoring injustices within my field, and communicating ideas from my field to others. It's made me think a lot more about how important it is to be able to share my findings with a larger audience. It's also made me think about my responsibility as a STEM professional to teach and mentor students within my field.Similarly, GS9 shared that he felt an increased responsibility to share his work with

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jared Ashcroft, Pasadena City College; Billie Copley, Micro Nano Technology Education Center; Peter Kazarinoff, Portland Community College; Neda Habibi, University of North Texas; Mel Cossette, Edmonds College

college, immigrant, single parent, veteran. Each podcast has been converted into an .mp4 video file and can be viewed on MNT-EC’s YouTube channel as well. 4. The Journal of Advanced Technological Education (J ATE) launches January 31, 2022 and is a place for Community College faculty to publish peer-reviewed research papers and articles on their work in technician education. The team collaboratively worked on and finalized preparing the journal guidelines including instructions, ethical and publication policies. A major accomplishment was preparing author guidelines, instructions and templates specific to the J ATE. A submission website has also been created for the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Sarah Appelhans, University at Albany-SUNY; Rebecca Thomas, Bucknell University; Stewart Thomas, Bucknell University; Robert Nickel; Stu Thompson, Bucknell University

-to-day activities, and at times such workincludes potentially far-reaching ethical judgements. To shift our undergraduate degreeprograms from a means-focused technical discipline to one in which students are also equippedto use their technical skills in solving complex, convergent problems in social and humancontexts there are four consecutive activities that the project is undertaking.First is that the department is in the early stages of is introducing convergent projects across thecurriculum. A challenge the project is currently facing is determining criteria to classify aproject as ‘convergent’. At this stage the working criteria are that: 1) problems which aresocially relevant and impact society; 2) problems that are not fully bounded