Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Grondin, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Michael Swart, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Fangli Xia, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Wisconsin-Madison. She is interested in embodied cognition and design in mathematics education.Mitchell Nathan Mitchell J. Nathan (he | him), Ph.D., BSEE, is the Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor of Learning Sciences, in the Educational Psychology Department in the School of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, with affiliate appointments in the Department of Curriculum & Instruction, and the Department of Psychology. Dr. Nathan investigates the nature of meaning and its role in knowledge, learning, and teaching in K-16 engineering, mathematics, and integrated STEM (science, technology, mathematics, and engineering) contexts. His research emphasis is on the embodied, cognitive, and social nature of

Conference Session

ERM: Student Professional Development: Professional Skills and Moving Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Leidig, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); William Oakes, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Eric Holloway, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Instruction. He was the first engineer to receive the U.S. Campus Compact Thomas Ehrlich Faculty Award for Service-Learning and a co-recipient of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering’s Bernard Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Education. He is a fellow of ASEE and NSPE. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Designing the Engineers Without Borders USA Professional Preparation Study SurveysAbstractThis Work-In-Progress paper discusses the design of two surveys as part of a study to investigatethe impact of Engineers Without Borders USA (EWB-USA) undergraduate experiences

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 6: Monitoring, Evaluating and Research

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Alves, Texas A&M University; Ahmarlay Myint, Texas A&M University; Zenon Medina-Cetina, Texas A&M University; Sonia Garcia, University of Georgia

studentsconfidence, which may have resulted in their higher self-assessment of these transferable skills.These skills are deemed necessary by esteemed engineering organizations, such as theAccreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) [7]. Apart from technical skillsand theoretical content, transferrable skills are vital in engineering work. Because engineering isuniversal and the term encompasses a myriad of fields/branches, engineers often collaborateacross countries and disciplines, which requires communication and interpersonal skills. B. Research Knowledge & Intent to Pursue Graduate School Whether an engineer attends graduate school or works in the industry, researchknowledge will be utilized (e.g., scientific method

Conference Session

WIED: Support for All in the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Redmond, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Grace Panther, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Mojdeh Asadollahipajouh; Rick Evans, Cornell University; Stacey Kulesza, Kansas State University; Grace Liang

.[9] T. E. Charlesworth and M. R. Banaji, "Gender in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics: Issues, causes, solutions," Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 39, no. 37, pp. 7228- 7243, 2019.[10] S. Wee, R. M. Cordova-Wentling, R. F. Korte, S. M. Larson and M. C. Loui, "Work in progress—Why many smart women leave engineering: A preliminary study of how engineering students form career goals," in 2010 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2010.[11] L. A. Meadows and D. Sekaquaptewa, "The effect of skewed gender composition on student participation in undergraduate engineering project teams," in 2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, 2011.[12] W. Roldan, J. Hui and E. M. Gerber, "University

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Talk about Tests! (Tests Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Ferekides, University of South Florida; Chung Seop Jeong, University of South Florida; Gokhan MuMcu, University of South Florida; Ismail Uysal, University of South Florida; Paul Spector, University of South Florida

Paper ID #36585Action-State Orientation as An Impediment to EngineeringStudent SuccessPaul E SpectorChris S Ferekides (Professor) (University of South Florida) Chris S. Ferekides received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of South Florida. He has been a faculty member in the Electrical Engineering Department since 1992. He is currently service as the department chair, and is the principal investigator of a NSF Funded RED Project that addresses the professional formation of electrical engineering students. His research is in the areas of electronic materials with a focus on

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry Hyman, University of Washington

[7] B. Hyman and H. Federow, "Developing Engineering Cases from Activities of the 1980WISE Program," in Grayson and Biedenbach, eds., Proceedings of 1981 ASEE AnnualConference, June 1981.[8] https://archive.org/details/engineeringcaselibraryasee?and%5B%5D=firstTitle%3AS&sort=titleSorter&page=1[9] B. Hyman, M. Brown, and B. Lagerberg, “Engineering Student Response to Public PolicyCases”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Education, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 503-513,1990.[10] R. Chong, M. Dark, D. Depew, and I. Ngambeki, “The Efficacy of Case Studies forTeaching Policy in Engineering and Technology Courses”, 121st ASEE Annual Conference &Exposition, June 15-19, 2014

Conference Session

ERM: Self-Efficacy, Motivation, and MORE!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan Edwards, College of Lake County; ANA PIZANO, College of Lake County

Paper ID #37223Work in Progress: Developing an Engineering Community ina FablabJan Edwards Jan L. Edwards is an Associate Professor of Engineering at the College of Lake County in Illinois. She received her Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Materials Science and Engineering at Michigan Technological University. Ms. Edwards teaches general engineering courses, manages outreach initiatives and the CLC Baxter Innovation Lab at the community college. She is also serving as the Principal Investigator on the college’s NSF S-STEM grant, Building an Academic Community of Engineering Scholars.ANA PIZANO Ana K. Pizano

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Perkins, Wichita State University; Adam Carberry, Arizona State University; Samantha Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

Paper ID #37733WIP: Perceptions of Effective Engineering Faculty-to-FacultyMentorship PracticesJennifer Hadley Perkins (student) Hadley Perkins is a second-year Ph.D. Student in the Engineering Education Systems & Design Program at Arizona State University. Ms. Perkins is an Assistant Engineering Educator in the Engineering Technology Department of Wichita State University and is currently teaching there as an adjunct instructor. She has also taught Secondary Mathematics courses in both public and private school settings. Her research interests include Curriculum Design, Virtual instruction & Distance

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 3: Mixed - Research, Engineering Design, Design Thinking, and Curriculum Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Scribner, University of Colorado Boulder; Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado Denver; Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado Boulder

Engineering, Design and Computing. Her research focuses on transformative experiences in engineering education. She is the past division chair of the Technological and Engineering Literacy / Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE).Jean Hertzberg (Professor) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comAesthetics and Engineering: A Path to Transformative Learning andProfessional ConfidenceBy Hugh Scribner, Katherine Goodman, Jean Hertzberg_________________________________________________________________________________________Abstract - Background: In most engineering classes, students are required to focus on thetechnical side of

Conference Session

ERM: Persistence and Attrition in Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kanembe Shanachilubwa, Pennsylvania State University; Catherine Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University; Gabriella Sallai, Pennsylvania State University

. Eng. Educ., vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 13–31, Jan. 2019, DOI: 10.1002/JEE.20247.[11] S. F. Bancroft, S. K. Benson, and E. Johnson-Whitt, "McNair Scholars' Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Graduate Experience: A Pilot Study.," Mid-Western Educ. Res., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 3–27, 2016, [Online]. Available: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eue&AN=114283894&site=ehost-live.[12] B. A. Burt, A. McKen, J. Burkhart, J. Hormell, and A. Knight, "Black men in engineering graduate education: Experiencing racial microaggressions within the advisor-advisee relationship," J. Negro Educ., vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 493–508, 2019, doi: 10.7709/jnegroeducation.88.4.0493.[13] W

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chuhan Zhou; Siqing Wei, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Matthew Ohland, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

improve intercultural competency and teamwork competency by interventions, counseling, pedagogy, and tool selection (such as how to use CATME Team-Maker to form inclusive and diversified teams) to promote DEI. In addition, he also works on many research-to-practice projects to enhance educational technology usage in engineering classrooms and educational research by various methods, such as natural language processing. In addition, he is also interested in the learning experiences of international students. Siqing also works as the technical development and support manager at the CATME research group.Matthew W. Ohland (Dale and Suzi Gallagher Professor of EngineeringEducation) Matthew W. Ohland is Associate Head and the

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josephine Meyer, University of Colorado Boulder; Bethany Wilcox, University of Colorado Boulder; Noah Finkelstein, University of Colorado Boulder

firstmeeting [5]; its website has since become a hub for STEM ethics education materials.A brief overview of QIS education and QIS education researchQuantum information science (QIS) is an emerging interdisciplinary field at the intersection ofphysics, computer science, electrical engineering, and mathematics leveraging the laws ofquantum mechanics to circumvent classical limitations on information processing. The NationalScience and Technology Council’s Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science identifiesfour key areas of fundamental research within QIS: quantum sensing, quantum computing,quantum networking, and broader scientific advances enabled by advances in quantum theory anddevices [6]. Fueled in part by the National Quantum Initiative Act of

Conference Session

ERM: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Loweth, University of Michigan; Sara Hoffman, University of Michigan; Shanna Daly, University of Michigan; Leah Paborsky; Steve Skerlos, University of Michigan

Paper ID #37192Professional merit in engineering career advancement:Student perspectives and critiquesRobert Loweth Robert P. Loweth is an (incoming) Visiting Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. His research explores how engineering students and practitioners engage stakeholders in their engineering projects, reflect on their social identities, and consider the broader societal contexts of their engineering work. The goals of his research are 1) to develop tools and pedagogies that support engineers in achieving the positive societal changes that they envision and

Conference Session

ERM: Persistence and Attrition in Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Baker Martin, Clemson University; Lisa Lampe, University of Virginia

-Boulder. She recently earned her Ph.D. in Higher Education at the School of Education and Human Development at the University of Virginia and her B.S. in Applied Math from the Missouri University of Science and Technology in 2004.Baker Martin Baker Martin is a Lecturer in General Engineering at Clemson University where he teaches in the first-year engineering program. His research interests include choice and decision making, especially relating to first-year engineering students’ major selection. He earned his Ph.D. in Engineering and Science Education from Clemson University, his M.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from Virginia Tech

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Royce Francis, The George Washington University; Marie Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Rachel Riedner

tension between professional loyalty to their technicalcommunity, and their professional and economic allegiances to their firms. Consequently, it isnatural for engineering practitioners to continually negotiate multiple, potentially conflictingidentities. These identities may intersect most consequentially in the myriad decision makingsituations faced as engineers scope projects or problems, design solutions, communicaterecommendations, or identify new markets or opportunities for technologies The engineeringdisciplines are manifestly rigorous in their application of scientific principles, and theseprinciples are the ones most directly addressed in undergraduate engineering classrooms.However, engineers are also called to make decisions that

Conference Session

Professional Skills and Community Building in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Eva Chi, University of New Mexico; Abhaya Datye, University of New Mexico; Yan Chen, University of New Mexico; Sang Han, University of New Mexico; Catherine Hubka, University of New Mexico; Jamie Gomez, University of New Mexico; Madalyn Wilson-Fetrow, University of New Mexico; Susannah Davis, University of New Mexico

Paper ID #36925Insights and Outcomes from a Revolution in a ChemicalEngineering DepartmentVanessa Svihla Dr. Vanessa Svihla is an associate professor at the University of New Mexico (UNM) with appointments in learning sciences and engineering. Her research, funded by an NSF CAREER award, focuses on how people learn as they frame problems and how these activities relate to identity, agency and creativity.Madalyn Wilson-fetrow (Graduate Student Researcher) (University of NewMexico) I am a graduate student at the University of New Mexico in learning sciences with a background in materials engineering and in

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James McAllister, University of Arkansas

Paper ID #36891Introducing Arduino Library Kits for CheckoutJames Thomas Mcallister (Engineering and Honors College Librarian) Engineering and Honors College Librarian at the University of Arkansas. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comIntroducing Arduino Library Kits for CheckoutIntroductionThe availability of technology kits of various kinds in academic libraries is becoming moreprevalent. During the summer and fall of 2021, the engineering librarian at the University ofArkansas – Fayetteville Mullins library conducted a process to implement the

Conference Session

Professional Skills and Community Building in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joaquin Rodriguez, University of Pittsburgh

Paper ID #37555Outreach Projects: Towards a Structured Curricular Activityfor Chemical Engineering StudentsJoaquin Rodriguez (Faculty) Joaquin Rodriguez is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh since 2018. He received his bachelor degree in Chemical Engineering from Universidad Simon Bolivar (Caracas, Venezuela), MSc. and PhD in the same discipline from the University of Pittsburgh. He developed his expertise in thermal cracking processes and advanced materials (needle coke, carbon fibers) from oil, and became business leader for specialty

Conference Session

WIED: Partnering with and Supporting the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camila Zapata, Universidad Andres Bello; Maria Elena Truyol, Universidad Andres Bello

engineering; higher education; gender perspectiveIntroductionUniversity studies associated with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics(collectively known as STEM), continue having a male gender bias in Chile. Femaleparticipation is only around 20% [2]. This low percentage is driven, among other reasons, bystrong gender stereotypes regarding the study areas mentioned. The incorporation of womenin STEM areas has been turned into a strategy by different institutions.A specific strategy was developed in a School of Engineering from a private university inChile, starting in 2021 where the formal creation of the Gender Equality Committee wasachieved, whose mission became to promote "justice, equal opportunities and gender equalitywithin the

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yalda Afshar, University of Calgary; Mohammad Moshirpour, University of Calgary; Emily Marasco, University of Calgary; Jalal Kawash, University of Calgary; Laleh Behjat, University of Calgary; Mahmood Moussavi, University of Calgary

Paper ID #37046An Integrated Software Engineering Curriculum ThroughProject-Based Learning (PBL)Yalda AfsharMohammad MoshirpourEmily Ann Marasco (Program Evaluation and Planning Specialist)Jalal KawashLaleh Behjat (Professor) Dr. Laleh Behjat is a professor at the Department of Electrical and Software Engineering at the University of Calgary, Canada and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Chair for Women in Science and Engineering - Prairies. Her research focuses on developing mathematical techniques and software tools for automating the design of digital integrated circuits and education

Conference Session

Professional Skills and Community Building in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Chen

Paper ID #38204Redesigning to Foster Community in an Online IntroductoryChemical Engineering CourseChristopher V.H.-H. Chen (Senior Assistant Director) Christopher V.H.-H. Chen, Ph.D., is a Senior Assistant Director of Graduate Student Programs and Services at the Center for Teaching and Learning and an Adjunct Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at Columbia University. His teaching and research interests include the application of case- and problem-based approaches to STEM learning experiences, the promise and challenges of online learning, how social and emotional interventions improve engineering

Conference Session

WIED: Support for All in the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ilknur Aydin; Mary Villani, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale; Lisa Cullington, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale

Paper ID #37511Designing a (Re)Orientation program for Women ComputingStudents at a Commuter College and Measuring ItsEffectivenessIlknur Aydin Ilknur Aydin is an Associate Professor of Computer Systems at Farmingdale State College in Long Island, New York. She received her Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of Delaware in DE, USA and received her BS degree in Computer Engineering from Marmara University in Istanbul, Turkey. She also worked as a software engineer in Turkey on projects about implementation of a GPS (Global Positioning System) based vehicle tracking system. Dr. Aydin's research is in the

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Electrical and Computer Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei-Jer Han, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Paper ID #37025Teach an introductory computer engineering course withMultisim SPICE simulationWei-Jer Han Professor Wei-Jer (Peter) Han has taught sophomore courses at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University since 2017. Prior to Virginia Tech, he was a professor at DeVry University from 2002 to 2016. He is also an electrical engineer since 1995 by designing electrical/electronic equipment for emergency vehicles such as police cars, ambulances and fire trucks. He received his MS degree from Missouri University of Science and Technology. His main interests are in the areas of embedded systems, computer

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Mechanics Applied and the Best in Five... Get Ready!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jakob Bruhl, United States Military Academy; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy; Kevin McMullen, United States Military Academy; Brett Rocha, United States Military Academy

Academy in the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. She received her B.S. in Civil Engineering from USMA in 2012, her M.S. in Engineering Management from Missouri University of Science and Technology in 2016, and her M.S. in Civil Engineering from University of Central Florida in 2021. She teaches mechanics of materials, design of steel structures, and design of concrete structures. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Identifying Sticking Points: Common Mechanics Errors Made by Civil Engineering StudentsABSTRACTMany fundamental mechanics concepts are critical to success in upper

Conference Session

LEES Session 8: Care and Commitments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mallette, Boise State University

notetaking, project management roles, and the tendency to divert women intowritten elements—and require these tasks to rotate among all team members and for instructorsto evaluate contributions accordingly [20, 21].Other studies have focused on supporting virtual teams, which has been a focus as the use ofdistributed teams has increased alongside technological innovations [e.g. 22]. The need foreffective management of distributed/virtual student teams, however, has increased with the shiftto remote learning in 2020 and continued use of virtual communication tools. Methods andapproaches for effective virtual and/or distributed teamwork have been taken up in a number ofstudies with clear implications for engineering education [e.g. 14-15, 23]While

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erick Vasquez, University of Dayton; Erick Ramos

et al. [53]discussed the challenges and opportunities of virtual reality modules in chemical and biochemicalengineering education, leading to enhanced technological, pedagogical, and socio-economicalapproaches. Low-cost experiments can also be conducted at home, as noted by Larriba et al. [54].Each of these approaches could be used for novel COIL implementations in Chemical Engineeringcourses. Hence COIL, if implemented properly, could lead to successful students’ learningexperiences. The next section provides a brief description of previous COIL implementationsperformed in STEM areas.E. COIL studies in STEM and engineering coursesThis section highlights significant COIL studies documented in the literature for Engineeringcourses. We believe

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Constanza Miranda, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel; Elizabeth Logsdon, The Johns Hopkins University; Amadea Smith, The Johns Hopkins University

the 2018 Airbus GEDC (Global Engineering Deans Council) Diversity Award sponsored by UNESCO because of its aim to democratize technology. More of her over 15 years of teaching experience can be found at: www.constanzamiranda.clElizabeth A Logsdon (Seniors Lecturer, Design Studio Director)Amadea Martino Smith (Researcher) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comWIP: Scaffolding the Design Process for UndergraduateBiomedical Engineering Students: Towards a Self-RegulatedDesign LearningABSTRACTThis is a work in progress. Biomedical engineering undergraduates use the design process to solve open-endedproblems in studio-based courses

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Rahman, Wichita State University

or multidisciplinary teams to augment design in theirengineering or engineering technology programs [7]. It is argued that examining students' learning styles can yield information that might beuseful to the design of learning activities and courses (Dee, 2002). (Larsen, 2004} points also tothe strong correlation between the students reported learning style preferences, satisfaction, andsuccess in the course [8]. In using projects to teach engineering design, the instructor faces the question of how tostructure the process to ensure an effective learning environment without compromising theindependence and open-ended nature of the student’s experience. The instructor faces the problemsof student time scallop (the tendency to increase

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Fluids, Heat Transfer

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jack Elliott, Utah State University; Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Kevin Roberts

Utah State University. Her research employs asset-based frameworks to improve access, participation, and inclusivity across all levels of engineering education. Angie engages with qualitative, mixed-method, and multi-method approaches to better understand student experience for the ultimate purpose of strengthening and diversifying the engineering workforce. Her most recent work explores the effects of mobile educational technology, online learning and distance education; metacognition and self-regulation, and contemporary engineering practice on engineering student learning and professional identity development. Angie graduated from the United State Military Academy at West Point with a bachelor's degree in mechanical

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: DEI, Flipped Classrooms

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sudeshna Pal, University of Central Florida; Anchalee Ngampornchai; Patsy Moskal, University of Central Florida

class. Studies that investigated MOOC courses presented similar results [15].They reported that student achievement is associated with the number of videos watched [11],[16].In an attempt to understand the impact of video lectures in an engineering blended class, Rogers(2018) provided video lectures (using Lightboard technology) in alternate lessons/weeks acrosstwo semesters. In the first semester, the videos were available for lessons 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and14. In the second semester, a different set of video lectures were provided for lessons 3, 5, 7, 9,11, and 13. After every lesson, the students were to complete a homework assignment. Whencomparing the scores of these two groups of students, the researcher found that the scores forlessons