Conference Session

Utilizing Technology to Train Chemical Engineering Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Bayles, University of Pittsburgh

fallEnglish composition course allows student to explore their plans, goals, and decisions to studyengineering. Students write about why they are at our institution, and what type of engineeringdiscipline/field they plan on pursuing and why; how they are coming to understand personal,academic, and professional integrity and ethics and how they might continue to pursue personaland professional integrity as they become practicing engineers. In the spring course, ENGCMP412, students pursue individual writing projects that are integral to their understanding ofcommunicating in a professional context. They also engage in a multi-step process of working inteams of three to write, revise and submit a paper to the First-Year Engineering Conference

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ari Sherris; Hua Li, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; David Ramirez; Tushar Sinha, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Francisco Haces Fernandez, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Christine Robbins, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Marisol Pirozzolo, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Mohammad Azayzeh, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Alberto Aguirre, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Danielle Maynard, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Yara Green-Jordan, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; jianhong Ren, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Mariee Cruz Mendoza, Texas A&M University-Kingsville

asset-based coaching for and by language teachers (e.g., peer coaching, critical friending in educational contexts). Ari has planned and facilitated language and literacy workshops and lectures, as well as curriculum development, in Ghana, Israel, Italy, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, and the USA.Hua Li (Professor) Dr. Hua Li is a Professor in the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department at Texas A&M University-Kingsville. His areas of expertise include renewable energy, data science, optimization, and engineering education. He has received more than $8M federal grants as PI and Co-PI, and has published over 70 peer-reviewed papers. He is currently serving as PI of NASA MUREP INCLUDES, NSF

Conference Session

CPDD Technical Session 2 - Trends in Student and Faculty Support

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane Peters, Kettering University; Elizabeth Gross, Sam Houston State University

supporting student success. In this work, weexamine the differing needs of returners, those who have been out of school for at least five yearsbetween their undergraduate and graduate degrees, and direct pathway students, those who havehad less than a five-year gap between completing their undergraduate degree and beginning theirgraduate work, in engineering master’s programs. A large-scale national survey was conducted,which included questions on many topics including advising. While there were many areas inwhich the two populations were the same, several key differences emerged, with returnersplacing a higher value on course planning topics than direct pathway students did, and less valueon advising focused on plans beyond the completion of the

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chengyi Zhang, University of Wyoming; Xuanyi Zhu; Ashleigh McManus; Bryan Dyer; Scott Arias

score. This paper aims toinvestigate whether construction programs should improve their program-level SLOsassessments to meet the AC exam criteria and whether such improvements will help studentspass the AC exam. Data were collected for two groups of students from Spring 2018 to Spring2020. The first group of students was assessed using the original program-level assessment. Thesecond group of students was assessed using improved program-level assessment developedbased on the AC exam guidelines. Descriptive and statistical analysis were conducted and theresults indicated that these actions and the improvement to the assessment plan can effectivelyimpact and improve the students' AC exam results. This research provides current

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 11: Program Descriptions and Learning Analytics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Talal Gamadi; Marshall Watson, Texas Tech University

of a student, a plan was designed to integrate and advance what students are learning from the first common year to their sophomore, junior, and senior year with more emphasis, given to programming/ data science, Bio-inspired engineering design class, and ethics & humanities. To effectively integrate these courses into the upper-level courses, a group of faculty members from different engineering departments, called disciples, were designated. The main duties of these disciples are: 1. providing relevant examples from each engineering major related to computational thinking, bio-inspired design, ethics, and humanities to the faculty members teaching the common first year (FCY). 2. monitoring the advancement and integration of

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Supporting and Evaluating Student Learning in BioE/BME Courses

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vibhavari Vempala, University of Michigan; Aileen Huang-Saad, Northeastern University

: 1) What are learners' goals and motivations for enrolling in the BME-In-PracticeModule(s)? and 2) How did learners' experiences with the module(s) align with their goals andinfluence their graduation plans? The survey was administered using Qualtrics and consisted ofmultiple open-ended questions examining learners' goals and motivations for participating in theBME-in-Practice Module(s) and questions assessing their experiences with the series. Responsesto the open-ended survey questions were analyzed using a qualitative interpretive approach. Ourresults identify different goals related to learners' professional interests and competencies whenenrolling in the module. Learners' reported gaining practical experiences as well as clarity

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Maltese, Indiana University-Bloomington; Kelli Paul, Indiana University-Bloomington; Amber Simpson, State University of New York at Binghamton; Ariel Zych

weeks and that caregivers would be left trying to figure out how to fill the days withoutcompletely turning to TV and video games. To address this need and opportunity, we gathered ateam of educators together with expertise in making and STEM education. We planned to createand share activity ideas with caregivers through an associated Facebook group (CoBuild19). Theteam started a Facebook group on March 13. Membership in the group grew to 3490 by April 1and 4245 by May 1 and leveled off at approximately 5000 members in June 2020, without muchchange since that time. As of March 5, 2021, members are primarily from the United States(4510), Mexico (43), India (42), the UK (37) and Japan (28). In the US, members mostcommonly hail from Indiana

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 2: Long-Term Institutional Outcome Evaluations and Capstone Innovations

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Mackay, University of Toronto; Hamid Timorabadi, University of Toronto

coursedeliverables were changed. A September proposal meeting was introduced to allow allstakeholders to clearly define project expectations and scope. As a result, misinterpretations ofthe project were resolved at early stages. The “Implementation Plan” deliverable was delayedfrom September to late November, giving students adequate time to consider implementationstrategies before following with documentation. An Interim Demonstration was introducedduring the first week of December to encourage students to kick-off the implementation phaseduring fall semester. After the Interim Demonstration, requirements and methods were clear tomost students, allowing them to complete the projects with minimal supervision. Deliverableexpectations must be better

Conference Session

Two-Year College Potpourri

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ricky Castles, East Carolina University; Chris Venters, East Carolina University; Charles Goodman, Pitt Community College

university. The project intended to recruit 80 total scholarsin two cohorts of 40. Each cohort was to be comprised of 20 university students and 20community college students. In-person recruiting events were planned in the service areas ofeach of the community colleges and in a 10-county region surrounding the university. Theoriginal plan for programming was to offer special events and speakers on each campusthroughout the academic year so that all of the scholars could meet each other and learn moreabout the engineering profession. When events were held on the university campus, the goal wasto showcase the laboratories and programs available once students complete their associate’sdegree and transfer and for them to begin developing relationships

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ricky Castles, East Carolina University; Chris Venters, East Carolina University; Charles Goodman, Pitt Community College

cohorts and retention of scholars from year 1 to year 2.Project OverviewThis grant funded scholarships and programming for 2 cohorts of low-income engineeringstudents, one of which began their undergraduate studies in Fall 2020 and the other which beganin Fall 2021. Each cohort was planned to be comprised of 20 students pursuing a Bachelor ofScience in Engineering degree from ECU and 20 total students pursuing either an Associate inScience or Associate in Engineering degree from the partnering community colleges. Based uponanticipated enrollment, PCC was allocated 10 scholarships per cohort and LCC and WCC wereallocated 5 scholarships each per cohort. Scholarship amounts were limited to a maximum of$10,000 per year for university students and

Conference Session

ERM: Find Out More About Faculty!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandro Espinal; Alejandra Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Camilo Vieira, Fundacion Universidad del Norte

professional development program to incorporate computational practices intodisciplinary learning environments at the K-12 level in Colombia. In total, 101 in-service teachers fromColombian public middle and high schools participated in this program. We used the learning progressionuse-modify-create as the pedagogical framework to scaffold participants’ learning process. Theparticipating teachers completed a pretest and a post-test regarding their experience in the program, theirself-efficacy beliefs in CT, and their understanding of CT concepts. As a final project of the program, theparticipating teachers presented a lesson plan to integrate computational thinking skills into theirdisciplinary courses. This lesson plan was assessed using a rubric

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Betul Bilgin, The University of Illinois at Chicago; James Pellegrino, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Cody Mischel, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Lewis Wedgewood, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Vikas Berry, The University of Illinois at Chicago

2individuals from more diverse backgrounds. Both mentors wanted to change students’perspectives on the importance and relevance of the contents of the university courses. Themain challenge for them was the time window.During Summer 2021, the project team worked with two other mentors to design two moreproblems for the course. Those problems were from the plastic recycling process andpharmaceutical applications, which are exciting topics for students.Introduction of Up-to-Date Industry Problems into Targeted Course and COVID-19 ModificationsTo be able to distinguish the impacts of changes in the course curriculum from the impacts ofinteraction with industry mentors, multiple implementation conditions were planned to beevaluated. In Spring 2021, only up

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Technical Session 1: Library Services

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leena Lalwani, University of Michigan; Nancy Allee, University of Michigan

access the library collections. Librariansare engaged in new service models, and staff are no longer visible in locations like reference andinformation desks. The library is also adjusting to organizational changes brought about by thepandemic as well as planned transitions, such as Engineering subject liaisons becomingorganizationally aligned as HS-STEM, spanning the disciplinary boundaries of Health Sciencesand Science, Technology, Engineering, & Mathematics, within the new Research Division.Organizational changes have allowed not only the closer examination of library services andresources but also the re-envisioning of how the library engages with the campus and howcollaboration works within the team of HS-STEM and the Research Division

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shonda Bernadin, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Tejal Mulay, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Hongmei Chi, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

departments Educators and educational systems have to adapt in order toat the minority-serving institution (MSI). However, the authors had to remain relevant. In the pre-covid environment, the authorsrethink and redesign a completely virtual, online event. How can we planned to implement an immersive two-day technicalmake the learning environment engaging? How can we make the workshop on Blockchain technologies for engineering andlearning environment collaborative? How can we ensure that computer science communities in efforts to increase awarenessinstruction is effective and meaningful for participants? How can we and cultivate interdisciplinary collaborations among researchersrecruit students to

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons and Best Practices

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Ivo Draganov; Hugh Jack (duplicate), Western Carolina University; Tasho Tashev; Mary Anna Lafratta

University of Sofia (TU-Sofia) in Bulgaria in Fall 2021 as aFulbright U.S. Scholar to conduct a research/teaching combination project, with the support fromthe other authors of this paper at both institutions. A project-based learning (PBL) course wasoffered at TU-Sofia as a facultative course, with 13 students enrolled from two programs andfrom freshmen to seniors. This paper reports the extensive efforts on course planning, theadaptation of the course offering on the go, and a follow-up plan such as a faculty-led trip toprovide an opportunity for the U.S. students to visit Bulgaria (although the May 2022 trip had tobe canceled due to the nearby war, the connections that were made and the trip planning willenable another trip in the future). All

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rania Al-Hammoud, University of Waterloo; Vaishnavi Pasalkar, University of Waterloo

activities made up two of these assessments, while the final projectwas split into two additional assessments: a lesson plan, and a presentation. The first lab activitywas done in groups of 2 students, while the second one was done in groups of 3 or 4 students.Lastly the final project, both the lesson plan and the presentation, was completed in groups of 3to 5 students. With 275 students, this resulted in a total of 260 submissions across all fourassessments—an abundance of submissions for the course team to assess in time. This raised theneed for the implementation of peer evaluations as 260 submissions to evaluate is a large feat forthe teaching team to tackle. The first lab activity was the same activity for all students, while thesecond allowed

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clark Hochgraf, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET); Jeanne Christman, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET); Laura Shackelford; Stacy Nation-Knapper, Montana State University - Bozeman; Daniele Brown, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET)

development to cooperative educational experiences, and using story-based methods andreflective practices to guide students in their personal and professional development.E-portfolios, integrated into an educational plan that challenges students to exercise and extend theirproblem solving and storytelling abilities in both personal and professional domains, are a powerful toolfor promoting entrepreneurial mindset. Teaching engineering students how to identify and communicateessential elements of a problem-solving scenario along with their own professional aspirations as a storywill enable them to develop and apply entrepreneurial mindset to condense complex situations intoconcrete courses of action.Effectively integrating e-portfolios requires that

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Azadeh Bolhari, University of Colorado Boulder; Shelby Tillema, University of Colorado Boulder

curricular intervention includes the design ofopen-ended, team-based, K-12 STEM activities related to the course topics, such as: augmentedreality in environmental engineering, transport of contaminants in the environment, andremediation of pollutants from the natural environment. These K-12 lesson and activity plans,created by the engineering students, include a brief presentation of the subject matter and anengineering design activity for the K-12 students to complete which will be hosted onTeachEngineering open-access website for STEM curriculum. During the start and end of thisproject, a survey consisting of the Very Brief Innovation Self-Efficacy scale (ISE.5), theInnovation Interests scale (INI), and the Career Goals: Innovative Work scale

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shaghayegh Kurzinski, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Shayan Mirzabeigi; Mohamad Razkenari, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Paul Crovella, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry

. They read 2D drawing with and without technology implementation in fixed time duration.The number of correct, and incorrect identifications and the correct rate of identifications were used tocompare the two methods. According to pre- and post-study questionnaires, they found that AR is aneffective technique to be integrated into the classroom setting for improving plan-reading accuracy.However, the results did not show noticeable improvement in reading 2d drawings by the AR interpretedas the situation where participants were not comfortable holding an iPad or their unfamiliarity with thementioned technology.Shojaei et al. [4] explored immersive videos as an educational tool in construction management. Variousconfigurations of 360°, 180° 3D

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beena Ajmera, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Sarah Crary, North Dakota State University; Christi McGeorge, North Dakota State University

sites.All of the teachers agreed or strongly agreed that their participation in the RET programincreased their knowledge of STEM topics and specifically, civil engineering topics. Theparticipants agreed to varying extents that they will use the information they learned from theprogram to teach their students and will implement the new strategies they gained to promoteincreased student learning about STEM topics. Furthermore, the feedback that they providedcorroborated some of the same changes the authors plan to implement.IntroductionWith funding from the National Science Foundation Division of Engineering Education andCenters under Award #1953102, a Research Experience for Teachers (RET) site was establishedat North Dakota State University (NDSU

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 2: Instruction & Learning Delivery

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Haleh Brotherton, Clemson University; Marisa Orr, Clemson University; Jessica Manning, Clemson University

that more student-centric features can help students excelin their academic lives. Our proposed dashboard places students in the driver’s seat of theireducation with features ranging from curricular planning to integrating self-regulated learningtechniques to tools to support adaptive decision-making. Our proposed dashboard can helpstudents self-regulate and make adaptive decisions about their academic path. They canproactively seek advice to acquire additional information and prepare themselves to make thebest use of their time, whether studying, meeting with an advisor, or considering a new major.IntroductionThe idea of designing a new dashboard emerged from students’ and their advisors’ needs andexpectations to excel in their roles

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Assorted Topics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simin Nasseri, Society of Manufacturing Engineers; Mohammad Jonaidi, Kennesaw State University; Navid Nasajpour Esfahani, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ralph Schultz, Kennesaw State University

Green [3]Balzer for the current and assessment interview process State University (BGSU) (USA)Melanie Dow 2009 Lean process review, which was led by the office of quality Carleton [3] initiative (OQI) to support the people in the campus University (USA) community by mainly focusing on five points, including discovering, planning, scoping, a sponsor, and team launchBrent Hurley 2009 Sustainable Future Initiative office provided training, Edinburgh Napier [3]and Steve consulting

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 3: Online Learning and the Impact of COVID-19

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Dick

the weaker response was due the content itself or studentpreference for learning face-to-face.Informal feedback provided through the students’ PTO reflections often showed the studentsmodifying their original plan due to the on-going impact of COVID-19 within the community, andseasonable change. In general, despite changes in specific individual activities, students maintaineddeliberate plans to keep in touch with friends and family, and indicated the framing of a plan, even ifnot followed precisely, brought comfort during times of challenge.This paper discusses the COVID-19 adaptions made within the first-year engineering designcurriculum, and reflects on their impact fulfilling the required learning outcomes, mitigating studentmental health

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Integrating Design Across the BioE/BME Curriculum

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mostafa Elsaadany, University of Arkansas; Raj Rao, University of Arkansas; Loren Hedgecock; Kaitlin Hall

-stage formation of osteoarthritis, causing severe damage to the knee joint. Dr. Fizz decided that the best plan of action was a total knee replacement.2.2 Biomechanical Engineering ProjectThe semester-long project consisted of three modules. The experimental version was integratedwith additional entrepreneurial components. The proposed modules are defined below.Part 1: Module 1- Treatment Plan Research PaperUsing their assigned patient profiles, student teams were asked to survey the available treatmentoptions, including details about two options, and then choose one treatment option over the otherwhile providing a rationale for their choice. Those in the experimental version were givenadditional information in the format of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Mahmoud, Mt. San Antonio College; Carolyn Robinson, Mt. San Antonio Community College; Brandon Saller, Mt San Antonio College

students.In 2021, Mt. SAC implemented a new program for entering engineering technology studentscalled the Engineering Summer Cohort (ESC). Counseling and engineering facultycollaboratively taught a two-week course that included educational planning and a hands-on,engineering project. Students learned a diverse set of engineering skills in a free, developmental,non-credit-bearing course in the summer prior to their fall enrollment. The intervention wasdesigned to motivate students to pursue an engineering technology degree and to learn aboutuniversity transfer programs. ESC Program materials, including electronic flyers, a video, andan application, were marketed and distributed to local area high school engineering students.Implementation of ESC is

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University; Sam Spiegel, Colorado School of Mines; Deb Jordan, Colorado School of Mines; Megan Sanders, Colorado School of Mines

development.Details for each of these steps are included in this paper, as well as key lessons learned by theevaluation team. A second paper (Jordan et al., 2022) will explore the findings and the lessonslearned on the evaluation from the perspectives of the members of The Center.Initial conversation, scoping, and goals for the evaluationInitial conversations with The Center on the evaluation began in 2019. The evaluation team wasfirst approached at the 2019 ASEE Conference. The team then visited The Center in the fall of2019 to generate a more specific plan for the evaluation. The time spent during the meeting wasused to generate guiding evaluation questions, identify stakeholders, and possible data sources. Inaddition, further opportunities for

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons and Best Practices

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gloria Kim, University of Florida; Yong Yoon; Jin-woo Choi, Louisiana State University and A&M College

are sent to South Korea for8 weeks to work on their own research project at their assigned laboratories. In Summer 2019,the first cohort of five students completed their 8-week immersive research internship at a top-ranked Korean university.COVID-19 affected most, if not all, in-bound and out-bound international programs. IRiKA wasno exception. In late February 2020, the program was canceled altogether because no viablealternative could be offered for Summer 2020, as institutions world-wide were grappling withdisruptive challenges the pandemic brought on. In Fall 2020, with contingency plans in place andan additional Korean host site aboard, the project team solicited applications. However, in early2021, before the final selection of the 2021

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Maltese, Indiana University-Bloomington; Barbara Yarza; Kelli Paul, Indiana University-Bloomington; David Oyler

thought ofopportunities to extend our offerings. At the beginning, we generally ignored computing andprogramming tasks because of the need for hardware, but as we looked to expand our set ofactivities we convinced ourselves that we could do a good amount of activities using the onlineblock coding simulators that exist, particularly Microsoft MakeCode.We began planning an offering called the Design with Code Club (DwCC). We structuredDwCC to be different from other common coding offerings [1-2] in that we wanted the mainfocus to be on kids designing solutions to problems that might include the use of technology andcoding. We were purposeful in this decision for two main reasons. First, we wanted to make ourcoding club more interesting to girls

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Moreland; Tyamo Okosun, Purdue University Northwest; Armin Silaen; Kyle Toth, Purdue University Northwest; Chenn Zhou, Purdue University Northwest

furnace/environmental using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)simulation, reheat furnace efficiency using CFD, overhead crane stress using finite elementanalysis (FEA), and safety training using interactive visualization. Each research projectincluded research mentor staff, graduate and undergraduate students, as well as collaborationwith steel industry partners. In addition to the research outcomes, each teacher also developed alesson plan and education module which will be hosted online for use by other educators. Lessonplans involved a variety of topics programming activities for computer science and relatedclasses, chemistry and environmental activities, math and statistics analysis, and engineering.Each lesson plan also involved some form of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Delahanty, Bucks County Community College; Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; Susan Herring; Tracy Timby, Bucks County Community College

to require a greater business aspect. Within this restructuring, we have created courses indifferent modalities in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are committed to increasingawareness of STEM education to underrepresented groups through K-12 STEM-related outreachinitiatives, and are in the process of establishing a plan to recruit such groups into our technicianeducation programs. In addition to the services already in place at Bucks, development of ourrecruitment plan includes professional development sessions of faculty and staff, discussionsessions at national conferences, Professional Learning Communities, special convenings ofstudents, and outreach initiatives to school districts with a higher percentage of underrepresentedgroups