Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Perspectives on Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madeline Polmear, University of Florida; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder

via the research-practice cycle.Research QuestionsThe present study addressed the following two research questions:(1) What are faculty members’ perspectives on the role of accreditation in engineering ethicseducation?(2) How, if at all, does accreditation influence their teaching decisions related to ethics?Project ContextThis study is part of a larger project that explored ethics and societal impacts education from theperspectives of faculty members, engineering students, and engineering alumni. The aim of thelarger project was to identify potential exemplars of engineering ethics education. As part of thelarger project, 38 interviews were conducted with educators throughout the United States [19].The interviewees were drawn from the

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Supporting the Development of the Next Civil Engineers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Dong, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Michelle Kam-Biron; Scott Francis; Brent Perkins

career at Cal Poly, Kevin practiced holistic design with Ove Arup & Partners (ARUP).Scott Mason FrancisBrent Alan Perkins (Mr.) Brent Perkins is a project structural engineer with Dudley Williams and Associates, P.A. in Wichita, Kansas. In 2000, Brent graduated from Kansas State University with both a Bachelor and Master of Science Degrees in Architectural Engineer. Brent is a licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Kansas and a licensed Structural Engineer in the State of Nebraska. Brent is a Charter Member of the Structural Engineers Association of Kansas and Missouri and serves as a member on the National Council of Structural Engineers Association Basic Education Committee

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Kaufman-Ortiz, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jason Morphew, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); N. Sanjay Rebello; Carina Rebello, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

taught to apply physics principles tosolve ill-structured and complex engineering problems. The integration of engineering designprocesses to physics labs is meant to help students transfer physics learning to engineeringproblems, as well as to transfer the design skills learned in their engineering courses to thephysics lab. The purpose of this case study was to examine how, and to what extent, students engagedin a physics laboratory that is integrated using an engineering design project engage in transfer.We begin by briefly reviewing the existing literature on the integration of science andengineering practices, then provide a brief overview of transfer. We then describe the contextand content of the integrated physics labs, before

Conference Session

ERM: Problem Solving and Conceptual Understanding

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roman Taraban, Texas Tech University; Sheima Khatib, Texas Tech University; Jacob Vaughn, Texas Tech University

includesteps of choosing equations, monitoring, and evaluating problem solutions, and the combinationof these steps into more complex problem-solving strategies. These are metacognitive processesbecause they require the solver to think about anticipated, ongoing, and final problem-solvingsteps. Although research has identified characteristic differences between novice and expertproblem solvers, less is known about the more detailed ways in which students develop theirproblem-solving methods through experience. In this research project, we asked 1) Whichproblem-solving strategies do students report using, 2) Is strategy use correlated with level ofmetacognitive reflection and problem-solving confidence, 3) Is strategy use correlated withobjective

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lorelle Meadows, Michigan Technological University; Denise Sekaquaptewa, University of Michigan; Darnishia Slade, Michigan Technological University; Logan Burley, University of Michigan

Paper ID #38328Recognition of Subtle Bias Tempers Explicit GenderStereotyping Among STEM StudentsDarnishia Lashalle Slade Darnishia Slade-Morris is a PhD student in Michigan Technological University's Applied Cognitive Sciences and Human Factors Program. Her research focus includes self-efficacy, mental toughness, and microaggressions. Darnishia is also the Pavlis Educator and Manager of Global Engagement Programs in the Pavlis Honors College at Michigan Tech. She’s a foodie who enjoys spending time with friends and family as well as impromptu road trips!Logan C Burley Logan is currently working as a project

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arianne Collopy, University of Colorado Denver; Heather Johnson; Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado Denver; Tom Altman; Maryam Darbeheshti, University of Colorado Denver; Kristin Wood, University of Colorado Denver; David Mays

of Engineering, Design andComputing at the University of Colorado Denver with representation from each of the fivedepartments, as well as faculty at multiple stages in their career (instructors, assistant, associate,and full professors in clinical, research, and tenure tracks). This cohort represents a broadsampling across the college, and provides a foundation for the FLC to influence, transform, andlayer a culture of diversity, equity, and inclusion throughout the college.Initial results from this project center on findings that address the research question: How canparticipation in an FLC nudge engineering faculty to adopt and personalize mindful reflectionand DEI best practices? This paper includes initial findings from participant

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 7 Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hillary Merzdorf, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Donna Jaison, Texas A&M University; Morgan Weaver, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kerrie Douglas, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Julie Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tracy Hammond, Texas A&M University

. Kerrie Douglas, Assistant Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue, studies how to improve the quality of classroom assessments and evaluation of online learning in a variety of engineering education contexts. She holds a PhD in Educational Psychology and a M.A. in Educational Studies, with focus on school counseling. She is a co-PI on the SCALE project, leading the evaluation and assessment efforts. She recently received an NSF award to study engineering instructor decisions and student support during COVID-19 and impact the pandemic is having on engineering students. She also recently won the prestigious CAREER award from the U.S. National Science Foundation to study increasing the fairness of engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Technical Session 6: Diversity

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Lester, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Kelly Durkin Ruth

education [50], [51].Citation analysisWhen we selected our foundational papers we expected to find at least a few citations for them,so we were quite surprised to find only one passing reference. Is this citation politics at play, orcould there be some other explanation? We cannot make conclusions from our small study. Aswe delve further into this work it is important to recognize that the authors we cite “positions ourwork in a field. It aligns us with particular epistemologies and ontologies; ways of knowing andof ways of being. It can polarise us from others [52].”Future ResearchThis project is a proof-of-concept first step at mapping the DEI and social justice work publishedin the STEM librarianship sphere. Although we ended up with only a few

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Supporting the Development of the Next Civil Engineers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Clayton, Wake Forest University; Daniel Castaneda, James Madison University; Monica Palomo, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Carolyn Rodak, State University of New York, Polytechnic Institute; Stacey Kulesza, Kansas State University; Pinar Omur-Ozbek, Colorado State University

includes civil engineering materials, dynamics, engineering design, engineering economics, first-year engineering experience, matrix analysis, mechanics, probability and risk in engineering, statics, and structural analysis. His research aims to better society by exploring how infrastructure materials can be made to be more environmentally sustainable and resilient; and by exploring how engineering can be structured to be more welcoming of diverse perspectives, which can fuel solutions in challenging societal inequities.Monica Palomo (Professor) Dr. Mónica Palomo is a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, where she teaches senior projects, and environmental and

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shamita V, Nanyang Technological University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University; Eileen Fong, Nanyang Technological University

skillsneeded in the workforce. Students must instead embrace a new form of learning in whichthey gain knowledge and learn to apply information and concepts from different perspectives(Tan, 2021). Consequently, Telenko et al. (2015), Kazerounian & Foley (2007), and Klukken,Parsons, & Columbus (1997) have found that this new form of learning requires a curriculumthat applies problem-focused, project-based, and design-centric education. As of late, muchemphasis has been placed on the need to develop a curriculum that is more open-mindedinstead of one that employs activities that have a fixed narrative (Tan, 2021). Therefore, thisstudy aims to address the wider community of people who are studying engineering inSingapore as first-generation

Conference Session

LEES 5: Preparing and Practicing Culturally and Ethically Sensitive Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Fiss, Michigan Technological University; Darnishia Slade, Michigan Technological University

immediately after the first required seminar, HON 2150 (there is an optional foundationalseminar for first-semester first-year students), and consists of the first of the experientialcomponents. In practice, students often complete the Immersion later in their careers, after theyhave taken another seminar and/or other components. The metaphor of immersion is consciouslychosen: the idea is for a student to allow themselves to absorb an experience in 360 degrees, totake it in, and to begin to process it, but with an emphasis on observation. In this way, it’s mostclosely linked with the Honors Ability (our program learning outcomes) Embrace Ambiguity [8].Later components, including the Honors Project and Leadership/Mentorship, engage the Actwith Purpose

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - The New Normal: Enduring Technology Improvements in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mousumi Roy, University of Connecticut; Manish Roy, University of Connecticut

University of Connecticut, respectively. He worked for nine years in the industry as an engineer/manager in India and Bangladesh before starting his graduate study in the US. He started his career as a faculty member in 2019 at the University of Connecticut. His research interests lie in the field of concrete technology with a focus on finite element modeling of ultra high performance concrete. He is also interested in educational research. He is presently working on redesigning the Soil Mechanics course, which incorporates inclusive teaching practices considering the experience and needs of neurodivergent learners. This project is a part of an NSF-funded IUSE/PFE:RED grant. © American Society for

Conference Session

WIED: Support for All in the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jia Zhu, Florida International University; Monique Ross, Florida International University; Disha Patel, Florida International University

alternative pathways. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Avoiding Barriers: A Literature Review on the Alternative Pathways for Women in Computer ScienceAbstractChallenges remain in fulfilling skilled professionals to meet the growing demand for the computingworkforce. Computer and information technology occupations are projected to grow at an above-average rate of 13% from 2020 to 2030. To meet the need for computer science jobs, the computerscience education research (CSER) community has explored pedagogical theories and practices toprepare students for careers in the field. However, the focus has been on

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marvin Durango, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jose Garcia; Erick Borders, Purdue Polytechnic Graduate Programs; Brittany Newell; Farid Breidi, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)

industrial applications. During his time at Purdue, he has been awarded several grants to develop technology for the improvement of fluid power systems. As the director of his research group at Purdue, he received funding for the development of contamination resistant valves for the throttle control of fighter jet engines. The resulting design of this project generated a modified poppet valve that improved its response time from 40ms to 10ms. He has developed with his students an IoT irrigation system for water deprived areas in Arequipa, Peru. He has also conducted research in novel methods for the hybridization of electrically powered drive trains using hydraulic accumulators. Most recently he is developing an autonomous

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology; Joy Harris; Janece Shaffer

pre- and post- entrepreneurial knowledge familiarity tests, entrepreneurialself-efficacy scales, creative mindset scales, an epistemic curiosity scale, and students’ writtenself-reflection responses. We expect results to show increases in students’ learning and theimpact of SRL on students’ learning in entrepreneurship-related concepts and applicationthrough self-reflection in the full-scale study. The findings of this work will demonstrate theimpact of SRL in an entrepreneurial learning context using theory-grounded pedagogicalpractices.IntroductionThe Engineering of 2020 Project envisioned that colleges and universities should fosterengineering students’ curiosity, creativity, innovation, and leadership and problem-solvingabilities to meet

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Fluids, Heat Transfer

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiamin Zhang, Auburn University; Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, Cornell University; Matthew Ford, University of Washington; Eric Burkholder, Stanford University

Materials Science from the University of California, Berkeley, and went on to complete his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at Northwestern University. After completing a postdoc with the Cornell Active Learning Initiative, he joined the School of Engineering and Technology at UW Tacoma to help establish its new mechanical engineering program. His teaching and research interests include solid mechanics, engineering design, and inquiry-guided learning. He has supervised undergraduate and master's student research projects and capstone design teams.Eric Burkholder (Postdoctoral Scholar) Eric Burkholder is an assistant professor of physics and of chemical engineering at Auburn Univeristy. He received his PhD in chemical

Conference Session

ETD - ET Curriculum and Programs I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gloria Fragoso-Diaz; Billy Gray, Tarleton State University

1The number of times a program has been awarded and what ET programs have benefited fromthe NSF program are listed in Table IV. The most listed program is Engineering Technologywith no specific major. Still, the number of awards for ET is very low compared to those inengineering in Table III. Most of the awards granted by NSF S-STEM program involvesscholarships for students and the number varied from very few to over 200 students. Someuniversities included minorities such as Hispanics or Black populations in their project. Thedegrees varied from Associates to Bachelors and even some Master degrees. When comparingthe summaries from Tables III and IV, clearly, the number of students impacted by grantsawarded to those in engineering surpasses

Conference Session

Design Experiences in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faisal Aqlan, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Daniell DiFrancesca, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Matthew Swinarski, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Chetan Nikhare, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Mohammad Rasouli, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Qi Dunsworth, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College

• Demand Management • Customer Relationship MRP II - 1980s Forecasting • Procurement Management (CRM) • Manufacturing Management • Supply Chain Capacity Planning • Human Resource Management (SCM) MRP - 1970s • Shop Floor Control Management • e-Commerce • Master • Inventory • Asset Management • Knowledge Management Production Management • Project Management • Business Intelligence (BI) Scheduling • Quality Assurance • Warehouse Management

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 11 Empathy and Human-Centered Design 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelley Dugan, University of Michigan; Shanna Daly, University of Michigan; Charlie Michaels, University of Michigan; Steve Skerlos, University of Michigan; Ann Verhey-Henke, University of Michigan

design approach places emphasis on deep consideration and inclusion ofstakeholders and context in design decision making. Further, when taking a humanity-centeredapproach, designers consider how their own identities shape design approaches and outcomes,constantly reflect and analyze on𑁋𑁋and adjust𑁋𑁋their role in a design process relative to thepeople and communities who have a stake in the project, and account for impacts on futuregenerations. As a humanity-centered approach, socially engaged design thus foregrounds peopleand society (e.g., users, stakeholders, communities), context (e.g., environmental, political,economic, cultural), and designer positionality (relative to the problem, solution, and process)throughout design work [20]. This

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Diversity Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy

deliberately chosen because the word Robotics can be easilyidentified by high school Students particularly due to the popularity of competitions such as FIRSTRobotics, while employers can better identify with the word mechatronics when they seekprospective employees with certain skills. Our industrial partners’ need for engineers trained inmechatronic principles is being met through this undergraduate program in which all basicconcepts are taught through rigorous integrated coursework. During the three mandatory co-opterms our Students are able to apply skills learned in classes and design projects to solve realproblems at their workplace. Also, seniors work on a two-semester capstone design problemwhere they learn first-hand how new engineering

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 11: Program Descriptions and Learning Analytics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Cruz Castro, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Tiantian Li, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Leyla Ciner; Kerrie Douglas, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Christopher Brinton, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

interested in studying international scholars' experience within engineering.Leyla CinerKerrie A Douglas (Assistant Professor of Engineering Education) Dr. Kerrie Douglas, Assistant Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue, studies how to improve the quality of classroom assessments and evaluation of online learning in a variety of engineering education contexts. She holds a PhD in Educational Psychology and a M.A. in Educational Studies, with focus on school counseling. She is a co-PI on the SCALE project, leading the evaluation and assessment efforts. She recently received an NSF award to study engineering instructor decisions and student support during COVID-19 and impact the pandemic is having on engineering students

Conference Session

Intersections of Identity and Student Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice Technical Session 10

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Yang, Stanford University; Crystal Nattoo

, doubts, and fears that lieahead in our careers.Methodological Approach and Research Quality We came into this project wanting a way to tell stories of marginalization and oppressionin a way and space that would be supportive and healthy. In our case, friendship and bondingover shared experiences were the prerequisites for us to become research partners. Friendshipenabled us to understand each other deeper than if we were just labmates or colleagues; beingfriends translated to an ability to vocalize and interpret each other’s experiences through our ownperspectives and create a shared safe space through which we could nurture our stories - whichsignificantly impacted our research and counterstory writing process [24]. As Cann

Conference Session

Imagining the Research Agenda for ASEE LEAD

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan Kendall, University of Texas at El Paso; Meg Handley, Pennsylvania State University; Brian Novoselich, United States Military Academy; Matthew Dabkowski

have come to realize, engineering work is not done inisolation. Rather, the engineering needs of the future are socio-technical, relying on more thantechnical prowess and demanding the input of diverse stakeholders and expertise. In response,engineering educators have increasingly recognized both holistic engineering design techniques,like human-centered design, and professional skills development of engineering students arecritical for engineering students to learn [3]. In recent years, engineering programs andengineering education research have seen a proliferation of works focused on developingstudents’ capacity to work on teams, communicate effectively, manage projects, etc. These typesof skills and the need to address socio-technical

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chelsea Lyles, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Lisa McNair, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Thomas Koonce, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Emily Burns, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Annie Patrick, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

critically examining these areas, she aims to illuminate adverse, systemic impacts of policies and practices on historically marginalized populations at the organizational level. Current research projects include a scoping review of service learning courses, measuring sense of belonging in electrical and computer engineering, and a qualitative study of boundary-spanning educators. She has contributed to manuscripts about STEM graduate student funding, skill development, and recruitment in the International Journal of STEM Education and the Journal of Higher Education. She has also written education finance policy analyses for the Journal of Education Finance and published a document analysis in the Journal of Education Human

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Electrical and Computer Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei-Jer Han, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

or signed extension can be easily observed and understood. Students can place a bus wire in the schematic diagram and the bus is a cluster of nets such as 8-bit bus or 16-bit bus. In a bus, each net inside the bus must be defined with a name. The concatenation process simply arranges different sources of nets to merge into a bus and can be intuitively understood through the use of Multisim. 5. Student learning assessment The assessment was done with four project based learning. The first project was a two- digit calculator and purely based on a combinational logic design. Students used TERASIC DE0-nano boards to implement with a schematic design entry. The second project was based

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1: Looking at Study Abroad through an enhanced lens

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacie D'Alessandro, Virginia Military Institute

& Modern Materials & Construction Methods 2 T 25-Apr Effective Presentations & Reports / Engineering Design - Considerations & Concepts 1 3 W 26-Apr Forces & Strength of Materials / Blog Tools 4 R 27-Apr London Underground…and Above - Transportation Systems 5 F 28-Apr Presentation 1 Presentation 1, Blog 1 6 M 1-May Structural Form, Concepts, & Terminology 7 T 2-May Royal Living & Fortresses- Windsor Castle & Tower of London 8 W 3-May Bridging the Old and New - Tower and Mellinium Bridges Project Proposal 2 9 R 4-May

Conference Session

Computing & Information Technology Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kylan Stewart; Bruce Debruhl; Zoe Wood

are disconnected from their students, hard to communicate with, or seem more interested in ”defeating” their students than challenging them [...].” (2020, Somewhat) “The department seems to take student evals done at the end of the quarter seriously. There are certain teachers that students actively avoid because they aren’t known for good teaching, but for the most part excellent teaching seems important to the department.” (2020, Yes) “I feel like there’s a bit of a paradox with professor’s involvement with students. I feel like many are involved in student oriented groups, projects and research which is great for involved students. However it also makes me more hesitant to reach out to

Conference Session

WIED: Support for All in the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Ofori-Boadu, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (CoE); Victor Ofori-Boadu

provided early AEC gateway experiences that assure them that AEC programs andprofessions are a good fit for them. Insights have theoretical and practical implications towardstransformations that will strengthen the attraction, preparation, and retention of the nextgeneration of AEC women. In the long term, this would reduce AEC workforce shortages andfoster the innovation of more gender friendly AEC products and services.INTRODUCTIONIn addition to workforce shortages and the lack of racial diversity in the architecture,engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, women are severely underrepresented in AECprofessions. With projected employment growth in the AEC industry, there are seriousnationwide concerns about these workforce shortages [1-4

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Francesca Bartram; Natalie Wint; David Maxwell Rea

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division

foremployment projects within Europe and aims to ensure individuals have fair access to jobopportunities and that they secure better jobs. The funding obtained by the M2A is thereforeused to work towards two ESF investment priorities:• “Enhancing equal access to lifelong learning for all age groups in formal, non-formal and informal settings, upgrading the knowledge, skills and competences of the workforce, and promoting flexible learning pathways including through career guidance and validation of acquired competences.”• “Equality between men and women in all areas, including in access to employment, career. progression, reconciliation of work and private life and promotion of equal pay for equal work” [53]The M2A incorporates a

Conference Session

Social Identities and STEM Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Kaufman-Ortiz, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Hector Rodriguez-Simmonds, Purdue Engineering Education

questions. We met twicethroughout the coding process to discuss emerging themes and reach a reasonable consensus.Lastly, we merged both NVivo projects with our resulting keywords into one combined datasetwith our distinct and related keywords. The result of this merge is the foundation of the findings,which we will discuss in more detail now.Findings We found several intertwined features of STEM that affect LGBTQ+ practitioners. Thethemes and subthemes are listed in Table 3. This section will review each of these themes andexplore their effects on this group through the data. Dichotomous ways of thinking that reducethe complexity of ideas, discretize and put them into hierarchical either-or-categories, such asengineering prioritizing