Conference Session

ERM: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Blaine Pedersen, Texas A&M University; Karen Rambo-Hernandez, Texas A&M University

a national concern [1]; the economic prosperity and globalcompetitiveness of the U.S. hinges greatly on these enterprises—especially engineering [1] – [4].Many engineering occupations require post-secondary education, and unfortunately, attritionfrom engineering degree programs continues to plague students [3], [5], [6]. Understanding whystudents engage and persist in engineering is increasingly studied under the social cognitivecareer theory (SCCT), e.g. [7], [8]. The current study tests an elaborated SCCT model to advanceour knowledge of the psychosocial factors that influence engineering students' intentions topersist among a sample of undergraduates primarily in their first year.Theoretical FrameworkThe SCCT (Figure 1) builds on

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Integration of Engineering and/or Technical Rigor with Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice (DEIJ)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Palomo, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Pauline Muljana

Analysis of Note- Taking Practices in a Civil Engineering Course and the Association with Self-Efficacy, Cognitive Engagement, Test Anxiety, and Course AchievementKeywords“Civil engineering,” “cognitive engagement,” “women in engineering”, “note-taking practice,”“pandemic”, “persistence,” “self-efficacy,” “STEM learning,”, and “virtual learning”IntroductionWhile engineering and science programs across the US have come up with interventions toincrease the enrollment and retention of underrepresented students, women students are stillunderrepresented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields [1], [2]. In2015, more men students graduated with an undergraduate degree in the engineering

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Huh? What Did You Say? What Does That Mean?

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn Mayo, RePIcture; Katie Wheaton

by AISC. Students can refer to their published articleon their resume to stand out to employers, which is of particular benefit to those with noengineering-related work experience.The majority of Case Western Reserve University students provided positive feedback about theassignment and recommended the assignment be used again. The students indicated that theyenjoyed connecting a real project to what they learned in class, gained further direction in theircareer aspirations, and liked the freedom to focus on the aspects of the engineering project thatmost interested them.IntroductionGood communication skills are essential for engineers. Approximately half of an engineer’sworkday is spent in communication-related tasks [1]. In addition, a

Conference Session

WIED: Partnering with and Supporting the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Delahanty, Bucks County Community College; Jason Silverman, Drexel University

the lived experiences of womenengineering students before they entered the engineering major in relation to the way theydescribed themselves as creative. A survey of CSE and beliefs about creativity was administeredto 121 undergraduate women engineering students who volunteered for this study. Interviews wereconducted of 15 participants selected from survey results with different levels of CSE who met theresearcher’s criteria for success in the engineering major. The findings of this study lead to severalconclusions: (1) students’ descriptions of themselves as creative corresponded more with the artsthan to innovation in engineering; (2) students who described themselves as less creative: (a) hada lower level of CSE; (b) had a greater

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Adjusting Course Content

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Mirth, St. Cloud State University

to introduce automation topics.One new element that is introduced to the Mechanisms and Robotics course described in thispaper is the Arduino microcontroller. The use of the Arduino allows the course to bridge the gapbetween a traditional mechanisms course and an automation-based mechanisms course.The Arduino platform is commonly used in Mechatronics courses. Grover et al [1] use anArduino platform for a semester-long project to build a mobile robot using Arduino controllers.Chancharoen et al [2] describe the use of Arduino-based learning kits to provide hands-onlearning experiences in a mechatronics course. Other examples of Arduino use in Mechatronicscourses include Asato et. al, [3], and Riofrio and Northrup [4].Arduinos also appear in

Conference Session

We Love our MOMs (Mechanics of Materials)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Rodriguez, University of Texas at Austin

Mechanics of Materials course for the present study are EFL students since they reside in aprovince on mainland China. The course lectures are completely online and conducted inEnglish, including the course content (e.g., lecture notes, homework assignments, and exams).ESL and EFL students encounter a diverse set of obstacles that affect student learning, studentretention, and student persistence. Some factors contributing to these obstacles include, but arenot limited to: weak verbal and written English skills, cultural barriers relating to individualism,self-identity, and teacher-student hierarchy [1-2]. The EFL students in the present study are alsofaced with the challenge of having undeveloped skills in pre-requisite courses. Mechanics

Conference Session

Joint Session: Entrepreneurially-Minded Learning in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Gibbons

Universities (AACU), employersprioritized critical thinking, written communication, teamwork, and information literacy skills in theirnew hires [1]. However, recent graduates consistently rate their preparedness in these skills higherthan their employers do [1]; the largest gaps were found in critical thinking, communication, andinformation literacy. Project-based learning (PBL) is widely recognized as a valuable educational toolbecause it requires self-directed learning, communication, and teamwork [2], allowing students toacquire many of the very skills deemed most valuable in the professional world. It has been shownthat knowledge gained by working through ill-structured problems is deeper, more transferable, and isretained better [3]. While all

Conference Session

Computers in Education 3 - Modulus I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brendan O'Handley, University of Notre Dame; Yuheng Wu; Chaoli Wang, University of Notre Dame

data visualization, in particular on the topics of time-varying multivariate data visualization, flow visualization, as well as information-theoretic algorithms, graph-based techniques, and deep learning solutions for big data analytics. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com TreeVisual: Design and Evaluation of a Web-Based Visualization Tool for Teaching and Learning Tree Visualization Brendan J. O’Handley1 , Yuheng Wu2 , Haobin Duan3 , Chaoli Wang1 1 University of Notre Dame, 2 Peking University, 3 Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyAbstractTrees are a

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Efe, Morgan State University; Medha Dalal, Arizona State University; Adam Carberry, Arizona State University; David Rogers; Petronella James-Okeke, Morgan State University; Iseunifeoluwa Akinkugbe, Morgan State University; Rachel Figard, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

programs have been a source of inspiration for more recruitment intoSTEM due to their integrated and interdisciplinary approach to learning and skill development [1–3]. Theavailability of such programs is one step toward meeting industry demands for highly trained science,technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professionals, which are growing at a rate not supported bycurrent post-secondary student enrollments [2, 4]. Pre-college efforts to excite students about possiblecareers in STEM have been made primarily in isolation from one another, including professionaldevelopment designed to prepare and train teachers to successfully implement a program and encouragestudent participation.The e4usa+FIRST program is an unprecedented effort that

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Technical Session 2: Enhancing Energy-Related Education with Student Design Projects

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University; Adrian Criollo; Ananya Reghupathi, Northeastern University; Ansh Shah, Northeastern University; Robert Lee, Northeastern University

, andtechnical writing, and more. The skills learned by this project were invaluable and importantexperiences within engineering. This Energy Wheel not only provides scientists and engineerswith more valuable information about alternative energy, but also is capable of educating theeveryday person about the basics of engineering as well as the importance of renewable resources.IntroductionThis paper shares a sample project illustrating a new teaching approach via innovation. One of theobjectives of the Experiential Engineering Education [1]-[3] and this paper is to reformengineering education by moving away from the boundaries of traditional classroom-basedapproaches to project-based approaches using real world situations. This new teaching approachcan

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University; Laetitia Khlat, Northeastern University

several adverse effects on humanperformance and health [1]. Workers suffering from exposure to the cold can experience thermaldiscomfort, increased strain, decreased performance, and cold-related diseases and injuries suchas frostbite and hypothermia. It affects people in a long list of industries. In -20°F temperatures, astrong wind can make it feel closer to -55°F, and frostbite can happen within 5 minutes [2]. In coldweather, our bodies constrict the blood vessels that keep our extremities warm and redirect thatblood flow to the core to keep our vital organs warm. As a result, our hands and feet get cold moreeasily and are more susceptible to frostbite, which results in the hardening of the skin.One common reason for cold hands is inadequate

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Technical Session 6: Diversity

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Napp, The University of Toledo; Jennifer Obertacz, The University of Toledo

student group.ReferencesAnderson, Amelia. "From mutual awareness to collaboration: Academic libraries and autismsupport programs." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 53.1 (2021): 103-115.Anderson, Amelia. "Autism and the academic library: A study of onlinecommunication." College & Research Libraries 79, no. 5 (2018).Cho, James. "Building bridges: librarians and autism spectrum disorder." Reference ServicesReview (2018).Gaines, Kristi S., and Zane D. Curry. "The inclusive classroom: The effects of color on learningand behavior." Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences 29 (2011): 1.Lawrence, Emily. "Loud hands in the library: Neurodiversity in LIS theory &practice." Progressive Librarian 41 (2013): 98.McAllister, Keith, and

Conference Session

ERM: Teamwork makes the dream work!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Kaushali Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Devang Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Alejandra Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

creating teams and assigning a group project isinsufficient to help undergraduate students develop teamwork skills. Instructors need to helpstudents become cognizant of their teamwork skills, such as conflict resolution, scrum values, andcultural self-awareness. In this research paper, we intend to understand the perception of studentsenrolled in a sophomore-level system's course regarding conflict resolution skills, scrum values,and cultural self-awareness. We also want to understand how the perception of these values isrelated to one another. In the light of this study, we want to answer the following research questions(1) How do students' reported conflict management skills relate to their reported scrum values? (2)How do students' cultural

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josephine Meyer, University of Colorado Boulder; Bethany Wilcox, University of Colorado Boulder; Noah Finkelstein, University of Colorado Boulder

discussion of ethical issues in the classroom prior to theinterview, yet instructor attitudes shifted markedly in support of incorporating ESR in theclassroom as a result of the interview process itself. Taking into account faculty’s perception ofobstacles to discussing issues of ESR in coursework, we propose next steps toward making ESReducation in the QIS classroom a reality.Introduction and backgroundEthics education is increasingly being recognized as an integral element of STEM education.Engineering disciplines have long recognized the importance of ethics in education, with theASEE issuing a statement on the importance of explicitly addressing ethics education in theclassroom as early as 1999 [1]. ABET lists 7 documented student outcomes to be

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Supporting and Evaluating Student Learning in BioE/BME Courses

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Dosmar, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

performance. In a collaborative effort, the instructor and the studentdecided together on the grade submitted. Students were asked to assign themselves a gradesupported by evidence (evidence could include instructor feedback; examples of growth,improvement, and independence such as learning a new skill or concept beyond the scope of theclass; and the students’ own sense for their mastery of the course material). The followingprotocol/procedure was used by both instructors for the interviews. First, in an online survey(posted on Google), students were asked to respond to the following questions: 1. If you had to give yourself a grade for this course, so far, what would it be

Conference Session

ERM: Conceptualizations of Engineering and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

development described in the previous paper demonstrated the importanceof understanding the culture in which educational decisions are made, for those decisions area reflection of the society in which they are made. Opportunities taken, and opportunities lostare a function of those mores; for some a decision will be an opportunity to be taken, and forothers it will be an opportunity lost.This study confirms the importance of “culture” in educational decision making, be it interms of career choice, institutional status, or curriculum and teaching.Following a brief introduction, essentially a short precis of paper 1, answers to fourteenquestions derived from the philosophy of the Percy Report, and other elements of itsdiscussion are given in the light

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meredith Kirkmann, University of Maine; Rachel Mosier, Oklahoma State University

reviewExperiential learning, or Experience Based Learning (EBL), as a pedagogy is well establishedand dates to the early 20th century and can be attributed as a basis for “active learning” [1].Considering the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) [2] as applied to Construction Students, they tendtowards active, sensing, visual and sequential learning [3] and [4]. Another way to express thedifference between learning styles may be made by using the definition of their major program.Students who enter Engineering Technology (ET) programs may be more interested in “broadlydefined problems” versus Engineering programs which may provide “complex engineeringproblems” [5]. From this perspective, it appears that hands-on, active learning or broadly definedengineering

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Supporting the Development of the Next Civil Engineers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Audra Morse, Michigan Technological University; Patricia Clayton, Wake Forest University; Carolyn Rodak, State University of New York, Polytechnic Institute; Jacob Henschen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Pinar Omur-Ozbek, Colorado State University; Charles Riley, Oregon Institute of Technology; David Saftner, University of Minnesota Duluth; Anthony Cioffi, American Society of Civil Engineers

throughout the world. By 2020, ASCE had conducted 44 week-long, in-person workshopswithout interruption for over two decades. The ExCEEd graduates returned to their home universities andapplied the lessons of this workshop to the classes they teach. The details and success of the ETW havebeen reported in many venues [1-12].In Spring 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic swept the nation and remained a persistent threat throughout2021. As a result, the in-person workshops scheduled for Summer 2020 and Summer 2021 were canceled.This paper is the second in a three-part series that describes and assesses how ASCE re-envisioned theExCEEd asa remote program during this difficult period. The first paper covers the creation of theExCEEd Community Exchange (ECX), a

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 7: Teamwork, Reflection, and Wellness

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chamille Lescott, Northwestern University; Emma Tevaarwerk, Northwestern University

www.slayte.com Increasing Students’ Group Processing Ability in a First-Year Engineering Design Course Through Scaffolded Team Reflection ExercisesIntroductionFor engineering teams in particular, team function is vital to success both in and out of theclassroom. However, student teams often struggle to identify and address problems within thegroup. Student teams need additional assistance with group processing—the act of reviewingmembers’ actions that were helpful or detrimental to achieving team objectives and determiningwhich efforts to stop, start or continue [1]. Given the importance of group processing in ensuringeffective cooperative learning, educators must understand and deploy methods to encourage thedevelopment of this critical skill

Conference Session

ETD - ET Curriculum and Programs I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje

additional focus on developing leadership,entrepreneurial skills, and a success mindset. The goals of the project are to (1) increase the numberand diversity of students pursuing degrees in computing; and (2) Add to the body of knowledgeregarding best practices in computing education and promote the employment of computinggraduates to meet the local and regional workforce needs.The project team is led by the College of Engineering and includes THE Community College. Theproject brings together computing academic programs that are offered through the College ofEngineering and programs in the Honors College, an inclusive and unique college designed aroundhigh-impact educational practicesThe paper will address second year project activities including

Conference Session

ERM: Design!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin Hess, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Elizabeth Sanders, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Nicholas Fila, Iowa State University of Science and Technology

studentsexhibited significant changes in Cognitive Empathy in Needfinding, but students did not exhibitchanges in affective or cognitive empathy in other design phases. However, by employing thesecond configuration, we found that students demonstrated significant and positive changes inImagine-Other Cognitive Empathy in two design phases (Concept Generation and SolutionEvaluation) while exhibiting no changes in Imagine-Self Cognitive Empathy. We also analyzedstudents’ written responses to an open-ended question pre/post-course. This analysis revealedthat, after participating in this course, students: (1) situated users as the primary rationale fordesign work, (2) understood addressing users’ needs as critical to design work, and (3) exhibitedbroadened

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gretchen Dietz, University of Florida; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Erica McCray, University of Florida

exploration of the in/authentic experiences of Black engineering interns (Work in Progress)AbstractIn this paper, we discuss the preliminary results of a project that explored the effect of internshipexperiences on racial and engineering identity development for nine Black engineering students,four women and five men. Specifically, within this paper we highlight the narratives of threeparticipants and outline how their internship cultures affected the extent in which they couldauthentically be themselves in the workplace. This was done through an extension of Faulkner’sconcept of in/authenticity as a theoretical framework [1], [2]. To understand the experiences ofthe engineering students, our methodology followed steps

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3- Multi- and Inter-disciplinary, Collaboration, and Engagement in Practice

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malle Schilling, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jacob Grohs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

the National Academy of Engineering [1] overthe last decade to increase the STEM workforce, there has been a resulting push to provide K-12students opportunities to explore fields like engineering. Now, there are many opportunities thatexist for students to explore engineering such as robotics programs, LEGO Engineering, andProject Lead the Way [2]. While these programs might be widely available, there may be timecommitments students have to make outside of the classroom or fees students might have to payto participate. In addition to these programs, standards like the Next Generation ScienceStandards (NGSS) [3] have been developed to integrate “core ideas of engineering design andtechnology applications” into science classrooms across the

Conference Session

ERM: Student Professional Development: Professional Skills and Moving Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caitlin Wylie, University of Virginia; Natalie Evans, University of Virginia; Jamie Jirout, University of Virginia; Jessica Scoville, University of Virginia; Elizabeth Opila, University of Virginia

’ curiosity and responses to uncertainty. Curiosity occurs when astudent encounters uncertainty and seeks to close a gap in knowledge [1], which can lead to deepand meaningful learning [2]. In research labs, students can extend and apply content they learn inclass and pursue independent lines of inquiry. We ask whether engaging in research experiencescan therefore support and promote students’ curiosity. Eight undergraduate engineering studentsworking in research labs participated in a semi-structured interview about their research andclass experiences. These interviews were coded for themes related to uncertainty and curiosity.This paper specifically investigates causes of students’ curiosity and their responses touncertainty. Students were curious

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: DEI, Flipped Classrooms

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Crystal Han, San Jose State University

reconstructed as an onlineflipped classroom; the student performance was compared to that of the previous in-person, non-flipped sections taught by the same instructor. The paper discusses three main design aspects inimplementing an online flipped classroom: 1) syncing the material delivery paces withassignment deadlines, 2) multi-stage assignments on the same topic at incremental difficultylevels, and 3) web-friendly and well-defined deliverables for group problem-solving activities. Inboth sections offered as the flipped online classroom format in Fall 2021, remarkably highstudent participation was observed, with an average of 1.1 students absent out of 88 studentsthroughout the semester. Furthermore, compared to the two previous in-person, non

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dayna Martínez, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers; Esther Gonzalez, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, Inc.; Kimberly Douglas, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, Inc.

including cultural aspects critical to Hispanicsand by addressing specific challenges of pursuing an engineering career. With this program, padres andfamilia will be positioned as integral contributors to their student’s success.Extensive background research was conducted to inform the design and development of the EquipandoPadres program. This research had the following two major objectives: 1) Analyze existing programming – Inventory campuses to better understand existing parent engagement programs, with particular focus on programs in engineering and STEM as well as programs focused on supporting Hispanic parents. 2) Understand existing programmatic research – Conduct a literature review to better understand familial

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Continue the Conversation about Tests! Part 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Kenyon; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; William Bridges, Clemson University

driven purpose, with an externalpurpose, or with a negative connotation. We then performed a multiple linear regression analysisusing Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator (LASSO) variable selection and found waysthat some perception of Calculus exams factors and math test anxiety are interacting with FYEstudents’ future-oriented motivation.IntroductionCalculus is considered an essential tool for engineers and, therefore, engineering majors are re-quired to take a sequence of Calculus courses [1; 2]. In these Calculus courses, students are typ-ically assessed via exams that constitute a majority of their course grade. Therefore, it is imper-ative to consider what messages Calculus exams are communicating to these students and howthose

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Rokooei, Mississippi State University; Mohsen Garshasby, Mississippi State University; Afshin Hatami, Mississippi State University

          1  Introduction  Globalization, with its increasing effects on society’s morals and boundaries and industry functions, is a fact of the 21st century.  Many construction  projects today are performed by geographically dispersed multinational  teams  characterized  by  different  knowledge  and  skill  levels,  dissimilar  and  sometimes conflicting routines, strategies and competencies, diverse access to information and technologies, and different cultures, languages, and  time  zones.  These facts, along  with  the unique and usually complex nature  of  international  construction  projects,  make  issues  such  as  forming  orchestrated  teams  with effective  communication,  collaboration,  coordination,  and  conflict  resolution

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 10: Best of First-Year Programs Division

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Robinson; James Lewis, University of Louisville; Nicholas Hawkins, University of Louisville; Thomas Tretter; Fei Bi Chan

of the ENGR 111 course was analyzed with independent samples t-test to explore ifthere were significant differences in these key constructs that could be ascribed to the onlinemakerspace format vs. normal face-to-face.1. Course DescriptionIn the fall of 2014, the J. B. Speed School of Engineering (SSoE) at the University of Louisville(UofL) commenced an endeavor to overhaul the institution’s existing course(s) focused onintroducing students to the fundamentals and profession of engineering. After a nearly two-yearperiod of development, the resultant two-course sequence, required for all first-year engineeringstudents, was inaugurated in the Fall 2016 semester [1-3]. The first component of this sequence,Engineering Methods, Tools, &

Conference Session

ERM: Problem Solving and Conceptual Understanding

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Boni Yraguen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Hannia Koolman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Roxanne Moore, Georgia Institute of Technology; Katherine Fu, Georgia Institute of Technology; Anna Lummus, Georgia Institute of Technology

during the quiz assessment. Inthis paper, we will describe the assessment, reflection assignment, and coding scheme, and usecoded student data to test this hypothesis.Keywords: Reflection, Bloom’s Taxonomy, Critical-thinking, Fluid MechanicsAuthors: B.F. Yraguen, A. K. Lummus, H.E. Koolman, R.A. Moore, K.K. FuIntroduction The gap between engineering curriculum and practice has widened in recent years [1].According to employers, students graduating in recent years struggle to navigate less-definedproblem spaces, including navigating constraints and open-ended problem-solving as compared toengineers who graduated ten years ago [2]. Graduates now need additional training in theworkplace to “acquire missing competencies” [3]. Further