Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thashika Rupasinghe, Clemson University; Mary Beth Kurz, Clemson University; Carl Washburn, Greenville Tech; Anand Gramopadhye, Clemson University; Deepak Vembar, Clemson University; Sajay Sadasivan, Clemson University

AircraftMaintenance Technology (AMT) program to improve the learning process of students throughcreation of educational materials, assessment tools and curriculum redesign. Using Bloom'sTaxonomy in cognitive and psychomotor domains, course objectives were refined to create moremeaningful student outcomes. These were mapped to reflect the expected student proficiencyand goals as advised by regulatory agencies. These include the guidelines stipulated by the FAA(Federal Aviation Administration). We identified course objectives for six course modulescurrently taught in an aircraft maintenance program at a 2-year technical college: ACM 120(Materials & Corrosion Control), ACM 167(Landing Gear Systems), ACM 174 (AirframeInspection), ACM 210 (Reciprocating

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sam Shearman, National Instruments

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

focus away from the concept at hand.Design for ExplorationAn approach to UI design that encourages exploration involves working to tailor the UI to suit aspecific sequence of activities. To do so, you can write out a step-by-step script that describeswhat the user does, how the software responds, what insight is gained, and other details. Such ascript can provide an organizational framework that helps to focus your efforts.Figure 3 shows an interactive concept demonstration that examines sampling theory and aliasing.Its UI reflects a number of design decisions based on a sample script shown in Table 1. As youmight expect, the parameters and displays mentioned in the steps have corresponding userinterface elements. Input controls on the left

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark McDermott, University of Texas, Austin; Jacob Abraham, University of Texas, Austin; Mihir Ravel, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

FeedbackIndustry feedback was obtained from two sources: 1) the adjunct faculty who in many cases willhire students taking their classes and 2) hiring managers who contact the faculty looking forspecific competencies. Their feedback is summarized below: • Students need to know the basics first. Lab assignments are good but team oriented projects are essential. The most important aspect of the student design experience is the practice of reflection which occurs when the class projects are reviewed by peers and industry based faculty. • “Pre-silicon” hiring managers look for students with more virtual prototyping competencies specifically the area of RTL and ESL languages, synthesis and formal verification

Conference Session

Attitudes, Self-Confidence, and Self-Efficacy of Women Engineering Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Moshe Hartman, Retired; Harriet Hartman, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

working as an engineer ten years from now (the survey date). Studentsresponded on a 5-point scale from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely). We had also asked thehighest degree the student expected to achieve in engineering, but found that this varied bydiscipline and reflected less the degree of long-term commitment to engineering and more thenorms of that discipline in terms of how much training was rewarded or expected before gettinga good job in the labor force.All factor analyses were performed using the principal components Varimax rotation method.Analysis verified that the factors that emerged were identical in content between the genders, andover the years of the program. The reliability test was also performed over multiple groups tomake

Conference Session

Programmatic Issues in Physics or Engineering Physics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reagan Curtis, West Virginia University; Braxton Lewis, West Virginia University; Wathiq Abdul-Razzaq, West Virginia University; Gary Winn, West Virginia University; Robin Hensel, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

students identify their own misconceptions.* Acknowledgement and Disclaimer: Page 14.1103.2“This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0525484. Any opinions, findings,and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the viewsof the National Science Foundation.”The pedagogical challenge for physics instructors is clear. Students come with pervasive deep-rooted misconceptions about how the most foundational physics principles work. Traditionalapproaches to moving students beyond these misconceptions

Conference Session

Sustainability in Engineering Curricula

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cliff Davidson, Carnegie Mellon University; Chris Hendrickson, Carnegie Mellon University; Scott Matthews, Carnegie Mellon University; Michael Bridges, Carnegie Mellon University; David Allen, University of Texas, Austin; Cynthia Murphy, University of Texas, Austin; Braden Allenby, Arizona State University; Yongsheng Chen, Arizona State University; Eric Williams, Arizona State University; John Crittenden, Georgia Tech; Sharon Austin, EPA

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Engineering collection.AcknowledgmentThe Center for Sustainable Engineering is funded by NSF Grant DUE-0442618, and by EPAGrant Agreement X3-83235101. Although work in the Center has been funded in part by the Page 14.1183.4EPA, this paper has not been subjected to the Agency’s peer and policy review and thereforedoes not necessarily reflect the views of the agency, and no official endorsement should beinferred.Literature Cited:1. C.I. Davidson; C.T. Hendrickson; H.S. Matthews; M.W. Bridges; B.R. Allenby; J.C. Crittenden; Y. Chen;E. Williams; D.T. Allen; C.F. Murphy, S. Austin, Adding Sustainability to the Engineer’s Toolbox: A Challenge

Conference Session

Exploring Technological Literacy and Awareness

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Kate Disney, Mission College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

award: DUE-0633277. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography 1. Pearson G., and A.T. Young, editors, Technically speaking: Why all Americans need to know more about technology, National Academies Press, (2002). 2. Krupczak, J.J., D. Ollis, “Technological Literacy and Engineering for Non-Engineers: Lessons from Successful Courses,” Proceeding of the 2006 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference (2006). 3. Kuc, R.,” Teaching the non-science major

Conference Session

Successful Mentoring and Outreach Programs for Girls and Minorities

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Campo, Rice University; Stephanie Rice, Rice University; Daniela Rimer, Rice University; Brent Houchens, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

of theappendices. The high percentage of Hispanic mentees in the program reflects the schooldemographics. In the most recent data collected (in November 2008 at DREAM Day at RiceUniversity) 18.5% of the students spoke primarily Spanish at home, while 55.5% spoke bothSpanish and English. Only 22.2% spoke primarily English at home. Table 2. Gender and ethnicity make-up of DREAM mentees, by semester. African- Other Date Male Female Hispanic American Ethnicity September 2007 37.9% 48.3% 96.6

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Shek, Virginia Tech; Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Robert Hendricks, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

imagers were either blurry orpixilated when view on a laptop display.Lighting while photographing the hardware, particularly the breadboard, proved to be a difficultchallenge due to the reflective surfaces in several areas of the breadboard, the level of detail, and Page 14.960.4the various heights of the components. It was found that the best image quality was obtainedusing only room lighting without employing the camera flash when photographs were taken in atypical classroom environment (Figure 1). While there was some loss of detail, the imagesharpness was significantly improved over that obtained when the camera flash was used. Fig. 1

Conference Session

Contemporary Practices in Engineering Management Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Price, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

skills are and how they mightapply within the college of engineering. The definition of these skills was developed using a variety ofmethods: 1) in-depth literature review; 2) respected individuals or experts reflect on the skills they haveobserved in successful people and describe those skills (ABET, 2004; Illinois Leadership Initiative,2004); 3) a rigorous competency assessment was done that studied and documented the skills orcompetencies that differentiate average performers from outstanding performers; and 4) the application oftheoretical models (leadership and emotional intelligent) to specific skills and behaviors.Then we built out a set of desired skills using a combination of the approaches listed above. We startedwith the ABET skills

Conference Session

Two-Year/Four-Year Articulation and Cooperation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqulyn Baughman, Iowa State University; Steven Mickelson, Iowa State University; Mary Darrow, Iowa State University; Lora Leigh Chrystal, Iowa State University; Mary Goodwin, Iowa State University; Paul Castleberry, Iowa State University; Jennifer Garrett, Iowa State University; Doug Gruenewald, Iowa State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University; Randy Jedele, Des Moines Area Community College; Harry McMaken, Des Moines Area Community College; Kevin Saunders, Iowa State University; Randy Smith, Des Moines Area Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

, and then to be reflective after the completion of their first semester at ISU.Both the pre and post-surveys are projected to be implemented in March 2009 as a joint effortbetween members of the SEEC Learning Village O-Team and Advising O-Team.ConclusionWe are looking forward to determining our impact on pre-engineering transfer students, andbased on preliminary evidence we are beginning to see indications of success. We hope tocollect and analyze all data during spring 2009 semester with the assistance of the Evaluation O-Team. This will allow our team to see the results of utilizing a holistic approach to createconnections between community college pre-engineering students and ISU’s College ofEngineering. These results will be used to inform

Conference Session

Innovation in the Civil Engineering Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yusuf Mehta, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

methodology was utilized for other applications,such as All-way Stop Control Signalized Intersection and Two-Way Stop Control. Throughoutthis course, the author has extensively used the highway capacity manual not only as a designtool, but also as a way of to explain the theory behind the development of the design. Theoutline explained above reflects the methodology outlined below.Signalized IntersectionA step-by-step framework of explaining signalized intersection is shown in Figure 1 below: Explain terminology and parameters using HCM For example, the importance of Explanation of why the understanding the

Conference Session

Critical Thinking and Creative Arts

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen Donis-Keller, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

. Understanding the nature of the tools that weuse to communicate will enhance our ability to make the best use of the materials at hand,therefore we should become familiar with state-of-the-art technologies for digital capture andediting, and we investigate the scientific and engineering basis of seeing and hearing.Competencies directly addressed in this course are communication (visual, written, and aural)and life-long learning (researching and learning topics independently).the philosophy and main objectives for the course are embodied in the following specificlearning objectives:1. Learn how to make art that reflects enlarging of one’s awareness and communicates one’s intent. The major objective for each student in the course is to make art

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design Constituents

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Rizkalla, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

interest is reflected in the student body, and so, the primaryinvestigators for this particular project saw this as an excellent opportunity to create a researchproject that would be both academically useful, intellectually interesting, and have popularinterest based on these technologies.II. MURI Project Process and Assembled TeamThe process of MURI funded projects starts by accepting proposals from IUPUI campuses thatrequire different discipline backgrounds. After the reviewing process, the MURI screeningcommittee selects the best 8 to 10 proposals per semester for funding. The selection criterion isbased on the multidisciplinary aspects of the research team, the pre-requisite materials requiredby students, the clarity and values of the research

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arlene Russell, University of California, Los Angeles; Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Warren Hull, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; william Monroe, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Chester Wilmot, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

/CCLI.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (Division ofUndergraduate Education, CCLI-Phase II) under Grant No. 0817515. Any opinions, findings,and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Page 14.553.7

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Rohlfing, Arizona State University; Erin Kube, Arizona State University; Brandon Yabko, Arizona State University; Erika Murguia, Arizona State University; Jennifer Bekki, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Bianca Bernstein, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

give feedback to your advisor about what is helpful to you) and the “don’ts” (e.g., wait for your advisor to initiate contact with you) of working with one’s advisor. 3. What Do You Want in a Mentor? This informational brief is intended to help STEM woman learn how a mentor can provide additional support in their personal, academic, and professional development. The two-page brief explains the definition and purpose of a mentor and also asks women to reflect upon what they are looking for in a mentor. Suggestions are included about how to get the most from a mentor and how to find a mentor (e.g., contacting professionals who have received awards in the past for their mentoring

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Hildebrand, Lake Superior State University; Wael Mokhtar, Grand Valley State University; Steve Bryan, Continental Automotive Systems

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

, reflecting that the instructors felt a strong degree of confidence in the students’abilities. The student confidence level was high in all categories, as well, excepting themaritime/aerospace category; regrettably, practical reasons dictated that the assessmentquestionnaire obtaining this statistic was circulated before instruction on this topic wascompleted in the course, so the low score likely reflects that circumstance.What is lacking here, however, is any external calibration of such data. Tentatively, theonly supporting external data is knowledge that current option graduates are working inmore than one vehicle-related industry (at least one in maritime, and at least one inautomotive, others unknown).6. ConclusionsIt has been demonstrated that

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty and Student Involvement in K-12 Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Autenrieth, Texas A&M University; Karen Butler-Purry, Texas A&M University; Cheryl Page, Texas A&M University; L. Diane Hurtado, Texas A&M University; Jennifer Welch, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

professional development activities for science teachers should provideopportunities for learning and various tools/techniques for both self reflection and collegialreflection 5,6. A collegial community is developed where the participants are providedopportunities for interaction and information exchange, such as interactive seminars on learningand teaching7. Led by faculty in the TAMU University’s College of Education and HumanDevelopment, the interactive seminars expose the teachers to leading edge ‘culture and learning’research discussions.Based on their engineering research experience, each teacher prepares instructional materials andhands-on learning activities/projects to integrate into their classroom8. The faculty mentorparticipation in this

Conference Session

Getting Started: Objectives, Rubrics, Evaluations, and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zbigniew Prusak, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, it may be advantageous to have certain courses, such as senior project, taught bypracticing engineers, as reflected on these evaluations. On the other hand, the well documentedfact from student evaluations of adjuncts giving higher final grades than full time faculty remainsunaddressed in that paper. However, the paper also cites a very frightening statistics from theASCE Body of Knowledge report 9 that “98 percent of students switching from engineering toanother major cited poor teaching as a reason for their departure”. Blame one’s failure onteacher; not on one’s performance? Although “poor teaching” is a very loose category, hencenot a specific question, such a uniformity of response among underperforming group cannot beignored.Multiple

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Materials Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Senay Purzer, Purdue University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Jacquelyn Kelly, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

select choices, which incorrectly reflect changesin the strength of bonds as the reason. The scientific explanation, however, is that the density ofdefects, technically known as dislocations are reduced during annealing. This is because a coldworked metal will recrystallize during annealing which sweeps out dislocations when newlyformed crystals are grown. Preliminary MCI data revealed that only 2% of students answeredcorrectly on questions in reference to this material. Team-based concept sketching activities areeffective in helping students learn these types of concepts13. Students showed only 11% gainwith lecture only, 56% gain in score to these questions teamwork discussions, and 73% afterengaging in teamwork discussions and concept

Conference Session

Pedagogical Developments in BME

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mia Markey, University of Texas, Austin; Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas, Austin; Wonsoon Park, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the Proceedings of the 2009 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2009 American Society for Engineering Educationdesigning and delivery of courses. Now that we have offered courses at a distance, we are able toscrutinize and reflect on these courses.Purpose of the Study In our survey of faculty and students that was conducted before we began regularly offering distance learning courses7 we learned that students and faculty were most concerned about how interactions would be supported in

Conference Session

Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nichole Au, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Julia Ross, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

team. Each team is assessed using arubric with a point scale (1-4) that reflects the team’s demonstration of the sevencomponents. This includes the team’s success with following the parts of the designprocess, including defining the problem, research, brainstorming, and iterative Page 14.554.5development of a prototype. The group interaction and adherence to safety measures isalso assessed, and then finally, the functionality of the product. This student assessmentmethod is based on the guidelines laid out by the ITEA for meeting Student AssessmentStandard A-4, which states that “Assessment of student learning will reflect practicalcontexts consistent

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

1 Provide you with support and feedback on an ongoing basis. 1 Assess your overall performance and assign an end-of-semester grade.Proceedings of the 2009 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition 8Copyright 1 2009, American Society for Engineering Education Criteria for Grading XXX’s Teaching Assistantship 1 Reliability of performance (how well does XXX fulfill the commitments he makes to me and to the students in the class?) 1 Quality of performance (how thoughtfully does XXX reflect on his experiences in the classroom as a sociology major and an undergraduate TA?) 1 Effectiveness of interventions (to what extent does XXX’s work with individual students

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Pasha Antonenko, Oklahoma State University; Rebecca Damron, Oklahoma State University; Susan Stansberry, Oklahoma State University; Gayla Hudson, Oklahoma State University; Jean Dockers, Oklahoma State University; Alonzo Peterson, Langston University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

., design of a windmill). The teachers producedinterdisciplinary engineering units that contained language art, social studies, technology,science and math content (this is a novel approach to professional development). Throughvarious assessments, participants were encouraged to reflect on their own practice and use ofDET activities to make effective choices regarding students’ learning. The purpose of this studywas to understand teachers’ perceptions of the value and use of design, engineering, andtechnology (DET) activities in integrating science, mathematics, language arts, social studies,and technology in K-12 education.BackgroundThe integrative and inquiry-oriented nature of design and engineering creates the perfect vehiclefor application of

Conference Session

Professional Practice and AEC Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Alahmad, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Jamie Tills, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Steven Swanson, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

slightly biased towards an active learning style over reflective learning. Page 14.755.4 Figure 1: Processing - Active versus Reflective2.2 – PerceptionThe second dimension is perception where most students may be classified as eithersensing or intuitive. A sensing learner likes consistency in their coursework and tends tobe careful and practical. A surprise on a test such as material that was not covered inclass is a particular dislike of this group. They prefer to perform a few standard routinecalculations rather than one big

Conference Session

Implementation of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge and Recent ABET Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Sutterer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

students cangain from the best judgment of their departments while retaining flexibility in developingtheir own programs of study with the assistance of their mentors within the profession.ProcessThe recommended process is five steps: (1) define mission, (2) literature review, (3)consult trusted experts, (4) practitioners’ survey, and (5) interpretation of findings. Each Page 14.439.4of the steps is summarized below, and was conducted for this study for the geotechnicalspecialization. The results of the study for the geotechnical specialization are providedlater in the Findings, and a reflection on the process and how it may be improved isprovided in the

Conference Session

Engineering Education in Africa, Asia and the Mid-East Region

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Hamilton, United States Military Academy; Eric Crispino, United States Military Academy; Andrew Bellocchio, United States Military Academy; Aaron Hill, United States Military Academy; Stephen Ressler, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

International

continue in the foreseeable future.Chief among them are the state of education in Afghanistan, which is reflected both in theeducational level of the faculty as well as that of the students. There are clearly no easyor quick fixes to this challenge. During 30 years of war and isolation from the worldeducational institutions and systems in Afghanistan understandably did not keep pacewith the rest of the world, and often ceased to exist. This gap between Afghanistan andthe developed world is large and cannot be ignored. For many years it will continue to bea challenge for the new emerging Afghan nation.The educational level of the faculty is quite low. At NMAA most of the faculty areAfghan National Army members who had seen former service and were

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Manuel Heredia, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

students with the community. Direct involvement is, of course, theideal for the students and the community to obtain maximum benefit of learning from each other.While the goal remains to maximize the direct projects, these projects are not always practicalfor all the students in all the courses. For example, not all the students can travel to meet withthe client, who can sometimes live outside the U.S. Sharing of experiences with other studentsdoes maximize the benefit of those students who do work directly with the community (e.g., goto Peru). Therefore, opportunities were provided for students to share with each other results andexperiences, thus creating a means of reflection and of extending the benefit of the S-L project.Because of the long

Conference Session

Instructional Strategies in AEC Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Ghatala, Gulf States Inc.; Sang-Hoon Lee, University of Houston; Lingguang Song, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

the time that will be taken by a laboror equipment resource, hired from the respective supplier, to complete one job unit of work.Hence from Table 2, a labor or equipment resource hired from Blue Diamond Suppliers wouldtake 20 minutes to complete one job unit of work while a resource hired from Green DayProviders would take 28 minutes to complete the same unit of work.In addition to suppliers, grades are also introduced from A through E. These grades reflect thereliability rating or variability of the productivity factor of the resource hired. Table 3 shows thereliability rating for Blue Diamond Suppliers and the resulting variability in minutes. Since aresource must be hired by specifying the supplier and grade in the game, reliability

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lingguang Song, University of Houston; Sang-Hoon Lee, University of Houston; Junshan Liu, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

technologies are demonstrated through case studies on an asphalthauling and paving project and a building project.BackgroundTo make an effective industrial case study, various types of project data from different sourcesneed to be collected and later shared with students. After a case study is conceptually designed,required project data must first be acquired from actual projects in an efficient way. Dependingupon the subject and purpose of the learning, data reflecting different aspects of a project may beneeded, such as contractual data (e.g., contract and specification), product data (e.g., drawing andCAD model), process data (e.g., schedule, budget, and progress report), and situational data (e.g.,claim and weather records). The scope of this