Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Wahlstrom, Argonne National Laboratory; Frank Falcone, Argonne National Laboratory; Doug Nelson, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

by vehicle architecture.Ultimately, each team will need to justify the complexity and fidelity of their models as relatedto required transient responses and ability to execute in real time. For example, a team using aseries hybrid powertrain may require a less dynamic engine model for control development dueto the intrinsically steady engine operating points that a series vehicle may have. Alternatively, apowersplit hybrid vehicle team may require a much more dynamic engine model due to thetransient nature of the engine especially during shifting events.Teams were supplied with Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) as a donation from theUS Department of Energy and facilitated by Argonne National Laboratory. PSAT is a forward-looking

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ernest Kim, University of San Diego; Thomas Schubert, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2010-255: EMULATING INDUSTRIAL PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DESIGNPRACTICE BY DESIGNATING THE COURSE INSTRUCTOR AS THEFABRICATOR: A COST EFFECTIVE DESIGN EXPERIENCE FORELECTRONICS CIRCUITS LABORATORIES AT THE JUNIOR LEVELErnest Kim, University of San Diego Ernest M. Kim received his B.S.E.E. from the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1977, an M.S.E.E. in 1980 and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering in 1987 from New Mexico State University in Las Cruces, New Mexico. His dissertation was on precision near-field exit radiation measurements from optical fibers. He worked as an electrical engineer for the University of Hawaii at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, Hawaii Labs at Kaneohe Marine

Conference Session

Design with External Clients

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiang Guo, California State University Los Angeles; Jose Macias, Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Jimmy Hoo, California State University Los Angeles; Rony Velasquez, California State University Los Angeles; Maxim Fastovsky, California State University Los Angeles; James Conrad, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; SaeRom Hong, California State University Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

project. OurNASA senior design project Mission Assurance Management Environment is to increase thereliability, availability, and safety of unmanned aircraft, by focusing on implementing the JetPropulsion Laboratory, JPL, Flight Project Practices, FPPs, and Design Practices, DPs, in anintegrated software environment. This project enables the students at California State UniversityLos Angeles to understand the function and scope of the spacecraft mission assurance activitiesand to make contribution to NASA ESMD. During the senior design project implementation,students work with their advisor and NASA expert to conduct the research on mission assurancemanagement and improve their related technical background of the project, including

Conference Session

DEED Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Enrique Barbieri, University of Houston; Miguel Ramos, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

-community-university partnership designed to address non-academic barriers to school success via a web of coordinated health and social service resources across ten public elementary schools. He has also worked as a federal education researcher for the Southwest Educational Development Laboratory evaluating the effectiveness of reform models developed to improve student academic performance by enhancing systemic coordination of academic resources. In addition, Dr. Ramos has served as a consultant in a variety of contexts investigating a range of issues including program effectiveness, organizational communication, assessment and public policy, and research methodology

Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kala Meah, York College of Pennsylvania; Timothy Garrison, York College of Pennsylvania; James Kearns, York College of Pennsylvania; Gregory Link, York College of Pennsylvania; Laura Garrison, York College of Pennsylvania; Wayne Blanding, York College of Pennsylvania; Emine Celik, York College of Pennsylvania; Jennifer Dawson, York College of Pennsylvania; Stephen Kuchnicki, York College of Pennsylvania; Barry McFarland, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

conversion.Timothy Garrison, York College of Pennsylvania Tim Garrison is the coordinator of the mechanical engineering program at York College. He received his BS and PhD degrees from Penn State University and his MS degree from Stanford. He has worked in industry for both AT&T Bell Laboratories and AT&T Federal Systems. He has taught a broad range of classes across the mechanical engineering curriculum. His research interests are in the areas of experimental fluid mechanics, thermal sciences and engineering education.James Kearns, York College of Pennsylvania James Kearns received his BSME (SEAS) and BS Economics (Wharton), University of Pennsylvania; M.Eng., Carnegie-Mellon University; PhD

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Reza Emami, University of Toronto; Michael G. Helander, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2010-1374: AN OUTLINE OF EDESIGNM. Reza Emami, University of Toronto M. Reza Emami, Ph.D. in robotics and mechatronics from the University of Toronto, worked in the industry as a project manager in 1997-2001. He is a professional engineer and has been a faculty member at U. Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies since 2001. He is currently the Director of Space Mechatronics group and Coordinator of the Aerospace and Design Laboratories at the University of Toronto.Michael G. Helander, University of Toronto Michael G. Helander received the B.A.Sc. in engineering science from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, in 2007. He is currently working towards the M.A.Sc. in

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Stephen Bitar, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Robert Labonté, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

for both civilian and military applications with a special emphasis on techniques focused on indoor, underground or otherwise GPS-deprived situations. Most recently, Dr. Michalson has been involved with the development and refinement of the Robotics Engineering curriculum at WPI.Stephen Bitar, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteRobert Labonté, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Robert Labonté received his BS and MS degrees in electrical engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1954 and 1959 respectively. From 1955 to 1959 he was a member of the technical staff of Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Laboratory Division. In 1959, he joined MITRE Corporation when it was formed from

Conference Session

Design Projects across the Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom Thomas, University of South Alabama; Michael Doran, University of South Alabama; James Sakalaukus, University of South Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

projects, graduate research, three master’s theses and invaluablecommunity exposure for STEM education. In addition to research opportunities, the work withJagBot resulted in the development of a 400-level senior elective engineering class in LabViewand provided justification for University funding of a laboratory based on National Instrumentsdata acquisition systems. This paper describes the design process and the contribution of thestudents to the final JagBot design.2. IntroductionRobots, as much as any other advance in science, epitomize progress. Robots have starred inmotion pictures, are routinely used in industry, and, although they have not become integratedinto society as fast as imagined by science fiction writers, they have been

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

extent to which thestudent population was receptive to different delivery styles. Audiovisual Aids such as PowerPoint Slides were used to study the students’ learning capabilities in the visual mode. Lectureswere also delivered to accommodate the aural mode of learning. Research reports, reading andwriting assignments were included to examine the reading mode of learning. Lastly,laboratory demonstrations, experiments and exercises were set up to encourage students to learnin the kinesthetic mode. Students were later examined on all the topics, quizzes were gradedand tabulated using a rubric based on Washington State University’s critical thinking rubric.The author has provided full details in Appendix A.ConclusionsDr. Hunter R. Boylan, who is

Conference Session

Design with External Clients

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Orabi, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

vibrations and dynamic systems and control. Professor Orabi has taught courses in both undergraduate and graduate level Mechanical Vibrations and Engineering Analysis, and undergraduate level thermodynamics, Measurement Systems, Capstone Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics and Introduction to Engineering. He has established two Laboratories: the Materials Testing laboratory sponsored by the National Science Foundation, and the Engineering Multimedia Laboratory funded by AT&T. He is a member of ASME and ASEE. Page 15.503.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Enhancement of

Conference Session

Communication in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Eichhorn, SUNY Oswego; Cara Thompson, SUNY Oswego; David Vampola, SUNY Oswego; Fritz Messere, SUNY Oswego; Rachid Manseur, SUNY-Oswego

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

discusses methods and contentdeveloped to be embedded into an engineering curriculum to teach students effectivecommunication skills and the efficient use of modern communication techniques. The results ofthis research effort, conducted by a multidisciplinary team of faculty from CommunicationStudies, the Arts and Media, English, Information Science, and Engineering are presented in thisarticle. The objective of this activity is the design of efficient and innovative ways to infusecommunication education into engineering courses, lectures, laboratories, projects, and seminarswith adequate assessment methods for a set of well-defined learning outcomes. However, theinfusion of communication skills is useful in nearly any field of study making this

Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Prins, James Madison University; Eric Pappas, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

large laboratory benches and can also beused for assembly tasks. The construction space contains workbenches, tools, and materials forconstruction. Additional details on the training and construction space can be found in ourprevious paper.19A) Boot Camp DescriptionStudio boot camps are inhave three components: 1) safety and procedural rules, 2) tool usageinstruction, and 3) tool usage exercises. Our safety rules are fairly standard and address properattire as well as decorum. A list of our rules can be found in our previous paper.20 During theinstruction portion of boot camp, we attempt to cover tool operations required for simpleconstruction based on our best estimate of what tools will be most useful. To this end we includecutting with hand

Conference Session

Creativity and Innovation in Engineering Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niall Seery, University of Limerick; Donal Canty, University of Limerick; Ronan Dunbar, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

when using the phone as a data exchange device for audiofiles, figure 7 shows the lack of use of this functionality. Figure 7 – Audio functionalityContemporary mobile phones have significant capacity and the usage trends suggestthe students are not using them to the full potential (Figure 8). Possibly the context oropportunity for meaningful usage has yet to be afforded to them. Figure 8 – Data conversion infrastructure Page 15.857.11Levels of EngagementThe module resulted in unprecedented lecture and laboratory attendance. The averagelecture attendance was recorded at 88% (this is not accounting

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Regina Hannemann, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

will present the mostrecent versions of these outlines, evaluations, and rubrics so other educators can use these as aresource for their own design courses.A literature research reveals that most papers state the existence of outlines and grading rubrics,but do not describe any details of these (examples2, 3). Bachnak4 gives an example for a peerpresentation evaluation form and Meyer5 shows an evaluation rubric for a laboratory notebook.Report outlines can be found in Bruhn and Camp2 and in Bachnak4. The most detailed templatesand outlines as well as a few grading rubrics the author found in Conrad et al.6 Self and Peerevaluations have been the biggest problem to the author. Finding/developing a meaningful rubricas well as developing a

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Fred Looft, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Michael Ciaraldi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Eben Cobb, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kenneth Stafford, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Unified Robotics courses are offered in 7-week terms with 4 hours oflecture and 2 hours of laboratory session per week. Further in concept with the long history ofthe WPI Plan [16], these courses emphasize project based-learning, hands-on assignments, andstudents’ commitment to learning outside the classroom.Capstone Design ExperienceThe RBE capstone senior design experience serves as the binding agent for the theory andpractice learned in our core RBE courses and should demonstrate application of the skills,methods, and knowledge gained in the program to the solution of a problem that typicallyinvolves the design and manufacture of a robotic system. Further, our recent experience withrobotics capstone projects indicates that student learning is

Conference Session

Creativity and Innovation in Engineering Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Camarda, NYU; Sven Bilen, Pennsylvania State University; Olivier de Weck, MIT; Jeannette Yen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jack Matson, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

butwere interspersed with hands-on-learning activities to build on lessons taught by more traditionallectures. Guest lectures, laboratory experiments and fun exercises were also included to helpstimulate creativity and build team esprit de corps. A pre-class questionnaire was created andadministered to ascertain the self-perceived creativity quotient of the students and to alsodetermine the various levels of experience and discipline expertise. This was used to pre-determine teams and, thus, ensure diversity as well as to equally distribute key skills necessary toaddress the course problem/challenge. The faculty team decided on an “ice breaker” that wasrelated to the actual problem. The students were introduced to each other during

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Page 15.371.8While the technology readiness level is not linearly related to the rubric scores of capstoneproject demonstrations, when plotted against the TRL the demonstration score, S, has a quadraticdependence given by S = (TRL - 6)-.13 + 3.3. Thus demonstration scores are highest (mean of3.3) for a TRL of 6. This technology readiness level is defined as "Representative model orprototype system, which is well beyond the breadboard tested for TRL 5, tested in a relevantenvironment. Examples include testing a prototype in a high fidelity laboratory environment orin simulated operational environment."11. Thus capstone project which have students createprototype systems generally scored better than those which are more speculative or research

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Williams, Virginia Tech; Erin Crede, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech; Richard Goff, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2010-2201: EFFECTS OF STUDENT-CUSTOMER INTERACTION IN ACORNERSTONE DESIGN PROJECTChristopher Williams, Virginia Tech Christopher B. Williams is an Assistant Professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, where he directs the Design, Research, and Education for Additive Manufacturing Systems (DREAMS) Laboratory. His joint appointment in the Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Education departments reflects his diverse research interests which include layered manufacturing, design methodology, and design education. As a member of an instructional team that orchestrated a service-learning design project for the first-year engineering program, Professor

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent Guenther, Wright State University; Bruce Rahn, Wright State University; Mark Falknor, Wright State University; Adam Kelly, Wright State University; Bin Wang, Wright State University; Zhiqiang Wu, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

project, such as heattransfer calculation, controlling the helium filling speed and amount, reliable and light-weightpackaging of the payload, and so on. They also experienced strict real life constraints that theynever had the chance to deal with through classroom lectures and laboratories. For instance, thesystem they designed needed to operate at extremely low temperatures and at very high altitudein near space. Students learned to make performance tradeoffs based on constraints with differentpriorities. In the course evaluation, students praised this project as “the final piece of the puzzle”that enabled them to integrate the knowledge they had learned from so many engineering courseswithin one captivating project.Bibliography1. (2009) “PART

Conference Session

DEED Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nabila (Nan) BouSaba, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; James Conrad, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Bruce Gehrig, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Daniel Hoch, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; William Heybruck, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Martin Kane, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Peter Schmidt, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Deborah Sharer, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Steve Patterson, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Dan spent two years working as a research engineer in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the UW-Madison focusing on cryogenic and thermal fluid systems.William Heybruck, University of North Carolina, Charlotte William Heybruck received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in 2001. Prior to becoming the Director of the UNC Charlotte College of Engineering Industrial Solutions Laboratory he was a Senior Engineer for Hitachi Global Storage Page 15.1141.1 Technologies specializing in the Microdrive and

Conference Session

DEED Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oscar Nespoli, University of Waterloo; Steve Lambert, University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

featuring theindustrial and mechanical design of a novel pharmaceutical laboratory instrument [11] weredeveloped directly from industry partner experiences. In both cases the industry partner felt aneed to contribute material that they wanted to students to learn about, and that they felt was Page 15.480.8lacking in students’ education. A case study that was developed directly from a Facultymember’s experience in improving the heating and insulation in his home [12] was used in bothfirst year and upper year courses to facilitate the understanding of heat transfer and the designprocess.This portfolio of case studies demonstrates that the development

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard Eisner, George Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

students have not had sufficient grounding in the “design” process. Emphasis for themhas been placed upon “analysis”, and they come to our Systems Engineering courses lacking inunderstanding as to how to truly design a system. We accept it as a responsibility that this is acore notion and skill, and that no student shall graduate at the Master’s level without anappropriate level of mastery in this arena. Further, the two-step process of architecting followedby detailed subsystem design is often not well understood, even after an undergraduate course ortwo that emphasizes design, including a design “laboratory”. For those that have the appropriatebackground, an attempt is made to enhance the design process through a formal use of ways of“thinking

Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aezeden Mohamed, University of Manitoba; Myron (Ron) Britton, University of Manitoba

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. However, feedback from graduate student TAs and Instructors involved in advancedengineering courses indicates that students perform better in teams and are more able to communicate theirconcepts after taking ENG 1430.Bibliography 1. Ambrose, S. A. (1997). Systematic design of a first-year mechanical engineering course at Carnegie Mellon. Eng. Education , 2 (86). 2. Brassard, M. (1996). The Memory Jogger Plus, GOAL/QPC. 3. Brent, R. M. (2001). New faculty an orientation to the profession. Proceedings of the 31st ASEE/IEEE Conference, 31, pp. S3B/1-S3B/3. New York. 4. Byrd, J. (1995). Teaming in the design laboratory. ASEE , 84, 225±341. 5. Catalano, G. D. (1996). Adding hands-on design to an engineering curriculum

Conference Session

Design with External Clients

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Cross, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, students enter the design courses in their junior yearhaving taken two core classes – Introduction to Mineral Processing and Properties of Materials.Both of these are three hour lecture and one hour laboratory courses. During their junior year,MME students primarily take discipline specific classes, usually 7-11 credit hours per semester.The courses and hours taken are variable as the MME department is relatively small, ~20students per year, and the upper division classes are offered on an every other year basis toensure that the number of students in each course is of sufficient size to meet minimum sizerequirements1.Design StreamBeginning in the 2008-09 academic year, the Department of Materials and MetallurgicalEngineering (MME) at the South

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Gary Pawlas, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

investigating teenage girls’ participation in engineering and technology activities from multiple disciplinary frames, the impact of four-year hands-on design curriculum, and the effects of service learning in engineering education.Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder DANIEL W. KNIGHT is the engineering assessment specialist at the Integrated Teaching and Learning Laboratory (ITLL) and Program. He holds a BA in psychology from Louisiana State University, and an MS degree in industrial/organizational psychology and a PhD degree in counseling psychology, both from the University of Tennessee. Dr. Knight’s research interests are in the areas of retention, program evaluation and

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Dawson, York College of Pennsylvania; Stephen Kuchnicki, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

oral communication to describe the data, calculations, analysis, and experimental results used to substantiate design decisions. (b, g, k) Course Outcome 5 – An ability to recognize ethical dilemmas and make appropriate decisions. (f)Several methods have been used to assess student work in Capstone Design to assign grades andimplement the outcomes assessment process. For week-to-week evaluation, students haveprovided self progress reports and maintained a laboratory-style engineering notebook wherethey have recorded all design work and meeting notes. The course instructor grades these selfreports and notebooks weekly. Students have written individual learning goals based upon the

Conference Session

Communication in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Mellodge, University of Hartford; Fouad El Khoury, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

manyof the items from the posted material, but they were not just copies of it. The students seemed tounderstand the difference between the wiki content format and that of a formal report.It was beneficial to the students to create web-based technical content. Many of them did nothave experience editing wikis before this course and their technical writing was most likely inthe form of traditional laboratory reports. Many companies are now using this type of toolinternally for project management, so it is helpful that the students be exposed to collaborativewriting and understand the differences between the different types of technical communication.The biggest highlight of using this technology was seeing the creativity of the students. The

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wael Mokhtar, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

blocks on a table inside a work cell located in the engineering laboratory inthe School of Engineering. Through the internet, a user can send orders to the robot and see itlive using a set of web cameras installed inside the work cell. The objective of the project is todevelop a recruiting tool to attract prospective students to engineering. Robot Controls Local Internet Server Video

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Facciol, University of Toronto; Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto; Jason Foster, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, similar to practices they would encounter in engineering industry. The learningobjectives of this course are process-oriented; the professor examines the process the studentshave followed and how they got to their end point. The professor believes that the process of thedesign is even more important than whether or not the final product works. In this particularproject, the professor encourages students to break down a problem, test it incrementally, andeventually put it back together once these individual components are functional.The course allows for frequent engagement with students in a studio session that promotesdiscussion of the progression of their work. Laboratory time is used to introduce students to thetask of system debugging, which

Conference Session

Creativity and Innovation in Engineering Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina White, Columbia University; Austin Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Kristin Wood, George Washington University; Andy Szmerekovsky, US Air Force Academy; Richard Crawford, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

factors, management) were distributed as evenly as possible, considering other factors such as student desire, and the project’s unique requirements. Each team had at least one management major (USAFA) and usually one or more other students from other technical degree programs.At USAFA, design teams worked on a variety of projects ranging from the Society ofAutomotive Engineers Formula Car Intercollegiate Competition to various smaller projectssponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratories (AFRL). Team sizes ranged from 12 (for theformula team) to 6 (for the smallest AFRL team). Half of these groups served as a “control”group, only using 6-3-5 for concept generation. These three teams included the SAE