Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education and Industry

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Olson, Rolls-Royce Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

required for Engineering Levels [1-3]; b) Part II addresses theOrganizational Leadership Skills and Actions required for Engineering Levels [4-6], and; c) Part IIIaddresses the Strategic Leadership Skills and Actions required for Engineering Levels [7-9]. The overallanalysis sets the foundation for building a coherent professional graduate curriculum and dynamiceducational process reflective of how experienced engineering professionals learn, grow, and create newtechnology in industry. This paper addresses Part II: the Organizational Leadership Function, Skills andActions that engineers must learn and develop from Group Leader, Functional Area Manager, SystemsEngineer through Technical Program Manager Levels [4-6

Conference Session

Scholar Program Proposal/Develop Courses and Materials/Collaborations and Accredatation Systems for Global Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Shumway, Brigham Young University; SClaudina Vargas, Complex Systems Optimization Lab; Geoff Wright; Ronald Terry, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

-Ytabo: Overview of the Main ComponentsMACILE-Ytabo is an emerging solutions-driven model. The main focus is engineering a robustand efficient system to increase access to challenging and stimulating MACILE classrooms andresources, thereby producing a growing pool of talented young people interested in engineeringand the sciences. The model integrates teacher development, student skills development,curriculum and material development, selective preparatory education, and access to essentialresources. MACILE-Ytabo has limited scale and a wide scope. It targets two critical groups: (i)talented students in the top 20% of the class and (ii) teachers that want to excel in their fields andbecome master MACILE educators. The latter will improve the

Conference Session

High School Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Abdelrahman, Tennessee Technological University; Cynthia Rice-York, Tennessee Tech University; Dalton York, Tennessee Tech University; Cynthia Stowers, Clark Range High School; Robert Sircy, Tennessee Tech University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

different operatingconditions in order to better understand the internal behavior of the fuel cell. The chemistryteacher focused on improving the efficiency of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells by reverseengineering an alternative proton exchange membrane composite presented in a recent journalarticle. The experience of the two teachers has been challenging but rewarding with greatcontributions highlighted by high potential for being coauthors on technical refereed publicationswith their mentors. A component of the RET experience was the development of a LegacyCycle inquiry lesson unit intended to connect engineering research to high school mathematicsand science curriculum standards. This paper describes one of the mentor’s and teachers’experiences and

Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Pembridge, Virginia Tech; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

knowledge is critical to thedevelopment of the course curriculum and the focus that teachers give to specific topics coveredthroughout the course.Social Recognition Page 15.1269.7Finally, social recognition has historically played an important part in identifying expert teachersfor study.6 For example, awards are often given to teachers that have been recognized by thecommunity as successful. Recognition can also take the form of grants or monetary funds orpublication of writings. Publications, in particular, represent a form of teaching scholarshipwhere teachers are recognized as experts when reports of their teaching practices are submittedto

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Reisel, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Marissa Jablonski, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Hossein Hosseini, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Ethan Munson, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee

various formats. This program is centered on using the ALEKS software to targetand track individual students’ needs and to provide tutoring. Students also had access toinstructors to provide additional teaching and guidance. This program was studied for 2 years,with the results from different versions being used to create a formal summer bridge programbeginning in 2009 of which the math improvement was an integral part. Page 15.538.8Based on the results, it was found that the success rate of participants with regards to improvingmath course placement at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee was positively impacted byusing an on-campus model rather

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junko Munakata-Marr, Colorado School of Mines; Jennifer Schneider, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Carl Mitcham, Colorado School of Mines; Jon Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

sanitation.Content was integrated into the course using a case-study approach. Between weeks three andseven of a 15-week semester, students investigated and contrasted common sanitation practicesin the U.S. and developing nations and then began work on mini-case studies focused on specificcommunities in developing countries. Guest speakers supplemented instruction by sharingexperiences from living and working in such communities and overseeing sanitation-engineeringprojects. In week nine, student teams described their chosen community, its relevantdemographics, current sanitation practices, and the team’s initial sanitation options. In week 12,student teams identified key community stakeholders, conducted a sanitation options assessment,and assembled

Conference Session

Industry Sponsored Research and Project Initiatives in Industrial Technology & Industrial Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Cook, Lawrence Tech University; Donald Reimer, Lawrence Technological University; Sabah Abro, Lawrence Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

United States Patent and Trademark Office. This paper will demonstratethe value of understanding this process and a body of applied engineering knowledge that isavailable in the quest to obtain a patent. Students’ experiences and outcomes are documentedthrough individual interviews and assessment tools. The constraints and challenges of developinga product, engineering it and preparing it to be marketed will be presented in this paper. Realworld entrepreneurial experiences are valuable lesson and an integral part of the entrepreneurialmindset learning experience. Real world entrepreneurial learning experiences are linked to eachstudent E-Team as they move their product idea through the validation process. The patentsearch might lead to

Conference Session

DELOS Best Paper Nominations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Patricia Brackin, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

TechUniversity, we began our own engineering curriculum reform in 1995. Through the support ofthe College and the National Science Foundation we have implemented and revised multipleIntegrated Engineering Curricula.One obstacle to implementing an active-learning, laboratory experience at the freshman level isthe required infrastructure and setup time. These barriers can lead to either poorly implementedprojects with no connection to the curricula or to time-intensive preparations by the faculty andstaff. Through multiple iterations of our freshman curriculum, we have developed an active,hands-on lab-type experience at the freshman level that is both tightly integrated to the coursecontent and does not require extensive set up and tear down time by the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Tang, Rowan University; Ravi Ramachandran, Rowan University; Linda Head, Rowan University; Lawrence Chatman, Camden County College

Foundation.REFERENCES[1]. Martin, G., “Industry needs and expectations of SoC design education,” Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education, pp. 146-147, June 1-2, 2003.[2]. Ying Tang, Linda M. Head, Ravi P. Ramachandran, and Lawrence M. Chatman, “INTEGRATING SYSTEMS-ON-CHIP IN AN UNDERGRADUATE ECE CURRICULUM,” Proceedings of ASEE annual conference, June 14-17, 2009, Austin, TX[3]. Besterfield-Sacre, M., Atman, C., & Shuman, L. (1997). Characteristics of freshman engineering students: Models for determining student attrition in engineering. Journal of Engineering Education, 4, 139-149.[4]. NSF Report “Agents of Change: Achieving Diversity of Electrical and Computer

Conference Session

DELOS Best Paper Nominations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kip Coonley, Duke University; Lisa Huettel, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

design course. As a direct result ofthese curricular modifications, goal-oriented and design-focused projects have become the norm,rather than the exception. Within a year of the reform, students taking courses as part of therevised curriculum were designing projects using the very latest available integrated circuits andsoftware. As student projects increased in sophistication, a growing need for state-of-the-artSurface Mount Technology (SMT) facilities and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) etchingcapabilities was recognized. To support these projects, an SMT facility with PCB etchingcapability was developed. The use of SMT and PCB etching techniques enables students topursue much more complex and creative design projects using current, industry

Conference Session

Understanding and Measuring the Impact of Multidisciplinarity

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Coso, University of Virginia; Reid Bailey, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

examinedwithin the humanities and the sciences, not engineering. While disciplinary borders andinterdisciplinary programs in the humanities and the sciences have been examined for decades,this is not the case for engineering disciplines and programs.7 In other cases, the core elements ofan interdisciplinary curriculum were discussed theoretically8, yet these discussions lacked anexplanation of how such a curriculum could be implemented. Other studies focused on only oneor two of the dimensions of interdisciplinary understanding. In a green engineering program, forinstance, concept maps were used to assess the students’ ability to integrate the differentconcepts.9 Another assessment of interdisciplinary collaborative efforts measured students’awareness

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Klingbeil, Wright State University; Byron Newberry, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts; Anthony Donaldson, California Baptist University; Joan Ozdogan, Chantilly High School Academy

engineering curriculum. Page 15.1264.72. Students motivated to pursue engineering but lacking the analytical foundation required are provided a rich opportunity to strengthen their math training PRIOR to the calculus sequence.Page 15.1264.8Alex Chediak. An introduction for the major course under development and taught by the deanwas a pilot for the whole University and integrates and incorporates hands on designopportunities, a Christian worldview and utilizes Dr. Ray Landis’ outstanding text “StudyingEngineering: A Roadmap to Success”. In addition there is a service learning requirement and anadditional engineering design course the first year. In

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Ronald Rosenberg, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

results in a bloated and disjoint curriculum. The need for additionalbackground in biological sciences is an exemplar. The entire core program has been reviewed,recommendations for improvement developed and acted on, and assessment conducted to Page 15.337.6determine the effect of implemented curricular changes.The second area of content concern lies in the current specialization options of the AES program.Because 95% of students select the supply chain management program, AES is effectively amore technically grounded variation on the Michigan State University supply chain major. AESgraduates are increasingly finding excellent professional

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

Education. 1, (1), 21 – 32. Kelly, D. T and J. Heywood (1996) Alternative approaches to K – 12 School technology illustrated by an experimental course in technical investigations. Proceedings Frontiers in Education Conference (IEEE/ASEE) pp 388 – 393.40. See for example the argument in Culver, R. S and J. Hackos (1982) Perry’s model of intellectual development. Engineering Education, 73, (2), 221 – 226. For models of curriculum integration see Fogarty, R (1993). Integrating the Curriculum. IRI/Skylight Publ. Pallatine , Il27 Turner, B. T (1958) High altitude passenger flying with special reference to air treatment. Journal of the Junior Institution of Engineers 68, 21928 Heywood, J. Turner, B. T., Lee, L. S., Monk. J.D., Moon, J

Conference Session

Fulfilling the CE BOK2 - Case Studies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Hall, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

specifically to address BOK outcomes.The Fall 2009 curriculum is presented in Table 2, which follows the accustomed ABET/EACself-study standard format. Highlights regarding the curriculum follow: Core Curriculum: The university has a core curriculum requirement which includes 6 semester hours of english composition, 6 hours of humanities, 6 hours of social sciences, and 3 hours of U.S. History or political science. Technical Electives: A total of 12 semester hours of “technical electives” are allowed in the Page 15.1210.4 curriculum. Only in rare cases would an elective course outside the Department of Civil Engineering be allowed for credit

Conference Session

Standards For Future Engineering Practitioners

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlotte Erdmann, Purdue University; Bruce Harding, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

of integration of information literacy early in the curriculum, as done in the casestudy, is that all students complete the project in an early core class. Otherwise, if informationliteracy instruction has not been course integrated, some students acquire skills that others donot. Based on accreditation criteria discussed below, the best opportunities for integration arecore classes and design classes. This particular project, begun in 1982, continues withoutinterruption. Librarians became a formal part of the introduction to the project in 1986.ABET Curriculum and OutcomesTwo requirements of ABET Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Technology Programs (2009) 8emphasize information literacy and standards education. These include Criterion 3

Conference Session

Sustainability, Service Learning, and Entreprenuership

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randall Brouwer, Calvin College; Steven VanderLeest, Calvin College; Paulo Ribeiro, Calvin College; Robert Medema, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

engage the student’s vision andimagination for better business education and better engineering education. This paper will firstdiscuss recent curricular changes to our BS in Engineering degree, partly sponsored by a KernEntrepreneurship Education Network (KEEN) grant, intended to enhance engineering students’understanding of business practices, societal needs, and engineering solutions. Initial changesfocused on the “endcaps” of our first-year and senior-year courses. Based on those results, anextension of the changes throughout the curriculum may be implemented. Secondly, we identifysome distinct characteristics of the general engineering curriculum that provide a fertile groundfor this type of integrative, multidisciplinary work to be carried

Conference Session

Learning about Power Systems and Power Consumption

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin Reed, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Daniel Ludois, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Maria Hamlin, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

is an assistant professor of Science Education at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction. Her research interests include equity and access issues in mathematics and science, STEM initiatives, multicultural mathematics and science education. Dr. Hamlin earned her B.A.S. in Teaching Mathematics from the University of Minnesota-Duluth. She completed her M.S. in Science Education, M.S. in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and her Ph.D. in Educational Studies at the University of Michigan. Page 15.965.1© American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sinead MacNamara; Clare Olsen; Laura Steinberg, Syracuse University; Samuel Clemence, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

relationship to researchand design, or explicitly integrate it into an undergraduate student’s training.On the other hand, creativity in structural engineering design is celebrated in thearchitectural design curriculum. History courses and design studios study works ofrecent and contemporary structural engineers such as Peter Rice, Cecil Balmond, TedHappold, Jorg Schlaich, and Mutsuro Sasaki are well known to architecture students andfaculty. These engineers’ capacity to integrate technical innovation and aesthetic merit ineither their own design projects or collaborations with prominent architects (such as ToyoIto, Norman Foster, Rem Koolhaas, Zaha Hadid, Kazuyo Sejima, and Renzo Piano) iswidely acknowledged. In this Digital Age, architects are

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; Marilyn Barger, Hillsborough Community College; Andrew Hoff, University of South Florida

first year college chemistry, physics or calculus instruction.Bypassing the discussion that this current remediation educational practice does or does notprovide the mathematics and science instruction students need, it is clear that anintermediate stage between high school and two year or four year technical and engineeringdegrees is not an efficient educational pathway for producing the 21st Century technicalworkforce. Any effort to alter this current practice requires a shift in the instructionalcontent and instructor motivation in K-12 education. The increased awareness that science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)curriculum represents an innovative approach for education with respect to content for andrelevance to the K-12

Conference Session

Administering First-Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rick Williams, East Carolina University; William Howard, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

of electrical system component and analysisof mechanical system components that was taught by as many as four instructors. In short, thiscourse was what Clausing12 states a freshman course should not be; “a hodgepodge of peripheraltopics.”With the introduction of the new curriculum in the Fall of 2007, the engineering graphics contentbecame a separate two-hour course and the remaining content with the exception of Excel wascollapsed into the three-hour Introduction to Engineering course. With the creation of the newcourse, an effort was made to greatly reduce the “hodgepodge of peripheral topics.” This wasaccomplished for the most part by integrating the topics with the robot project. As an example,the old course taught project management

Conference Session

Rethinking Traditional Pedagogical Strategies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Robertson, Arizona State University; Louis Frenzel, Electronic Design Magazine; Tom McGlew, MATEC

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AC 2010-1128: A SYSTEMS VIEW OF TECHNOLOGY CURRICULAJohn Robertson, Arizona State University John Robertson is a Professor in the Engineering Technology Department at Arizona State University Polytechnic. He was formerly an executive with Motorola and now participates in many senior technical training programs with the JACMET consortium. He is also a consultant to MATEC for the ESYST program to introduce a system-focused curriculum for Community Colleges.Louis Frenzel, Electronic Design Magazine Lou Frenzel has been a Technology Editor for Electronic Design Magazine for seven years. Formerly, he was professor and department head at Austin Community College and he still teaches at

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Amy Atwood, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

‘messing with the world’” (p. 11). Yet the editors of Journalof Engineering Education acknowledge there is still little known about the “engineering teachingculture.”To address this growing area of interest and importance, we set out to examine already-practicing teachers’ beliefs and expectations about engineering instruction and student learningas it occurs at the high school level, and document how these views change as teachers becomenewly trained to use an engineering education curriculum. We examined teachers’ changingbeliefs in the context of their initial experiences teaching courses from the Project Lead the Way(PLTW) program. Although some selection bias is inherent in a study of this nature (we are notcurrently at liberty to assign who

Conference Session

Accreditation and Continuous Quality Improvement -- What the Experts Are Saying!

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ressler, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, optimistically, thatchanges could be formulated by 2011, approved for public comment by 2012, and approved forimplementation in the 2013-14 accreditation cycle). If a criteria change cycle of less than sixyears is demonstrably too short, then a change cycle of seventeen years is clearly too long—particularly in an era of profound and accelerating change in the world around us.Programs’ resistance to increasing content in the baccalaureate-level curriculum is well-foundedas well. Even as the engineering BOK continues to expand, many programs are facinginstitutional or governmental pressure to reduce credit-hour requirements in their baccalaureatedegree programs.17 Logically, however, ignoring the expanding BOK cannot be an acceptableanswer to this

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Blekhman; Jason Keith; Ahmad Sleiti; Eileen Cashman; Peter Lehman; Richard Engel; Michael Mann; Hossein Salehfar

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, development, and demonstration activities in government, industry, andacademia1. The program is offered through awards to California State University Los Angeles,Humboldt State University, Michigan Technological University, University of North CarolinaCharlotte and the University of North Dakota. Recognizing the inherent complexity of the topicand a multitude of new concepts, the HFCT programs are integrating laboratory practicum andprojects supporting student learning.This paper provides an overview of each participating institution laboratory practicum designand implementation after one and a half years of executing the program. While the funding wasprovided under the same DOE program, the paths, disciplines, courses, approaches ofimplementation

Conference Session

BIM and Other New Construction Practices

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Korman, California Polytechnic State University; Lonny Simonian, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

information technology.Introduction and BackgroundIn recent years, there has been increasing consideration given to integrated curricula by constructionengineering and management faculty and industry advisors. According to Hauck and Jackson5 eachproposal has tried to address core problems associated with an overly segmented curriculum and thelack of project based learning in different ways. A model proposed by Hauck and Jackson5attempts to teach construction management as a series of labs integrating the various constructionmanagement courses into an active, applied learning experience. Their integrated curriculumproposal for the construction management department is centered on the creation of seven project-based seminars. They are as follows

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Underclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Bullard, North Carolina State University; Donald Visco, Tennessee Technological University; David Silverstein, University of Kentucky; Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

emphasis on cooperative education at the upperclassmen levels.Some engineering programs are intentional in choosing to create a culture with aparticular focus. For example, Chamberlain and Benson describe their efforts to defineengineering as part of a community of practice through undergraduate research projectsin El Salvador with Engineers without Borders.33 In response to high student attrition Page 15.1096.5rates, an overloaded curriculum, and a perception of superficial learning and lack ofintegration on the part of students, Central Queensland University developed a uniqueprogram to integrate co-operative education, specific development of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary First Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Jouny, Lafayette College; Polly Piergiovanni, Lafayette College

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

longer tube shows conditions where assumptions are no longer valid. A similar lab has been discussed in [1]. ≠ Differential equations. A heat transfer lab using a cup heater with a conducting surface on top demonstrates another application of engineering modeling. The model solution includes the error function, which is introduced to the students in Excel and Matlab. ≠ Logarithms and exponential equations. A pressurized vessel provides another example of engineering modeling. The model solution is an exponential equation. The students find model parameters by linearizing the equation. They also plot the data on logarithmic paper, and skill we have found students lack. ≠ Integration. An

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary First Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Hinds, Michigan State University; Thomas Wolff, Michigan State University; Amanda Idema, Michigan State University; Neeraj Buch, Michigan State University; Carmellia Davis-King, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Cornerstone Engineering InitiativeThe newly designed Cornerstone Engineering program by the MSU College of Engineering,seeks to address the concerns stated above, by developing curriculum and learning experiencesthat will allow students to remain agile and adaptive in the ever-changing employment market.As an integrated first-year engineering experience, the Cornerstone Engineering program seeksto provide early engineering students with a broad introduction to engineering design, theengineering profession and its expectations (e.g. working in the global workplace, engineeringethics, etc.), engineering problem-solving skills and teamwork skills. This component, which werefer to as design engineering, aligns directly with the recommendations of the

Conference Session

Implementing the CE BOK into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Tocco, Lawrence Technological University; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of Civil Engineering at Lawrence Technological Universitydecided to adopt the BOK2 in spring 2008 as part of the annual program objectives/outcomesreview process. There was extensive debate on the prudence of adopting a new standard just twoyears before the ABET accreditation visit in 2010. The department’s commitment to continuousimprovement, however, was the eventual impetus for adoption of the BOK2. This paperprovides an overview of the challenges faced and the various approaches taken by thedepartment in its mission to integrate the BOK2 into the civil engineering program. Similar tobattling the mythical Hydra, every time it appeared that a question was satisfactorily addressed,two additional questions arose in its place. It became clear