Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Reza Emami, University of Toronto; Michael G. Helander, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2010-1374: AN OUTLINE OF EDESIGNM. Reza Emami, University of Toronto M. Reza Emami, Ph.D. in robotics and mechatronics from the University of Toronto, worked in the industry as a project manager in 1997-2001. He is a professional engineer and has been a faculty member at U. Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies since 2001. He is currently the Director of Space Mechatronics group and Coordinator of the Aerospace and Design Laboratories at the University of Toronto.Michael G. Helander, University of Toronto Michael G. Helander received the B.A.Sc. in engineering science from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, in 2007. He is currently working towards the M.A.Sc. in

Conference Session

Understanding and Measuring the Impact of Multidisciplinarity

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eli Patten, University of California at Berkeley; Sara Atwood, University of California, Berkeley; Lisa Pruitt, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Biomaterials is an upper-level undergraduate course cross-listed withmechanical and bio- engineering. Enrollment is about 50 students with a near even gender split.In addition to weekly, case-based lectures, there is a required professional development lab. Inthe lab, students identified their learning styles with Felder’s online assessment tool.2 Learningstyles are discussed explicitly and incorporated into lectures, exams, assignments, and a team-based project. For the final course project, teams of about four students were assigned so that allmajors, learning styles, and genders were represented in each team. The final project included anoral presentation, a written report, and an outreach teaching activity at a local children’s sciencemuseum. The

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R.F. William Hollender, Montana State University; James Becker, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Design. Dueto the relatively small size of the department (undergraduate and graduate population ofapproximately 300 students), EE 433 is the only course available to the students in the field ofmicrowave circuits. For this reason, the course has tried to sample a significant number of topicsfrom the field of microwave circuits, though in the past the course was almost entirely devoted tocomponent-level design.Over the last several years, a popular microwave engineering text1 has been used for the course,and prior to the fall of 2009, the content of the course could be summarized by the lecture topicsand lab exercises listed in Table I. The fact that system-level knowledge is of value to studentsand implementation of system-level projects can be

Conference Session

The New ABET CE Criteria - Program Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Swenty, University of Evansville; Mark Valenzuela, University of Evansville; James Allen, University of Evansville; Immanuel Selvaraj, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

(PEO) “Graduates” are defined as civil engineering alumni within 3-5 years of graduation Objective 1: Graduates will be actively engaged in a professional career as a civil engineer or pursuing advanced study. Objective 2: Graduates will understand professional practice issues and demonstrate a commitment to professional licensure and continuing education. Objective 3: Graduates, guided by the principles of sustainable development and global interconnectedness, will understand how civil engineering projects affect society and the environment.Web-based Alumni SurveysPaper-based alumni

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Ian Gravagne, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

to give Baylor University studentsa foundation upon which to build an informed understanding of complex energy issues. Withunderstanding comes the ability to begin answering the questions confronting society.Specifically, the four learning objectives are:1) To develop scientific energy literacy;2) To closely examine the production and consumption of energy in both developed and developing countries;3) To examine the social, political, environmental and ethical problems of an energy-dependent civilization.4) Understand, hypothesize, propose and execute a research project in the theme, “The campus as an energy-efficiency and alternative-energy laboratory.”The four semesters for Energy and Society ELG followed the learning

Conference Session

Importance of Technical & Professional Writing in Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peilin Fu, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University, San Diego; Ronald Uhlig, National University, San Diego; Howard Evans, National University, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

College ofLetters and Sciences. The assessment of the ability of SOET students to communicate effectivelyin writing is most often done through an analysis of the formal documentation accompanyingend-of-program capstone projects (undergraduates) or master’s projects and theses. Data in someprograms have shown an increase in the length of time required for students to complete theseend-of-program projects, many times as a result to needing additional time to correct and polishwritten documentation. Other anecdotal evidence across many SOET programs indicates thatstudents reaching these capstone and master’s projects are frequently not fully prepared toprofessionally document their results in writing. Due to the importance of writtencommunication

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Developments and Implementations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmundo Tovar, Polytechnic University, Montegancedo; Nelson Piedra, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja; Manuel Castro, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia; Martin Llamas, Universidad de Vigo

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2010-2222: A QUALITY MODEL OF OPENCOURSEWARE APPLIED TOENGINEERING COURSESEdmundo Tovar, Polytechnic University, MontegancedoNelson Piedra, Universidad Tecnica Particular de LojaManuel Castro, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a DistanciaMartin Llamas, Universidad de Vigo Page 15.80.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 A Quality model of OpenCourseWare applied to Engineering coursesAbstractThe OpenCourseWare (OCW) project started at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (MIT), in the year 2001, with the aim of offering pedagogical materials inan open and free of charge basis to society. The main objective of this

Conference Session

Launching Successful Academic Careers

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Rose, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

parking spaces, where such new spaces or parking lots could be located and the financing ofsuch construction. Unfortunately, transportation studies and parking lot layout and design werenot in the faculty member’s area of expertise. If they had been, the committee experiences mighthave been easily incorporated into the classroom leading to interesting class design projects withreal world application. This could have been documented in a paper resulting in a scholarlypublication.Service on curriculum committees can provide opportunities for publications. Curriculumdevelopment and revision often involves reviewing the literature to see what other institutionsare doing in a given area, determining what modifications are needed to suit one’s own

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jayathi Raghavan, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Hong Liu, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

effectively analyze a complex problem arising from a variety of application fields. e. The student will learn how to work collaboratively and productively on complex projects that arise in current research. These projects will provide a capstone experience for Page 15.160.3 students in this degree. f. The student, upon completion of this program, will be able to find employment in a large number of industries including aviation and aerospace industries, or the student, upon completion of this program, will be able to pursue graduate work in either an applied mathematics program or a computational science program

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Rajaei, Bowling Green State University; Arsen Gasparyan, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Center Figure 1: The Virtual Training Environment (VTE) system overview.2.2 – Simulation and Animation for Interactive EducationThe VTE system supports multiple sessions and classrooms. Each course needs to have its ownpackage of model components to be integrated into the syllabus. To facilitate describing thissection we us a pilot course like Data Communications and Networking as an example. When amessage is sent from point A to B, the simulated model can project animation of the flowbetween the two points. Depending which portion of the course is under focus, the details of thecommunication pattern are projected. For example, the routing mechanism in the network andthe congestion handling process when part of the network becomes

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Buket Barkana, University of Bridgeport

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

in conducting this lab course. Section 2 outlines the course content that includes the possibleaudio and voice/speech projects using real-time DSK. Section 3 discusses the evaluation criteria ofthis course using the assessments and feedback of the students and the instructor.2. ELEG 459: Audio Processing LaboratoryLab FacilitiesHardware: Eleven PC stations. Each station is equipped with multimedia hardware capabilitiesincluding a real-time DSP board DSK5510. In addition, headphones, microphones, functiongenerators, and oscilloscopes are available for every workstation in the laboratory.Software: Each computer is equipped with general software tools for developing labs and projectsincluding MATLAB R2007a, Code Composer Studio (CCS), Microsoft

Conference Session

Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Mayfield, Monterey High School; Kenneth Currie, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2010-773: POSTER: BRINGING ENGINEERING IDEAS INTO THEMATHEMATICS CLASSROOM - USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING TOINTEGRATE INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING INTO THE HIGH SCHOOLCLASSROOMVirginia Mayfield, Monterey High SchoolKenneth Currie, Tennessee Technological University Page 15.960.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Bringing Engineering Ideas into the Mathematics Classroom: Using Linear Programming to Integrate Industrial Engineering into the High School ClassroomAbstract:As a participant in the TTU Research Experience for Teachers (RET) project, Iconducted research alongside industrial engineers at Tennessee Tech Universityfocused on the use

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University; James DeLaura, Central Connecticut State University; Patrick Foster, Central Connecticut State University; David Sianez, CCSU

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

increase at nearlydouble the overall growth rate for all occupations by 2014, growing by 26% from 2004 to 2014,while employment in all occupations is projected to grow 13% over the same period 7. Yet inspite of such promising job prospects, the National Science Foundation recently reported that theUnited States is experiencing a chronic decline in homegrown science, technology, engineeringand math (STEM) talent and is increasingly dependent upon foreign scholars to fill workforceand leadership voids.8 Results from a recent survey by the American Society for Quality (ASQ)revealed that more than 85% of students today are not considering technical careers and thatmore parents encourage their daughters to become actresses than engineers.9 This is one

Conference Session

Innovation and Measuring Success in Graduate Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

expect from education—is it basicskills, or applied skills?18For those interested in further information in this area, this report built on the 2006 AreThey Really Ready to Work report.19 Skills which were found important to employers inthat project were professionalism, teamwork, oral communication, ethics and socialresponsibility, and reading comprehension, and employers noted significant deficiencies Page 15.1070.6in written communication, leadership and professionalism even at the four-year collegelevel. Projected skills for the next five years (from 2006) included foreign language(globalization), critical thinking and creativity/innovation.While

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anoop Desai, Georgia Southern University; Jean-Claude Thomassian, State University of New York, Maritime College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

lucrative for working professionals as well asdistance learners. The paper examines how the basic principles of Six Sigma were systematicallyapplied to curriculum development to not only ensure quality of the program but also toexpressly address needs of the students and industry.IntroductionAs engineers, scientists, and technologists advance in their careers, they encounter an increasingexpectation of project and team management. At the same time, these technical specialists areoftentimes poorly prepared to take on these additional job responsibilities. A Master of Sciencein Engineering Management degree is designed to help technical professionals take this next stepin their career. In addition to added technical exposure, this well-rounded degree

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Freeman, University of Texas, Pan American; Horacio Vasquez, University of Texas, Pan American; Arturo Fuentes, University of Texas, Pan American; Cristina Villalobos, University of Texas, Pan American; Stephen Crown, University of Texas, Pan American; Robert Wrinkle, University of Texas, Pan American; Olga Ramirez, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

activity develops and supports pathways to STEMfields between STC and UTPA. This paper discusses the results and modifications of theactivities after the first year of implementation. Ultimately, we hope that this project will providea model that will have a significant impact on the number of STEM graduates and that will besimple to replicate in other higher-education institutions.IntroductionThis paper discusses the first year grant activities and results of a College Cost Reduction andAccess Act (CCRAA) grant designed to implement a series of activities that will, ultimately,increase student performance and retention at colleges and university in the South Texas region.This initiative is a collaboration between The University of Texas-Pan

Conference Session

Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brad Hunt, Norwood High School; Regina Lamendella, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Sara Garrison, Norwood City Schools; Andrea Burrows, The University of Cincinnati; Mike Borowczak, The University of Cincinnati; Anant Kukreti, The University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

managementtechnologies that they would only read about in textbooks and articles. This paper will provideother instructors with ideas to incorporate into their classes and will showcase both successes andchallenges from the teacher’s and students’ perspectives.Project STEPThe chief goal of this National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate STEM Fellows in K-12Education (GK-12) funded project STEP (science and technology expansion project) is toproduce scientists, engineers, and secondary mathematics and science educators who areexperienced in developing and implementing authentic educational practices. The graduatestudents, called STEP Fellows, are the main focus of the grant. The STEP Fellows, 15 in the lastthree years, are trained to bring their complex graduate

Conference Session

Sustainability in Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Hoffmann, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Inez Hua, Purdue University; Ernest Blatchley, Purdue University; Loring Nies, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2010-1802: INTEGRATING SUSTAINABILITY INTO COURSES ACROSS THEENGINEERING CURRICULUM: A FACULTY WORKSHOP MODELStephen Hoffmann, Purdue University, West LafayetteInez Hua, Purdue UniversityErnest Blatchley, Purdue UniversityLoring Nies, Purdue University Page 15.773.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Integrating Sustainability into Courses Across the Engineering Curriculum: A Faculty Workshop ModelAbstract:The incorporation of the concepts of sustainability into all engineering projects will be a criticalchallenge for future engineers. All projects, not simply those that are obviously environmental inscope, are subject to

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships,Teaching Strategies, and Collaborative Networks

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Saleh Keshawarz, University of Hartford; MirGhulam BarizHosaini, Herat University in Western Afghanistan; Alnajjar Hisham, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

International

theUniversity of Herat, in Herat City, Afghanistan. The goals of the project are to use a combinationof curriculum revision and development, faculty development, distance learning andcollaborative projects, and local/internal partnerships to establish the Herat University Faculty ofEngineering at the preeminent Engineering program for Western Afghanistan.Once a part of Kabul University, the Faculty of Engineering became a permanent part of HeratUniversity in 2004. After functioning in Kabul for approximately 20 years, the Engineeringprogram was closed following the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan in the 1980s. The programalso temporary relocated to Pakistan in the 1990s. Although the university was officially open inHerat City during the civil war

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Masud Mahmud, Wayne State University; Cheng-Zhong Xu, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

analysis of networking protocols, secure wireless communications, and privacy-protected vehicle-to-vehicle communications and simulation techniques. He has supervised a number of projects with Ford Motors and other local companies. He is currently the Editor of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Transactions on Passenger Cars: Electrical and Electronic Systems. He is the author of over 100 published peer-reviewed journal papers and conference proceedings. He has supervised four Ph.D. dissertations and eight M.S. theses. Dr. Mahmud is a member of SAE, the American Society for Engineering Education, Sigma Xi, and Tau Beta Pi. He received the President’s Teaching Excellence Award from

Conference Session

Creativity and Innovation in Engineering Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina White, Columbia University; Austin Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Kristin Wood, George Washington University; Andy Szmerekovsky, US Air Force Academy; Richard Crawford, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

suiteenhances the creativity of the students. Our approach is to pre-survey students regarding a self-assessment of their creativity using Gouge’s list of creativity descriptors. A control andexperimental group of student design teams across disciplines and class level are then asked todevelop as many concepts as possible for their course design projects. The control group onlyexecutes a single and well-known method from the suite of concept generation techniques,whereas the experimental group employs the entire suite of techniques. The total number ofconcepts developed by the teams is evaluated, documenting the number of concepts per ideationtechnique. The teams are also asked to complete a post-creativity survey. The assessmentresults from this study

Conference Session

Embedded System Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bin Wang, Wright State University; Zhiqiang Wu, Wright State University; Yong Pei, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

characteristics, even withoutan expensive spectrum analyzer. A successfully executed lab allows students to do real-time textmessaging between standalone laptops (i.e., with no network access), or transmit digital filesfrom one standalone laptop to another via the USRP software radio enabled wireless link. Antenna Antenna Figure 3. Wireless communication laboratory: wireless text radio. Page 15.1072.6Figure 4. GUI of wireless text radio lab project. Figure 5. Software spectrum analyzer atUSRP receiver.Development of Evolvable SDR based Wireless

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions - Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goodarz Ahmadi, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

environmental processes involve particle transport,deposition and removal. In the last decade, significant research progress in the areas ofnano- and micro-particle transport, deposition and removal has been made. A series ofcourses was developed to make these class of new important research findings availableto seniors and graduate students in engineering through developing and offering ofspecialized curricula. This project involved integration of numerical simulations andexperiments in the developed courses. The course materials were mostly made availableon the web and some courses were taught at University 1 and University 2 campusessimultaneously. Based on the course materials, a series of short courses was also offeredat several countries. The

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly Anthony; Josh Price; Joe Harris

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Incorporating Engineering Research Experiences into High School Physical Science CurriculaAbstractAs high school teachers, it is rare that we have the opportunity to see the engineeringapplications for the mathematics and science concepts we teach. In Summer 2009, however, weparticipated in a Research Experience for Teachers (RET) project at Tennessee Tech University.Our research experiences varied: the second author conducted research that explored packcementation processes and the variables affecting the aluminide coatings on nickel-based alloysin terms of composition and microstructure. Pack runs were conducted on the samples usingdifferent methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to look at

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Tebbe, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Stewart Ross, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Jeffrey Pribyl, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Engineering Education, 2010 Full Development of Engineering Scenarios to Promote Student Engagement in Thermodynamics – Year 11. Background on Project ConceptMany thermodynamics courses are taught with traditional teaching methods and textbooks.Thermodynamics is prone to elicit a negative impression from students "who perceive the subjectas dry and abstract 1.” While there has been progress in recent years with online activities, mosttextbooks offer limited visual aids and few descriptions depicting actual equipment or industrysettings. Even though the topics covered often have a real-world basis they are generallysimplified and only offer a superficial impression of industry applications. The result is thatmany students

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fadi Obeidat, Virginia Commonwealth University; Ruba Alkhasawneh, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jerry Tucker, Virginia Commonwealth University; Robert Klenke, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

/software modules and a flexible monitoring for application’ssignals-of-interest, which in turn, enables students enrolled in an embedded systems class tointeract directly with software and hardware components via monitor interface allowing aninteractive debugging for the system-under-development. Moreover, as an implementation ofproblem based learning in engineering education, the project itself is a practical implementationof an embedded system that aims to walkthrough basic skills needed in embedded systemsdesign.IntroductionField Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have been used in many embedded applications dueto their ever-increasing level of performance, low cost, and re-configurability. For example,FPGAs have been used to accelerate a wide

Conference Session

Past and Future of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

-graduation education, developing a specialized degree program, internships/cooperative educa-tion/apprenticeships, project work, graduate studies, or other related changes. The author is notsuggesting any approach over another. Variations in curriculum demands are typically related toregional manufacturing emphasis, state of the economy, demands for emerging knowledge, per-ceived needs, academic research interests, etc. The average of the results have been calculatedusing a value of 0 for ‘eliminate’ and ‘4 for major addition’. Table 1: Education Questions by Topic no major eliminate decrease

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Senay Purzer, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

that Motivated the Development of the MERIT KitToday, more than 50% of science and engineering faculty require their undergraduate students toparticipate in collaborative group projects (National Science Board, 2008). Current trendssuggest that this percentage will increase (Project Kaleidoscope, 2006). The results of researchon the impact of cooperative and collaborative learning methods on student learning at theundergraduate level are also promising. Hake’s (1998) study involving six-thousand studentsprovides robust evidence that interactive teaching methods involving group work are moreeffective than traditional teaching methods. In addition, ABET requires that all accreditedengineering programs demonstrate student attainment of outcomes

Conference Session

Educational Research

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Lattuca, Pennsylvania State University; David Knight, The Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, multidisciplinaryapproaches involve “the simple act of juxtaposing several disciplines” and make “no systematicattempt at integration or combination” (p. 9). In other words, multidisciplinarity concatenatesdisciplinary knowledge (Klein, 1996)14, or presents it in “serial fashion” (Richards, 1996)15, butdoes not synthesize or integrate the various elements of disciplinary knowledge into a cohesivewhole. Those working in a multidisciplinary manner are presumed to behave as disciplinaryexperts, representing their discipline to others but not seeking to alter it in any way as a result oftheir interactions with experts from other disciplines.Because the individual contributions of two or more disciplines can be discerned in theseresearch and teaching projects

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Slifka, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

tailored quiz,instructors can determine the student’s current level of understanding relating tomanufacturing, and part design. The questions and subsequent discussions allow theinstructor to establish a common foundation that each manufacturing process can be builtupon. Issues relating to a manufacturing companies department structure and theirinterrelationships are also presented at this time. Industry like projects and testingmethods are detailed along with the resulting benefits. Also discussed is the use of activelearning through the use of Mind Mapping and by leveraging the student’s use of theInternet and exposure to engineering entertainment media. Mind Mapping is used both bythe student and the presentation of material by the instructor