Conference Session

Special Session: Innovation through Improv

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Ludovice, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lew Lefton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Richard Catrambone, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

BME Laboratory and Project Experiences

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Purvis Bedenbaugh, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

AC 2010-1661: A TEAM-BASED NERVE CUFF SIMULATION PROJECT IN ATHIRD YEAR FOUNDATIONS OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING COURSEPurvis Bedenbaugh, East Carolina University Purvis Bedenbaugh is the director of the biomedical engineering concentration within the newly ABET-accredited general engineering program at East Carolina University. He obtained the B. S. E. degree in biomedical engineering from Duke University, the M. S. degree in bioengineering from Clemson University, the Ph. D. degree in bioengineering from the University of Pennsylvania, and was a postdoctoral fellow at the Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience and Department of Otolaryngology of the University of California, San Francisco

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Tuba Pinar Yildirim, University of Pittsburgh; Nora Sieworiek, University of Pittsburgh

≠ Test discoverer questions ≠ Assigned as a in- class followed by take home exerciseBased on our experience, we have identified the major factors that contribute to the success ofMEA implementation [5]. An important factor influencing MEA success is the guidance fromthe instructor throughout MEA implementation. Limited, corrective guidance can best ensurethat students are properly focused and are addressing the targeted concept(s), especially wherethe solution time is constrained. Such guidance may be

Conference Session

Normative Commitments and Public Engagement in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York, Binghamton; Caroline Baillie, Western Australia; Donna Riley, Smith College; Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Chris Byrne, Cascadia Community College; Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology; Katy Haralampides, University of New Brunswick

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

and Wagon in theirannual workshop Rocky Mountain Mathematica. 2 After finishing the different (eight) tutorials,each of the four course modules is introduced. Two weeks of in-class time is devoted to eachmodule. Students are arranged in teams of three or four per group with the group assignmentsalternating between self-selected, random or purposefully chosen. The first period of each two-week block is used to introduce the topic, discuss any new analytical or numerical techniquesthat are relevant and, lastly, talk briefly about the broader societal issue(s) that each modulebrings forth. The remaining two class periods then are used by the students to work on finishingthe module. It should be pointed out that though students are put into

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; Sharon Jones, Lafayette College; Christopher Ruebeck, Lafayette College; Jacqueline Isaacs, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

and Environmental Engineering, and the Engineering Studies Program. Her research focuses on decision-making for environmental and infrastructure systems. Dr. Jones received a BS Civil Engineering from Columbia University, and a PhD Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University. She is a licensed professional engineer in several states.Christopher Ruebeck, Lafayette College CHRISTOPHER S. RUEBECK is an Associate Professor in the Economics Department at Lafayette College, teaching in the areas of industrial organization, marketing research, introductory Principles and Microeconomics courses, as well as simulation and evolutionary game theory. Dr. Ruebeck holds the

Conference Session

Survival Tips from the Trenches

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Lantz, Trine University; Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University; Donna Reese, Mississippi State University; Beena Sukumaran, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. Page 15.1151.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Survival Tips from the Trenches Susan A. Lantz, Ph.D.; Trine University; Adrienne R. Minerick, Ph.D., Michigan Technological University; Donna S. Reese, Ph.D., Mississippi State University; Beena Sukumaran, Ph.D., Rowan University Abstract: Panel Discussion: Four women in academia---one with 5-10 years of experience, two with 10-20 years of experience, and one with 20-plus years experience---will offer advice, suggestions, and discuss tips and techniques that worked (or did not work) for them. The panelists include a woman who left academia

Conference Session

New Collaborations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Strife, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

25.Retrieved from http://www.webology.ir/2006/v3n2/a25.html6. Maness, J. M. (2006). An evaluation of library instruction delivered to engineering students using streamingvideo. Issues in Science & Technology Librarianship, (48), 6-6. Retrieved fromhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ehh&AN=22189393&site=ehost-live7. Michel, J. P., Hurst, S., & Revelle, A. (2009). Vodcasting, iTunes U, and faculty collaboration. ElectronicJournal of Academic & Special Librarianship, 10(1), 6-6. Retrieved fromhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lxh&AN=41534766&site=ehost-live8. Osif, B.A., and DeSantis, S.M. (2005). Engineering resources tutorial [Video tutorial]. Penn State

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sunni Newton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lydia Soleil, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tristan Utschig, Georgia Institute of Technology; Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

%)Teaching course(s) 83 (28.8%) 75 (90.4%) Although this seemingly high number of available opportunities appears to contradict theidea that doctoral students are not getting adequate preparation for teaching careers, it isimportant to note that a very small percentage of grad students participate in such programs.One of the authors of this paper with experience with teaching certificate programs and coursesat three separate universities estimates that less than 5% of the graduate students at anyuniversity participate in such opportunities, suggesting that these programs are a good first stepbut need to become integral to graduate education to really make a difference. In addition, thePFF

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and K-12 Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Essinger, Drexel University; Ryan Coote, Drexel University; Pete Konstantopoulos, CAPA High School; Jason Silverman, Drexel University; Gail Rosen, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

,  “Mathematics  counts,”  Tech. Rep.,  London:  Her   Majesty’s  Stationary  Office,  1993.3. M.  S.  E.  Board  and  N.  R.  Council,  “Everybody  counts:  A  report  to  the  nation  on  the  future  of      mathematics   education,”  Tech.  Rep.,  Washington,  DC,  1989.4. Curriculum  and  evaluation  standards  for  school  mathematics,  National  Council  of  Teachers of   Mathematics,  Reston,  VA,  1989.5. Professional  Standards  for  teaching  mathematics,  National  Council  of  Teachers  of  Mathematics, Reston,   VA,  1991.6. Assessment  standards  for  school  mathematics,  National  Council  of  Teachers  of  Mathematics, Reston,  VA,   1995.7. Principles  and  Standards  for  School

Conference Session

Measuring the Impacts of Project-Based Service Learning on Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Colleen O'Holleran, Engineers Without Borders-USA; Cathy Leslie, Engineers Without Borders

Tagged Divisions

International

(2008). Development for the other 80%: engineering hope, Journal forAustralasian Engineering Education, 14(1): 1-12.[6] Bielefeldt, A.R., B. Amadei and R. Sandekian (2008). Community service attitudes of engineeringstudents engaged in service learning projects, American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)Conference and Exposition Proceedings, Paper AC 2008-2430.[7] Paterson, K.G., A.R. Bielefeldt, and C.W Swan (2010). Measuring the Impacts of Project-Based ServiceLearning in Engineering Education. Lulu, 80 pp.[8] Gelmon, S.B., B.A. Holland, A. Driscoll, A. Spring, and S. Kerrigan (2001). Assessing service-learningand civic engagement. Campus Compact. 154 pp.[9] Burack, C., J. Duffy, A, Melchior, E. Morgan (2008). Engineering Faculty

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Connie Gomez, University of Texas at El Paso; Heidi Taboada, University of Texas at El Paso; Jose Espiritu, University of Texas at El Paso; Noe Vargas Hernandez, The University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

for increasing underrepresented groups in thesustainable biomaterials manufacturing engineering program each semester. Based on thefindings of these evaluations each semester, the curricula materials and outreach activities will bemodified to increase the impact and effectiveness this approach. Page 15.724.6Bibliography 1) The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century," National Academy of Engineering. 2004 2) Archel M. A. Ambrosio, Harry R. Allcock, Dhirendra S. Katti, Cato T. Laurencin, Degradable polyphosphazene/poly([alpha]-hydroxyester) blends: degradation studies, Biomaterials, Volume 23, Issue 7

Conference Session

New Instrumentation Ideas

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Buchanan, University of Southern Mississippi; Steven Bunkley, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. The physical properties of the accelerometer included sensitivity of102 mv/(m/s^2), a frequency range of 0 to 100 Hz, and a 10 Hz phase response of under 3°1.The accelerometer contains a voltage regulator integrated within its structure. This allows forexternal power to be supplied by any source within the 10 to 30 VDC excitation range. Thechange is capacitance is detected by a capacitance bridge where each arm of the bridge functionsas a capacitance divider. The outputs of the bridge are then amplitude modulated signals that aredirectly proportional to the changes in capacitance. A series of diodes and capacitors within theaccelerometer are used to demodulate the signals which are then summed, amplified, and filteredto provide a voltage

Conference Session

Newly Developed Engineering Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Alvarado, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Alvarado, “Power engineering technology: a new program targeted at the nuclear power industry,” Proceedings of the 2008 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, June 2008.2. L. Parker, M. Holt, “Nuclear Power: Outlook for New U.S. Reactors,” CRS Report for Congress, March 2007.3. R. Mott, Applied Fluid Mechanics, 6th edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2006.4. Y. Cengel, M. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2008.5. D. Kaminski, M. K. Jensen, Introduction to Thermal and Fluids Engineering, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2005.6. F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, A. S. Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th edition, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2007.7

Conference Session

Opportunities and Challenges in Developing International Engineering Research

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shih Kuang Hou, National Taiwan Normal University; Ching-Ho Huang, Nangang Vocational High School; Jin-Fu Chen, NTNU

Tagged Divisions

International

, different norms of junior high, senior high,vocational and college male and female students from 2003 academic year were set up to serveas an objective comparison purpose. The creditability and validity contents of the local studentswere used as the norms, and the creditability were found to be high. The re-test creditability wasbetween 0.78~0.92, and the validity was between 0.64~0.85. The four factors and 15 traits of LAI scale include5: (1) Introversion and extraversion personalities: 1. General activity (G), 2. Ascendancy (A), 3. Page 15.1239.4 Social extraversion (S), 4. Thinking extraversion (T), 5. Rhathymia (R

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Hill, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

various branch conditions listed in Table 4. The signal name “NATT” is the acronym for“next address if the test result is true” and serves as the target of a branch action, so that a branchis performed by loading the NATT value into the address counter. Address Microstore Test NATT EnA EnD EnL EnN SelMux SelALU KVal Wr 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 8 1 Kval Wr ’0’ I0 S ’1’ I1 Data path control signals Cflag I2 Mux Zflag I3

Conference Session

Knowing our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tershia Pinder-Grover, University of Michigan; Chris Groscurth, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

development will be discussed.Overview of Engineering Curriculum DevelopmentsThe quality of engineering education and the ability to recruit a U.S. engineering workforce hasbeen a growing concern among engineers in university and industrial settings. In the 1990’s,ABET, the engineering accreditor of postsecondary degree-granting programs, revamped theprogram outcomes and assessment criteria to improve quality by implementing the EngineeringCriteria 2000 (EC2000).5 Beginning in 2001, all accredited engineering programs were requiredto demonstrate that their graduates possess the following eleven skills (known as a-k): ≠ Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering; ≠ Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Lewis, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

and J. Brooks Zurn, “Evaluation of Tablet PCs for engineering content development and instruction”, Proceedings of the 111th American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT, June 20-23, 2004.2. Kuldeep S. Rawat, George B. Riddick, and Lakiesha J. Moore, “Work in Progress – Integrating Mobile Tablet- PC Technology and Classroom Management Software in Undergraduate Electronic Engineering Technology Courses”, 38th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, 2008.3. Amelito Enriquez, “Developing an Interactive Learning Network Using Tablet PCs in Sophomore-Level Engineering Courses”, Proceedings of the 114th American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tuba Yildirim, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Blekhman, California State University Los Angeles; Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; Ahmad Sleiti, University of Central Florida; Eileen Cashman, Humboldt State University; Peter Lehman, Humboldt State University; Richard Engel, Schatz Energy Research Center; Michael Mann, University of North Dakota; Hossein Salehfar, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

ofLos Angeles Technology degree) and Mechanical EngineeringMichigan Technological Interdisciplinary Minor in Hydrogen TechnologyUniversityUniversity of North Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Concentration (partCarolina Charlotte of Engineering Technology degree)University of North Dakota Concentration in Sustainable Energy EngineeringUniversity of North Dakota M. S. in Sustainable Energy Engineering Page 15.907.6California State University Los AngelesObjectivesThe main goal of the DOE program at CSULA is to establish an effective educational program inHFCT to work with the local industry and support

Conference Session

Tablet and Portable PCs for Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; M. Hossein Hariri, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sudipa Mitra-Kirtley, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Shannon Sexton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-64.6Barnett, J.E., Di Vesta, F.J., & Rogozinski, J.T. (1981). What is learned in note-taking? Journal of EducationalPsychology, 73, 181-192.7Foos, P.W., Mora, J.J., & Tkacz, S. (1994). Student study techniques and the generation effect. Journal ofEducational Psychology, 86(4), 567-576. Page 15.1249.6

Conference Session

Innovations in Materials Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Johnson, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

did you watch the video(s)? 1 (86%) 2 (0%) 3 (14%)2. Did you watch the video outside of class hours? Y (71%), N (29%)3. Did you have foundry experience before watching the videos? Y (100%)4. Was the video helpful in understanding the foundry process? Y (100%)Student comments included some on their impression of the video itself and its length: “shortenthe video”, “the video was a good length”, and “the video was great”. On the video audio: “jazzup the audio”, “narration needs to be much more upbeat”, and “have the dialogue scripted”. On Page 15.444.5the animation and motion: “watch the whole job in fast motion”, and “speed up the animation”.On

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond Jacquot, University of Wyoming; David Voltmer, Rose-Hulman Institute; John Steadman, University of South Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the following parameter values Z0 = 300 Ω L = 5200 m Zg= 300 Ω up = 2x108 m/s f = 105 Hz Vg = 1 ∟0° VWe shall examine what happens as we vary the load impedance ZL by considering three cases:1) ZL = ∞ (open circuit termination, Γ = 1 ), 2) ZL = 300 Ω (the matched case, Γ = 0 ) and 3) ZL= 500 Ω (the arbitrary unmatched case, Γ = 0.25 ).Case 1 ZL = ∞ (Open Circuit Termination)The voltage on the line is shown in Figure 2 for 10 values of time over one temporal period. Inthis case the voltage on the line is a standing wave with the associated nodes and antinodes

Conference Session

Student Engagement in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Rizkalla, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; MIchael Knieser, ILSI; Mohamed El-Sharkawy, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

to increase the Q-factor, can decrease output amplitude. Page 15.974.7 Oscillating Output of the VCO 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 Voltage (V) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.00E+00 5.00E-09 1.00E-08 1.50E-08 2.00E-08 2.50E-08 -0.5 Time (s

Conference Session

Innovations in Materials Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Kitto, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT’06), 0-7695-2632-2106.33. Alfonseca, E., Carro, R. M., Artigosa, and Paredes, P., “The Impact of Learning Styles on Student Grouping forCollaborative Learning: A Case Study”, User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, Vol. 16, No. 3-4, September2006, pp. 377-401.34. Saeed, N., Yang, Y., and Sinnappan, S. “Emerging Web Technologies in Higher Education: A Case ofIncorporating Blogs, Podcasts and Social Bookmarks in a Web Programming Course based on Students' LearningStyles and Technology Preferences”, Educational Technology and Society, Issue 12, No. 4,pp. 98–109.35. Brown, E. and Pulske, Jo, “An Application of Teaching and Learning Styles: A Case Study

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josh Coffman, University of Arkansas; Joseph Rencis, University of Arkansas; Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Christina White, Columbia University; Ashland Brown, University of the Pacific; Jiancheng Liu, University of the Pacific; Kristen Kaufman, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, P., “Finite Element Learning Modules for Undergraduate Engineering Topics using Commercial Software,” Mechanical Engineering Division, Proceedings of the 2008 American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference & Exposition, Pittsburg, PA, June 22-25, 2008.2. Brown, A., Wood, K., Kaufman, K., Jensen, D., Rencis, J.J., and White, C., “A Novel Assessment Methodology for Active Learning Modules to Equitably Enhance Engineering Education,” Proceedings of the 2009 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference & Exposition, Austin, TX, June 14-17, 2009.3. Coffman, J., Liu, J., Brown, A., Terdalkar, S., and Rencis, J., “Finite Element Learning Module for

Conference Session

ADVANCE Grants and Institutional Transformation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna M. Zajicek, University of Arkansas; Shauna A. Morimoto, University of Arkansas; Joseph Rencis, University of Arkansas; Valerie H. Hunt, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

DEED Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Singli Garcia-Otero, Virginia State University; Ehsan Sheybani, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition.4. Dym, C., Agogino A., Eris, O., Frey, D., and Leifer, L., “Engineering Design Thinking, Teaching, and Learning,” Journal of Engineering Education, Jan. 2005.5. Ford, R., and Coulston C., Design for Electrical and Computer Engineers, McGraw-Hill, 2008.6. Ulrich, K., and Eppinger S., Product Design and Development, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2008. Page 15.496.77. Hanson, D., Instructor’s Guide to Process-Oriented Guided-Inquiry Learning, Stony Brook University.

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Moshe Barak, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

derived from the Self-Regulated Learning in Technologyeducation (SRLT) model. The current findings indicate that technology educatorsaccept and support the proposed reform. We feel that collaboration between universityexperts, the teachers and Ministry of Education supervisors has been a key factor inachieving the desired goals.References1. Thomas, J. W. (2000). A review of research on project-based learning, Autodesk, San Rafael, CA. Retrieved March 15, 2009, from http://www.bie.org/files/researchreviewPBL.pdf2. Barak, M., (2002). Learning good electronics, or coping with challenging tasks? Priorities of excellent students, Journal of Technology Education, 14(2), 20-34.3. Blumenfeld, P. C., Soloway, E., Marx, R. W., Krajcik, J. S

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Hart, United States Military Academy; Steven Kreh, United States Military Academy; Rhett Blackmon, United States Military Academy; Nicholas Melin, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, according to Marchese and others, is an elusive goal. This paper explains a techniquedeveloped and implemented by several Civil Engineering faculty members teaching structuralmechanics, analysis, and design at the United States Military Academy in the Spring, 2009 andthe Fall, 2009 terms to encourage mastery of critical skills and transfer of these skills tosubsequent courses. The concept is called “Problem Set Zero” to stress the fact that the materialbeing evaluated is from the prior course(s) and must be mastered before a student beginsProblem Set One.1. Introduction1.1 Curriculum Structure A common feature of Civil Engineering and other curricula is the establishment ofprerequisite courses which allow students to progress from basic math

Conference Session

Mentoring and Development of New Faculty

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Cady, National Academy of Engineering; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

collaborations begun at the symposium and whether theywill complete their innovation projects, although several virtual meetings of attendees have beenconducted. Bibliography1. Sheppard, S. D., Macatangay, K., Colby, A., & Sullivan, W. M. (2009). Educating engineers: Designing for the future of the field. The Carnegie Foundation for the Enhancement of Teaching. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass. Page 15.1064.7