Conference Session

Distance and Web-Based Learning in ET: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sohail Anwar, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona College; Jane LeClair, Excelsior College; Arnie Peskin, Excelsior College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

ABET and a Senior Member of IEEE, where he currently serves on the Educational Activities Board. Page 15.420.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Development of Nanotechnology and Power Systems Concentrations for an On-line BSEET DegreeAbstractAccording to a report titled “Workforce Planning for Public Power Utilities: Ensuring Resourcesto Meet Projected Needs”, published by the American Public Power Association (APPA) in2005, the electric utility industry is faced with an aging workforce and the potential retirementsof a large percentage of its employee base. A large number of electric

Conference Session

Faculty Development for Distance Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Cady, National Academy of Engineering; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering; Beverly Davenport Sypher, Purdue University; Steven R. Abel, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Teri Reed-Rhoads, Purdue University; Brenda Berkelaar, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

% 4% 35% 0%Pay for others to attend certificate program 46% 4% 31% 0%DiscussionAlthough we had expected that applicants would readily understand and concur with our desireto distill project-independent change leadership strategies which could be transmitted to others,most attendees preferred grounding their change leadership skills in specific examples and casestudies that contextualized the strategies pursued. However, this same contextualization raisedquestions about what subset of strategies might be validly pursued in different contexts.On the assumption that our primary audience for leadership skills development would want sometangible recognition of a program of study leading to knowledge

Conference Session

Research in Graphics Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Wiebe; Theodore Branoff; Mark Shreve

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paths to Learning: Understanding how students utilize online instructional resources in an introductory engineering graphics courseABSTRACT This presentation focuses on an ongoing instructional innovation research and development project centered around an introductory engineering graphics course. Over the past few years, the researchers have looked at ways that pedagogical innovations could be used to both improve instruction and do so more efficiently with fewer resources. These goals has led to the creation of pilot sections of the course that are “hybrid”—meeting one day and week and then having students use an online learning management system (i.e., Moodle) for

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivana Milanovic, University of Hartford; Tom Eppes, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

’ instructions, examples andassessment tools.Our approach which encompasses process, methods and tools improves resource efficiencywithin and across departments. For high level materials, a consistent format is essential forstrategic plans, continuous improvement, educational objectives, program outcomes andassessment plans. Additional leverage is gained by standardizing documentation of courseimprovements, capstone projects and faculty development. Common materials that describe co-curricular multidisciplinary activities and shared facilities are prepared and disseminated at theCollege level. The purpose of this paper is to present the specifics of our approach and lessonslearned from the latest general visit along with recommendations for future

Conference Session

Computer Education Innovations I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Fry, Baylor University; Donald Gaitros, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

students for the program.IntroductionDeclines in computer science enrollments over the last eight years1, 2 have caused educators toincrease efforts to attract and retain students in computer science. To that end new computerscience curricula and courses are being designed and implemented. Many of these newprograms involve research experiences, diversity, and interdisciplinary programs. There is also amove to develop social communities of students within the computer science majors at a givenuniversity.It has been proven that students involved in undergraduate research projects have a highertendency to stay in computer science and as well as pursue post-graduate work.3, 4 Likewise,research activities at the undergraduate level increase community

Conference Session

Construction Classroom Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enno Koehn, Lamar University; Finhasali Chinwala, Lamar University; James Koehn, Chadron State College

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2010-378: KNOWLEDGE OF CONTEMPORARY ISSUES HELD BYENGINEERING STUDENTSEnno Koehn, Lamar University Enno “Ed” Koehn is Professor of Civil Engineering at Lamar University. Dr. Koehn has served as the principle investigator for several research and development projects dealing with various aspects of construction. He also has experience in the design, scheduling, and estimating of facilities. He has authored/co-authored over 200 papers in engineering education, as well as the general areas of civil and construction engineering. Dr. Koehn is a member of ASEE, AACE International, ASCE, NSPE, Chi Epsilon, Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and is a registered Professional Engineer and Surveyor.Finhasali

Conference Session

Mentoring First Year Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Marra, University of Missouri; Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Tech; Barbara Bogue, Pennsylvania State University; Chia-Lin Tsai, University of Missouri; Fleur Gooden, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2010-384: PEER MENTORING: IMPACT ON MENTEES AND COMPARISONWITH NON-PARTICIPANTSRose Marra, University of Missouri ROSE M. MARRA is an Associate Professor in the School of Information Science and Learning Technologies at the University of Missouri. She is Co-Director of the NSF-funded Assessing Women andMen in Engineering (AWE) and Assessing Women In Student Environments (AWISE) projects and Co-PI of the National Girls Collaborative Project. Her research interests include gender equity issues, the epistemological development of college students, and promoting meaningful learning in web-based environments.Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech WHITNEY A. EDMISTER is the Assistant Director of the

Conference Session

Rethinking Traditional Pedagogical Strategies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jumoke Ladeji-Osias, Morgan State University; Richard Cerkovnik, Anne Arundel Community College; Wesley Lawson, University of Maryland; Lan Xiang, Montgomery College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

authors detailedconclusions reached by fifty participants from two-year and four-year institutions in a NationalScience Foundation sponsored workshop held in 2004. One conclusion was that articulationagreements must be supported by partnerships between two-year and four-year colleges toachieve seamless transfers of students from the two-year schools. In addition, student outcomesand competencies should be used for articulation instead of courses. The workshop participantsalso suggested further evaluation of the transfer process using such criteria as assessment oflearning outcomes and competencies. In Educating the Engineer of 2020 2, one of the 14recommendations of a project sponsored by the National Academy of Engineering is that four-year

Conference Session

Research on The First Year II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junqiu Wang, Purdue University; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

assigned to workon real engineering related projects in authentic teams of 3 or 4. The authentic means that thestudents are put into a team working towards course related projects.Student ratings were compared with expert ratings considering the expert’s ratings as unbiased.The differences between the students’ rating and expert’s rating were defined as students’ bias.The biases of students’ rating performance were analyzed at the item-level and the constructlevel. From both the item and construct level, our data show that students did not perform betterwith repeated vignette administrations. However, after taking the students’ bias calibration intoconsideration, students’ peer evaluation performance move closer to the expert’s

Conference Session

Engineering in the Middle Grades

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Althea Smith, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth Parry, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-Rolla. After working for IBM for 10 years, Mrs. Parry left to raise her children and start a science education business. Since 1999, she has directed two major grant programs for the College of Engineering at North Carolina State University. Currently, she is the Project Director for the RAMP-UP program.Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University Dr. Laura Bottomley is the Director of the Engineering Place in the College of Engineering. She has been a Principal Investigator of the RAMP-UP program for the past ten years.Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University Lynn Albers is a Ph.D. Candidate in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department. She has been a Graduate Fellow in the

Conference Session

Educating Students for Professional Success

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Schimmel, North Carolina A&T State University; Lucian Lucia, North Carolina State University; Jianzhong Lou, North Carolina A&T State University; Abolghasem Shahbazi, North Carolina A&T State University; Timothy Rials, University of Tennessee

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

urgent needs of society for instruction that is sufficiently broad, deep, andcurrent.About 5 years ago, the US DOE Agriculture Industries of the Future funded a BiomassEducational effort. This effort led to the funding of projects at six universities and many goodresults came from these efforts. However, the effort was eventually terminated due to verylimited propagation and dissemination of the classes or technology that were developed at theindividual universities to the community at large. To try to address this problem, BioSUCCEEDhas committed to a free dissemination of the educational content developed.The approach utilized can be compared to the development of open-source software. Becausethe end goal is to provide course materials that

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Ganago, University of Michigan; Inger Bergom, University of Michigan; Britton Wolfe, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

concerns or advice about teaching particular projects and lab procedures.The wiki has a page for each project, and each page has sections such as “Common Mistakes”and “Frequently Asked Questions” where TAs can post information about their teachingexperiences. Thus, the wiki accumulates advice for other TAs involved in teaching the courseduring the current and/or future semesters. As one TA noted, “While lab manuals provide a guideline for students to follow, they often fail to describe the minute yet sometimes crucial intricacies and idiosyncrasies of a given reaction. Unfortunately, in the real world such knowledge can only be acquired by trial and error. Ideally, there should be a mechanism available by which one generation of TAs

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom Benton, University of Texas, Austin; Taylor Martin, Univ of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

engineering education identifiesseveral concepts key to engineering as a general discipline, particularly to engineering design asa problem-solving process: systems, modeling, and optimization2. That all three of these aremore techniques and heuristics than knowledge-based content areas points towards our framingof engineering as an integrated discipline – that is, intertwining science and math contentknowledge with design and problem-solving strategies. Classroom instruction that captures thisperspective frequently takes the form of Design Challenges, which bring together science andmathematics content with engineering and design principles under the umbrella of extended,design-focused projects. Unsurprisingly, this approach also demands potentially

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade in Teaching II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rungun Nathan, Pennsylvania State University, Berks

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

isabout “Fill-in Worksheets”, a tool that was developed to increase student engagement inclassroom and allows for incorporating PBL, AL and CL along with Peer Instruction (PI).The paper describes the steps and thought process that was used in developing the fill-inworksheets over the past several years. The worksheets have enabled the author toincrease student engagement, include AL, CL and implement PI in the classroom.Introduction“Educators, researchers and policy makers have advocated student involvement forsometime as an essential aspect of meaningful learning.”1 To engage students, educatorshave used techniques like active2 and cooperative learning3, 4, inquiry and problem basedlearning, team projects, service learning and undergraduate

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Stanley, Kettering University; Gianfranco DiGiuseppe, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

/Thermodynamics_Software/Suppliers/pid5061.htm2 Bhattacharjee, S., http://thermo.sdsu.edu/testcenter/3 Patrick Tebbe, Patrick, et.al, “Development of Software Applications forthermodynamics Related Courses: The THERMOVIEW Project”, ASEE AnnualCongress and Exposition, 20014 Friedman, Ella, “Interactive Learning Tools For Undergraduate Thermodynamics”,ASEE Annual Conference, 20045 Kumpaty, Subha, “Learning Enhancement in Thermodynamics Classroom via use ofTEST™ Software in Design Projects and Laboratory”, ASEE Annual Conference, 20026 Gramoll, Kurt, et. al., “Online Interactive Multimedia For EngineeringThermodynamics”, ASEE Annual Conference, 20047 Stanley, Richard, “Interactive Web Based Animation Software: An Efficient Way toIncrease the Engineering

Conference Session

Materials Lab Experiments and Demonstrations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Kessler, Iowa State University; Prashanth Badrinarayanan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

relationship between the glass transition temperature and degree of crystallinity?4. Determine the melting point of each specimen? Does melting point depend on degree of crystallinity?5. Does the observed enthalpy of melting depend on the degree of crystallinity of the specimen?Lab 5: RHC DSC. In the next lab, Lab 5: RHC DSC, a prototype rapid heating and cooling rateDSC was used to investigate the same PET material. The course instructor’s research team atIowa State University has been serving as a “Beta”-testing site to evaluate TA Instrument’s (NewCastle, DE) pre-commercial rapid-scanning DSC (Project RHC DSC). This advanced instrumentis capable of making controlled scanning measurements at heating rates of over 1000 K/min andsimilarly fast

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aparna Sukhavasi, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Richard Hall, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Hong Sheng, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Ronaldo Luna, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

be used in the classes where students are learning civil engineering concepts andalso have a first order working knowledge of these concepts. The student’s knowledge ofGIS is diverse, since the course where the system is being tested is multidisciplinary withstudents from various engineering disciplines like civil engineering, architecturalengineering, and geological engineering. This diversity of previous knowledge was animportant factor while designing as it had direct impact on the performance of the students.The overall goal of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of the module, which coversgeotechnical engineering and, to identify factors that mediate this effectiveness based on thedata collected from students who used the e

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Mehrabian, University of Central Florida; Walter Buchanan, Texas A&M University; Alireza Rahrooh, University of Central Florida; Tarig Ali, University of Central Florida; Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

recognized in theliterature as a potential method of assessment for distance courses in the faculties of engineering,science, and technology1,3. Faculty may have to develop new methodologies, and structure orrestructure their course differently to accommodate and facilitate the effectiveness of onlineassessment methods. Some very recent studies documented the practicality and effectiveness ofdistance learning methodologies3. Results from an early study of the desirability and feasibilityof using distance learning indicated that this teaching and methodology has a useful role indistance learning4. The case for employing project-based learning methods as opposed to moretraditional teaching methods, where the learning path follows a carefully

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yakov Cherner, ATeL, LLC; Amin Karim, DeVry University; Ahmed Khan, DeVry University; Gary Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Management., and his Ph.D. from Colorado State University. His research interests are in the areas of Fiber Optic Communications, Faculty Development, Nanotechnology, Application of Telecommunications Technologies in Distance Education, and impact of Technology on Society. He teaches Wireless Engineering, Network Engineering, Fiber Optic Communications, Technology and Society, and Project Management. He also advises students on their senior design projects. He is the author of “The Telecommunications Fact Book, 2E” and co-author of “Technology and Society: Crossroads to the 21st Century,” “Technology and Society: A Bridge to the 21st Century,” and “Technology and Society: Issues for the 21st Century

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sue Rosser, Georgia Institute of Technology; Janet Murray, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wendy Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurence Jacobs, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

particularly problematic when amplified bygender and under-represented minorities (URM) issues. And such faltering so early in the majorcan cause a student to leave engineering.While difficulties in the course arise for several reasons, our project seeks to address the problemof context. Our hypothesis is that women and minorities particularly, and students generally, aremore likely to do well in statics when the problems are placed in the context of real worldusefulness. An approach to teaching that effectively scaffolds students' efforts at model buildingand connects abstract principles/concepts to real world, every day applications will benefit allstudents while promoting diversity in engineering. Towards that end, we have been developingInTEL

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; John Mativo, The University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Systems (3)  ENGR4030 Project Engineering (3)  ENGR4200 Safety and Methods Engineering (3)  ENGR4700 Robotics and Automation (3)  ENGR4801 Rapid Prototyping and Reverse Engineering (3) o One from:  ENGR3080 Design Of Industrial Experiments  ENGR3250 Automated identification Systems (3)  ENGR4030 Project Engineering (3)  ENGR4200 Safety and Methods Engineering (3)  ENGR4700 Robotics and Automation (3)  ENGR4801 Rapid Prototyping and Reverse Engineering (3)In Figure 1, the

Conference Session

Exporting of Higher Education to Developing Countries

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Esmaeily, Kansas State University; Anil Pahwa, Kansas State University; J Thompson, Kansas State University; Donald Watts, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

International

homeland aftergraduation, strengthens the higher education and also helps breaking the walls of suspicious andpessimism. Educational partnership projects, with all of the obstacles are still the best, if not theonly, way to elevate the level of understanding of the administrative body of the highereducational system in Afghanistan. This will eventually increase their involvement andleadership which is the key to their success.ConclusionReconstruction of the nation in its different forms and fields depends on the nation’s education,and higher education is the backbone of any economical, social and cultural development. Asstated in the Strategic Development Plan by the Ministry of Higher Education of Afghanistan, astrong system of higher education

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2010-2369: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN BRIDGING K-12 ANDENGINEERING EDUCATION RESEARCHLisa Romkey, University of Toronto Page 15.270.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010Challenges and Opportunities in Bridging K-12 and Engineering Education Research: A Researcher’s Narrative Page 15.270.2This paper describes the process of selecting a theoretical framework conceptualized,tested and used in the K-12 research arena, and applying the framework to a proposedresearch project in engineering education. Through describing my own experience, I raisequestions about the differences between K-12

Conference Session

Knowing our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Holsapple, University of Michigan; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Janel Sutkus, Carnegie Mellon University; Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Kelley Walczak, University of Michigan; Trevor Harding, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, enrollment prediction, modeling responses to institutional financial aid, and developing an integrated model of student persistence within Carnegie Mellon's six undergraduate colleges. She is currently a member of ASEE, the Association for Institutional Research, and the Association for the Study of Higher Education.Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan Cynthia Finelli, Ph.D., is Director of the Center for Research and Learning North at U-M. In addition, she actively pursues research in engineering education and assists other faculty in their scholarly projects. She also is past Chair of the Educational Research and Methods Division of ASEE and guest co-editor for a special issue of the

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sherrill Biggers, Clemson University; Marisa Orr, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

classroom designed for 72 students sitting at eight largeround tables. Dual computer projection screens and multiple white boards are available. Thearchitecture enables and encourages peer instruction and collaboration. Students are assigned tocertain tables and reassignments occur after each major test. We try to have more than onestudent within any underrepresented group assigned to any given table. We make assignmentsso as to include a range of GPRs and class performance levels at each table. We have at leastone or two undergraduate learning assistants who move through the room along with theinstructor providing assistance and guidance during the in-class learning activities. The roomcan become wonderfully noisy during their in-class work and it

Conference Session

Effective Methods for Recruiting Women to Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eleanor M. Jaffee, Smith College; Donna Riley, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2010-441: "IT KIND OF CHOSE ME": AGENCY AND INFLUENCE INWOMEN'S DECISION TO MAJOR IN ENGINEERINGEleanor M. Jaffee, Smith College Eleanor M. Jaffee is a Research Associate with the Liberative Pedagogies Project at Smith College, and a doctoral candidate in Social Welfare at the University at Albany.Donna Riley, Smith College Donna Riley is Associate Professor of Engineering at Smith College. Page 15.2.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 “It kind of chose me”: Agency and Influence in Women’s Decisions to Major in EngineeringIntroductionMuch of the research regarding

Conference Session

Enhancing Environmental Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

to allow greater studentparticipation. Although, some scholars say that such a method puts forth a completely differentapproach to college education compared to a traditional lecture format (Midgley, 2002). Therefore, it is important to assess the students’ learning capabilities and not just his/hermemory (Brown & Cooper, 1976). In other words, assessment of learning is not a third-partyresearch project or someone’s questionnaire; it must be viewed as a community effort or nothing,driven by a faculty's own commitment to reflect, judge, and improve (Marchese, 1991 & 1997). Hawkins and Winter’s ACORN model also helps to document ideas and providesguidelines to conquering and mastering change (Hawkins and Winter, 1997

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juyeon Yun, Purdue University; Monica Cardella, Purdue University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University; Ming-Chien Hsu, Purdue University; Yoojung Chae, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

it fits for the purpose of this study in that it is desirable for researchers andeducators to have a comprehensive understanding of what parents are aware of, how parents feel,and what kinds of activities parents do with their children in an effort to improve engineeringeducation for children. With insights from these procedures, items were fundamentally generatedby six members of the project team from the areas of engineering education and educationalresearch. In total, 72 items were generated. Through several internal rounds of review,thoseitems were polished to accomplish an accurate match between the purpose of this study and thecharacteristics of items. Also, wording and grammar of the items were thoroughly checked toensure that the

Conference Session

Research on the First Year I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chirag Variawa, University of Toronto; Susan McCahan, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

variety of institutions. We might be able to conclude that there are provenmethods that can be adapted to a specific institution to work in a particular context.Furthermore, by looking at the literature on inclusivity across diversity (gender, minority, andlearning disabilities) we can see if there are commonalities in effective approaches that can beleveraged. Applying such strategies in an engineering context also has some unique challengesthat need to be addressed.The literature that was reviewed for this project covered three major populations: women,minorities, and people with learning disabilities. While it is possible to find hundreds ofcitations for each of these categories, references were chosen for breadth. For this reason someof the

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Outside the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Traci Nathans-Kelly, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Kevin Anderson, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Christine Nicometo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Thomas McGlamery, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

options: ≠ On the job Page 15.709.3 ≠ On the job-professional development ≠ Grad school ≠ Co-op or internship ≠ Undergrad lecture ≠ Undergrad project/lab ≠ K-12 ≠ Other ≠ N/ALater in the survey, respondents were asked to describe a notable work event that gives a gooddescription of what it means to be an engineer. As a follow-up to their narrative answer, theywere asked to identify the skills/attributes most important to that notable work event.Second, practicing engineers were interviewed by trained student research assistants who hadbeen prepared with human-subjects training and instructed on good interviewing